Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination

Page numbers followed by an f refer to figures. Page numbers followed by a t refer to tables.

  • acetoacetic acid ketone accumulation, in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 60

  • acetone.ketones accumulation, in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 60

  • acromegaly presenting with diabetic

    • ketoacidosis (DKA), 47–48

    • IGF-1 levels linear relationship with HbA1c (AIC), 48, 48f, 49

    • laboratory testing results, 47

    • pituitary macro-adenoma and, 47

    • rarity of, 48, 49

    • trans-sphenoidal pituitary resection for, 47

  • acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. See Sweet’s syndrome

  • adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors medical therapy, for Cushing’s Disease (CD), 35

  • alcohol abuse, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and, 148

  • alpelisib therapy, 86, 88

    • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition due to, 87

  • alpelisib-induced hyperglycemia, 86–87

    • laboratory test results, 86

    • metformin therapy, 86, 88

    • PIK3CA mutation, 86

  • American Diabetes Association (ADA) dietary recommendations of, 73

    • on gestational diabetes screening, 107

    • on latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) within type 1 diabetes (T1D) classification, 116

    • on low-carbohydrate diets, 63

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) medical management algorithm, 163

  • antibiotic use, refractory hypoglycemia due to, 150–152, 151t

  • antibody-positive diabetes, postpartum, 108

  • autoimmune (AI) diabetes, 14

    • autoantibodies testing for, 119

    • β-cell function recovery, 81

    • features of, 13

    • GAD65 antibodies and, 118

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy cause of, 51–52, 61, 80–81, 84

  • autoimmune (AI) diabetes, lupus flare cause of, 118

    • laboratory test results, 118, 119t

  • autoimmune (AI) diabetes, onset

    • during pregnancy, 107

    • laboratory test results, 107

    • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and, 108, 109f

    • positive GAD antibodies and, 109, 109f

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) education, 108

  • autoimmune (AI) diabetes illusion, 114–115

    • laboratory test results, 114, 115t

  • autoimmune diseases

    • development of multiple, 118–119

    • glucocorticoid therapy for, 135

    • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) autoimmune markers, 115

    • with type 1 diabetes (T1D), 9, 112

    • types of, 112

  • autoimmune hepatitis, type B insulin resistance (TBIR) with, 97–98, 98t, 99f, 100–102, 100f

  • automated insulin infusion system, for blood glucose concentration control in type 1 diabetes (T1D), 132

    • function of, 132–133

    • on glycemic trend and time in range (TRI), 133f

    • MiniMed 670G, 132, 133, 134

    • patient COVID-19 virus and, 132–133, 134

  • autosomal-dominant familial diabetes, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) as, 38

  • basal insulin with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-IRAs), basal-bolus insulin therapy transition to, 163–164

  • basal-bolus insulin therapy, 8, 50, 71, 72

    • transition to basal insulin with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), 163–164

    • for type 1 diabetes (T1D), 82

  • β-cell. See also pancreatic β-cell

    • dysfunction

    • autoimmune (AI) diabetes function recovery of, 81

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) diabetes and partial destruction of, 80, 81–82, 81f, 85

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes and function recovery of, 84

    • insulin secretion, 147

  • ββ-hydroxybutyric acid ketone accumulation, in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 60

  • blood glucose

    • concentration control, with automated insulin infusion system, 132, 133–134, 133f

    • pembrolizumab effect on levels of, 81–82, 81f

    • in type B insulin resistance (TBIR), with lupus nephritis and autoimmune hepatitis, 99f

  • breast cancer, 91–92, 94, 96, 150 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with fulvestrant for, 90, 93

  • bullous pemphigoid, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors association with, 28

  • cancer

    • breast, 90–94, 96, 150

    • clear cell carcinoma, 50–51

    • clival metastasis, 20, 21

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for, 50–51, 52, 77–78

    • lung, 77–78, 83–85

    • lung and bone, 86–88

    • melanoma, 80–82

    • pancreatic, 18, 20–22

    • PI3K/ACT pathway mutations, 94

  • cardiovascular disease

    • diabetes and prevalence of, 199– 201

    • glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment for protection from, 165, 193

  • catabolism, as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) result, 156, 157

  • childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes (TD2) and, 9

  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 23

    • prednisone exacerbation of, 138 Classic Sweet’s syndrome, 26, 27t

  • clear cell carcinoma, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) insulinopenic diabetes., 50–51

  • clival metastasis, 20, 21

  • computed tomography (CT) scan

    • for Cushing’s Disease (CD), 33

    • for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 20, 21, 22

  • Consortium for the Study of Chronic Pancreatitis, Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer (CPDPC), 22

  • continuous glucose monitor (CGM), 72, 74, 91f, 92f

    • for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), 158, 159

    • for glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), type 2 diabetes (T2D) on high-dose insulin therapy, 171–172

    • for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes, 83

    • for variable insulin doses monitoring, 93

  • continuous glucose monitor (CGM), with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Down’s syndrome, 123–124

    • caregivers diabetes education, 125

    • glycemic control improvement through, 124, 124t, 125

    • hypoglycemic episodes findings, 123–125

    • laboratory test results, 123

    • time in range (TIR) and time below range (TBR) with, 124, 124t

    • treatment for, 123

  • continuous glucose monitor (CGM) patterns, of glucocorticoid-treated patient with diabetes, 135

    • algorithm for management of, 140f

    • clinical practice implications for, 139

    • glucocorticoid therapy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, 135

    • laboratory test results, 135, 136f

    • report before and after prednisone use, 136–137f

    • treatment, 135

  • continuous subcutaneous insulin

    • infusion (CSII) pump, U-500 regular (U-500R) insulin in

    • ambulatory glucose profile pre-intervention, 128f

    • daily report example, 128f, 130f

    • Evaluating U-500R Infusion Versus Injection in Type 2 Diabetes (VIVID) study, 127, 128–129

    • faster-acting insulin aspart (FiAsp) addition, 129, 130f

    • laboratory test results, 127

    • meal bolus need via, 129–130

    • patient medical history, 127

    • treatment, 127

  • corticosteroids

    • for refractory hypoglycemia, 147

    • Sweet’s syndrome challenge of, 27, 28

  • cortisol, glucose tolerance and insulin insensitivity from, 34, 35

  • COVID-19 virus

    • automated insulin infusion system and, 132–133, 134

    • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) treatment restrictions, 54–55

    • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) with, 54–55, 55f, 56, 57

    • obesity and diabetes risk factors, 177

    • persistent hyperglycemia in, 175

    • starvation ketosis and, 56

    • transient severe insulin resistance (IR) in prediabetes and, 175–177

  • CTLA-4 role, in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) insulinopenic diabetes, 51, 77–78, 83, 85

  • Cushing’s Disease (CD)

    • adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors medical therapy for, 35

    • computed tomography (CT) scan and, 33

    • cortisol influence on, 34, 35

    • diabetes prevalence in, 34

    • glucocorticoids excess, 36, 138

    • glucose intolerance associated with, 33–36

    • inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) sampling, 34, 34t, 35

    • intraglandular ACTH-producing microadenoma concern, 35

    • ketoconazole monotherapy for glycemic control in, 35

    • laboratory testing results, 33

    • pituitary exploration, 35

    • treatment for, 34–36

  • cystic fibrosis (CF)

    • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) complication from, 156, 159

    • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) pulmonary functioning worsening, 157

  • cystic fibrosis transmembrane

    • conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator

    • β-cell dysfunction from, 159–160

    • for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) glycemic control, 158–159

  • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), 159

    • catabolism as result of, 156, 157

    • complications associated with, 157

    • cystic fibrosis (CF) mortality and, 156

    • insulinopenia result, 156

    • multifactorial pathophysiology of, 156

    • prevalence of, 156

    • pulmonary function worsening from, 157

  • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance

    • regulator (CFTR) modulator on

    • glycemic control, 158–159

    • clinical problems from, 160

    • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and, 158, 159

    • laboratory test results, 158, 159

    • PROMISE observational study on, 160

    • Trikafta treatment, 158, 159

  • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), insulin therapy role in, 155

    • laboratory test results, 155

    • only recommended treatment for, 156–157

    • pulmonary function and weight decline, 155, 156f, 157

  • dextrose, as hypoglycemia mainstay treatment, 147

  • diabetes. See also type 1 diabetes (T1D); type 2 diabetes (T2D) cardiovascular disease prevalence with, 199–201

    • COVID-19 risk factor of, 177

    • Cushing’s Disease (CD) prevalence of, 34

    • glucocorticoid-induced, 137, 138t

    • ketogenic diet (KD) advocated for, 73, 74

    • steroid-induced, 35

    • as Sweet’s syndrome trigger, 27

    • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) comorbidity with, 111, 112, 120

  • diabetes, unusual type, 12–13

    • GAD65 trends, 13t

    • patient characteristics, 13t

  • diabetes management, for ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation, 199, 200–201

  • diabetes progression

    • in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), 14

    • in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6–7

  • diabetes types

    • appropriate pharmacological therapy for, 10

    • characteristics comparison, 10t

    • classification of, 14t

    • genetic testing importance, 11

  • diabetes-related complications, of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 5

  • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 20

    • acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone.ketones accumulation, 60

    • acromegaly presenting with, 47–48, 48f, 49

    • characteristics of and defects in, 67

    • in end-state renal disease (ESRD), 66

    • histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome, 42–43

    • hyperglycemia and, 49, 67, 68

    • with preserved renal function, 68 rapid-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), 50, 51

    • from severe insulin deficiency, 48, 49

    • sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and ketone body production, 72

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) age and presentation of, 22

    • Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) and, 30

  • diabetic kidney disease, type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk for, 180–182, 181f

  • dietary recommendations, of American Diabetes Association (ADA), 73

  • dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, bullous pemphigoid association with, 28

  • Down’s syndrome

    • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) with, 123–124, 124t, 125

    • inability to express hypoglycemia symptoms, 124

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevalence in, 124

  • Drug-induced Sweet’s syndrome, 26, 27t

  • durvalumab, for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes, 83

  • encephalitis complications, of Sweet’s

    • syndrome, 26

  • endocrinopathy

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy cause of, 51, 52

    • irreversible, 51

  • endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 20, 21

  • end-stage renal disease (ESRD), diabetic ketoacidosis (DK) in, 66

    • complications risk from, 66–67

    • diagnosis challenge in, 68, 69

    • hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia, 67–68

    • hypovolemia in, 67–68

    • laboratory test results for, 66, 67t

    • lower insulin infusion rate for, 68, 69

    • management guidelines absence, 67

    • management recommendations, 69t

    • metabolic acidosis rapid development in, 67

    • treatment for, 66, 67t

  • Enriching New-Onset Diabetes for Pancreatic Cancer (END-PAC) model, 21

  • eosinophilic vasculitis, high-dose steroids treatment for, 37 euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), 67

    • causes of, 63

    • diagnosis challenge for, 72

    • diagnostic criteria for, 55

    • precipitants for, 56, 72

    • recovery with recognition and appropriate treatment, 64

  • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), after ketogenic diet (KD) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, 62

    • clinical signs and symptoms recognition failure, 63–64

    • laboratory test results, 62

    • mechanisms from, 63

    • presentation of, 62, 63

    • subarachnoid hemorrhage, 62, 63, 64

  • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), due to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)

    • inhibitor use, 58–59

    • challenges of, 60

    • immunotherapy-induced type 1 diabetes concern, 58–59

    • laboratory test results, 58, 59t

    • low-carbohydrate diets caution, 60

    • presentation of, 58

    • urine and serum ketones monitoring for, 60, 61, 64

  • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), with COVID-19

    • infection

    • laboratory test results, 54

    • metabolic profile trends, 55f

    • presentation of, 54

    • with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor use, 54–55

    • treatment for, 54–55, 56, 57

  • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor while on ketogenic diet (KD), 71–72

    • basal-bolus insulin therapy for, 71

    • continuous glucose monitor (CGM) for, 72, 74

    • laboratory test results, 71, 72t

    • presentation of, 71

    • serum changes graphic representation, 73f

    • treatment of, 71–72

  • Evaluating U-500R Infusion Versus Injection in Type 2 Diabetes (VIVID) study

    • continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) settings protocol, 128–129

    • nocturnal hypoglycemia observation, 128

  • Faisalabad histiocytosis classification, of histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome, 43

  • faster-acting insulin aspart (FiAsp), 129, 130f

  • fasting hypoglycemia, in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients, 143–145

  • fetal malformation related to obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), 184

    • increased folate before and during pregnancy, 184–186

    • of neural tube defect (NTD), 184–186

    • preconception counseling importance, 185, 186

  • folate intake, before and during pregnancy, 184–186

  • FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 20

  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S.

    • durvalumab approved immunotherapy by, 83

    • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition approval by, 87

    • Trikafta approval by, 160

  • Fournier’s gangrene, sodium–glucose

  • cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors association with, 28

  • fractures, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) and multiple, frequent, 31

  • fulvestrant with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, for breast cancer, 90, 93

  • GAD65 antibodies, 8, 9, 12, 72

    • autoimmune (AI) diabetes and, 118

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and anti-, 52, 78

    • in neurologic diseases, 119

    • seroconversion of, 119, 120

    • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increase in, 120

    • trends, 13t

  • GCK gene mutation, in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-2, 39

  • gemcitabine, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 20–21

  • gene therapy research, on Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6

  • genetic testing, 2, 5

    • diabetes types importance of, 11

    • glucokinase mutation, 37

    • heterozygous IPF1 mutation, 6

    • homozygous mutation in the EIF2AK3 gene, 29

    • PIK3CA mutation, 86

    • R122H PRSS1 (protease serine 1) variant, 16, 18

    • SLC29A3 gene mutation, 43, 45

  • gestational diabetes, 107

    • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4 presenting as, 5

    • ongoing indefinite screening with history of, 108

  • glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist

    • for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) diabetes, with partial

    • β-cell destruction, 81–82

    • liraglutide as, 82

  • glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment benefits of, 193

    • cardiovascular protection from, 165, 193

    • for Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-5 (MODY-HNF1B), 3

    • for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and rethinking insulin, 192–193

  • glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-IRAs), type 2 diabetes (T2D) on high-dose insulin therapy effects, 164, 171–172, 192–193

    • cautions for, 172–173

    • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for, 171–172

    • patient education importance, 173–174

    • risks for, 173

    • treatment with, 171–172

  • glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

    • agonists (GLP-IRAs) treatment basal-bolus insulin therapy transition to, 163–164

    • cardiovascular benefits of, 165, 193

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) management by, 164, 171–172, 173–174, 192–193

  • glucocorticoid therapy

    • for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases treatment, 135

    • prednisone as, 136–137f, 137, 138

  • glucocorticoid-induced diabetes, 137, 138t

  • glucocorticoids excess, Cushing’s Disease and, 36, 138

  • glucocorticoid-treated patient, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) of, 135, 136–137t, 136–139, 140f

  • glucose homeostasis, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway for, 93, 94

  • glucose intolerance associated with Cushing’s Disease (CD), 33–36

  • glucose tablets, 189

  • glycemic control

    • insulin regimen simplification for elderly patients and improvement in, 167–168

    • ketoconazole monotherapy for Cushing’s Disease (CD), 35

  • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment

    • for Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 29, 30, 31

  • Graves’ hyperthyroidism, 12

  • growth retardation

    • histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome and, 42

    • Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) and, 30, 31

  • H syndrome

    • clinical characteristics and presentation of, 44–45t

    • hyperpigmentation of, 42–46, 43f

    • sensorineural hearing loss of, 42–46

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) of, 42–46

  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 9, 179

  • HbA1c (AIC), IGF-1 levels linear relationship with, 48, 48f, 49

  • hepatocyte nucleotide factor 1B (HNF1B), Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) and, 3

  • hereditary pancreatitis

    • pancreatic cancer and, 18

    • R122H PRSS1 (protease serine 1) variant and, 16, 18

  • heroin, insulin and, 202–203

  • heterozygous IPF1 mutation, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4 and, 5, 6

  • histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome

    • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and, 42–43

    • Faisalabad histiocytosis classification, 43

    • growth retardation and, 42

    • H syndrome classification, 43–46

    • hyperpigmented area and, 42–46, 43f

    • laboratory tests for, 42

    • pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin-dependent diabetes (PHID) classification, 43

    • Rosai-Dorfman disease classification, 43

    • SLC29A3 gene mutation, 43, 45

  • histopathology slide, of Sweet’s

    • syndrome, 26f

  • homozygous IPF1 mutation, neonatal pancreatic agenesis and, 6

  • homozygous mutation in the EIF2AK3 gene, in Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 29, 30, 31

  • hybrid closed-loop system, as automated insulin infusion system, 134

  • hyperglycemia, 2

    • COVID-19 and persistent, 175

    • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and, 49, 67, 68

    • diet modification for, 101

    • medication considerations, 93

    • metformin as first-line treatment for, 93

    • pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and, 10, 81, 84

    • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition side effect, 87, 88

    • recurrent, 15

    • sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for management of, 101, 102

    • stress, 176, 177

  • hyperglycemia from oral comfort feeds, 188–189

    • laboratory test results, 188

    • oral mucosa evaluation in, 189

    • of patient with mental health and polysubstance abuse concerns, 188–189

    • presentation of, 188

  • hyperinsulemic hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, 143–144

    • fasting and postprandial, 143–145

    • low-carbohydrate diet or low-carbohydrate mixed meals for, 144

    • nesidioblastosis of patient, 143, 144, 145

    • patient pancreatectomy, 144

    • selective arterial calcium stimulation testing, 145

  • hyperinsulinemia, in Maturity-Onset

  • Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6, 7

  • hyperpigmented area, in histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome, 42–46, 43f

  • hypoglycemia, 12

    • alcohol use and, 146, 148

    • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for Down’s syndrome adult episodes of, 123–125

    • dextrose as mainstay treatment for, 147

    • Down’s syndrome inability express symptoms of, 124

    • Evaluating U-500R Infusion Versus Injection in Type 2 Diabetes (VIVID) study observation of nocturnal, 129

    • in hospitalized patients and glucose tablets, 189

    • medication interactions and, 151

    • pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes higher risk for, 18

  • hypokalemia, 33

    • in diabetic ketoacidosis (DK) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 67–68

  • hypophosphatemia, in diabetic

    • ketoacidosis (DK) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 67–68

  • hypothyroidism

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) diabetes, with partial

    • β-cell destruction and, 81, 82, 85

    • Na-l-thyroxine supplementation for treatment of, 30

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) and aging risk for, 112

  • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) diabetes, with partial β-cell destruction, 80

    • clinical course for, 81–82, 81f

    • glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists for, 81–82

    • hypothyroidism and, 81, 82, 85

    • pembrolizumab effect on blood glucose levels, 81–82, 81f

    • presentation and laboratory test results for, 80

  • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes, 83

    • β-cell function recovery, 84

    • characteristics for, 84

    • continuation of immunotherapy challenge, 84, 85

    • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for, 83

    • diabetes education for, 83, 84

    • diagnosis for, 83

    • durvalumab Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunotherapy for, 83

    • insulin as mainstay treatment from, 78, 84, 85

    • laboratory test results, 83

    • manifestations of, 84

  • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced type 1 diabetes (T1D), 77

    • insulin therapy requirement, 78, 84, 85

    • laboratory test results, 77

    • presentation and treatment, 77

    • risk assessment strategies for, 78

  • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) insulinopenic diabetes, rapid-onset, 50–51

  • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy

    • anti-GAD65 predominance and, 52, 78

    • autoimmune (AI) diabetes due to, 51–52, 61, 80–81, 84

    • endocrinopathy caused by, 51, 52

    • hypothyroidism side effect of, 81, 82, 85

    • malignancies management by, 50–51, 52, 77–78

    • PD-1 and CTLA-4, 51, 77–78, 83, 85

  • Immunology of Diabetes Society, 10

  • immunotherapy-induced type 1 diabetes, 58–59

  • inferior petrosal sinus (IPS), Cushing’s Disease (CD) sampling, 34, 34t, 35

  • inflammatory diseases, glucocorticoid therapy for, 135

  • inflammatory skin condition, Sweet’s syndrome as, 27

  • insulin allergy

    • first-line management for, 105

    • local reactions to, 104

    • to subcutaneous (SQ) insulin, 103

  • insulin and heroin patient, 202–203

    • Medtronic G670 pump, 202–203

    • presentation, 202

  • insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), 9

  • insulin deficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) from, 48, 49

  • insulin insensitivity, from Cushing’s Disease (CD), 34, 35

  • insulin overdose

    • corticosteroids for, 147

    • non-pharmacological therapies for, 147–148

    • refractory hypoglycemia due to massive unintentional, 146–147

  • insulin receptor antibodies (AIRAs) testing, 98, 100f, 101

  • insulin regimen simplification, for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), 167–168

    • glycemic control improvement from, 167–168

  • insulin resistance (IR)

    • features and risk factors for, 116

    • obesity-related, 172

    • transient severe, in COVID-19 and prediabetes, 175–177

  • insulin therapy, 5

    • for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced type 1 diabetes (T1D), 78, 84, 85

    • for pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes, 17, 18

    • role in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), 155–157

  • insulinopenia

    • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) and, 156

    • PD-1 role in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) insulinopenic diabetes, 51, 77–78, 83, 85

  • insulin-sensitizing role, of opioids, 203

  • intraglandular ACTH-producing

  • microadenoma, Cushing’s Disease (CD) and, 35

  • islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs), 5, 8, 9, 109f, 118

    • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increase of, 120

  • ketoacidosis. See diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

  • ketoconazole monotherapy, for Cushing’s Disease (CD) glycemic control, 35

  • ketogenic diet (KD) advocated for diabetes, 73

    • effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and, 87, 88

  • late dumping syndrome, 144

  • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), 2, 9, 10, 108, 109f

    • autoimmune markers for, 115

    • disease progression in, 14

    • features of, 13

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes differentiated from, 84

    • personalized treatment approach for, 116

    • within type 1 diabetes (T1D) classification, 116

    • as type 1.5 diabetes, 13

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) differentiation from, 13

  • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), with insulin allergy, 103–104

    • hospital course of treatment for, 104

    • laboratory test results, 103

    • physical exam for, 104

    • presentation of, 103–104

  • lifestyle modifications, for Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6

  • liraglutide, as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, 82

  • low-carbohydrate diets

    • alpelisib-induced hyperglycemia and, 87

    • caution for euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), due to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use, 60

    • for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, 144

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) and, 63

  • lung cancer, 77–78, 83–85, 86–88

  • lupus. See also systemic lupus

    • erythematosus (SLE)

    • autoimmune (AI) diabetes from flare of, 118, 119t

    • pneumonitis, 118

    • type B insulin resistance (TBIR) with nephritis of, 97–98, 98t, 99f, 100–102, 100f

  • Malignancy-associated Sweet’s syndrome, 26, 27t

  • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)

    • as autosomal-dominant familial diabetes, 38

    • criteria for, 38

    • genetic testing glucokinase mutation for, 37

    • hepatocyte nucleotide factor 1B (HNF1B) role in, 3

    • identified gene mutations of, 38–39

    • misdiagnosis of, 38

    • pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, 3

    • single-gene mutations, 3

    • steroid-induced diabetes misdiagnosis of, 37

  • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-2, CK gene mutation, 39

  • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4

    • diabetes progression in, 6–7

    • diabetes-related complications, 5

    • gestational diabetes presenting as, 5

    • heterozygous IPF1 mutation, 5, 6

    • lifestyle modification for, 6

    • limited treatment strategies reports for, 6

    • medication intolerance, 5

    • metformin treatment for, 6

    • obesity and hyperinsulinemia in, 6, 7

    • oral antihyperglycemic agents for, 6

  • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-5 (MODY-HNF1B)

    • 17q12 deletion syndrome, 3

    • genetic testing for, 2, 3

    • glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment for, 3

    • monotherapy with metformin response, 2–3

    • mutation presentations in, 3

  • MDI Liraglutide Trial, 164–165

  • meal bolus need via continuous

    • subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump, U-500 regular (U-500R) insulin, 129–130

  • Medical Research Council (MRC) study, on obesity and NTD risk, 185

  • Medtronic 670G insulin pump, 5, 7, 202–203

  • melanoma cancer, 80–82

  • meningitis complications, of Sweet’s syndrome, 26

  • mental health concerns, comfort food intake and, 188–189

  • metabolic acidosis, 67

  • metabolic trends, of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) with COVID-19 infection, 55f

  • metformin treatment, 8

    • for alpelisib-induced

    • hyperglycemia, 86, 88

    • as hyperglycemia first-line, 93

    • for Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6

    • for Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-5 (MODY-HNF1B), 2–3

    • against pituitary corticotroph tumors, 35

    • for steroid-induced diabetes, 37

    • for type 2 diabetes (T2D), 33

  • MiniMed 670G automated insulin infusion system, 132, 133, 134

  • mixed-density/hypo-enhancing mass, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and, 20

  • monotherapy with metformin, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-5 (MODY-HNF1B) response to, 2–3

  • multiple daily insulin (MDI)

    • injections, 163

    • MDI Liraglutide Trial on, 164– 165

  • mutation presentations, in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-5 (MODY-HNF1B), 3

  • Na-l-thyroxine supplementation treatment, for hypothyroidism, 30

  • National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 185

  • National Institutes of Health (NIH) protocol for, type B insulin resistance (TBIR), with lupus nephritis and autoimmune hepatitis, 98, 100, 101

  • nephritis, 118

    • type B insulin resistance (TBIR) with lupus, 97–98, 98t, 99f, 100–102, 100f

  • nesidioblastosis, 143, 144, 145

  • neural tube defect (NTD), of fetus, 184–186

  • neurologic manifestations

    • with high GAD65 antibodies, 119

    • of Sweet’s syndrome, 26

  • neuropathy

    • peripheral, Sweet’s syndrome and, 23, 26

    • treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes (TIND), 197

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D), with worsening, 195, 196, 197

    • type and severity testing, 196

  • new-onset diabetes, pancreatic cancer and, 20–22

  • nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), renal biopsy and, 179–180, 181–182, 181f

    • laboratory test results, 179, 180

    • treatment, 179

  • nutrition therapy. See also ketogenic diet (KD); low-carbohydrate diets for pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes, 17, 18

  • obesity

    • childhood, 9

    • COVID-19 risk factor of, 177

    • fetal malformation due to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and, 184–186

    • insulin resistance related to, 172

    • in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6, 7

    • pregnancy complications and, 184–186

    • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) for, 143–145

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) and rethinking insulin, 191–193

  • octreotide

    • for sulfonylurea and antibiotic use, 152

    • for sulfonylurea overdose, 147

  • opioids

    • behavioral changes from abuse of, 204

    • insulin-sensitizing role of, 203

    • withdrawal, 188

  • oral antihyperglycemic agents, for Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-4, 6

  • oral comfort feeds, hypoglycemia from, 188–189

  • oral mucosa evaluation, for hyperglycemia, 189

  • osteoporosis, pamidronate treatment for, 30

  • overnight hypoglycemia, 118, 123, 127, 199

  • pamidronate treatment

    • for osteoporosis, 30

    • for Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 30

  • pancreatectomy, 16, 18

    • of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patient, 144

  • pancreatic adenocarcinoma

    • computed tomography (CT) scan for, 20, 21, 22

    • CPDPC study on, 22

    • endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for, 20

    • FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy, 20

    • mixed-density/hypo-enhancing mass, 20

    • radiation therapy for clival metastasis, 21

    • treatment for, 20–21

  • pancreatic β-cell dysfunction

    • Cushing’s Disease (CD) increase of, 34

    • from cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), 159–160

    • hyperglycemia and, 10, 81, 84

    • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) therapy for, 14

    • of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), 3

    • pancreatic cancer and, 21

    • from plasma glucose decrease, 147

  • pancreatic cancer

    • diabetes as risk factor for, 21

    • as form of pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes, 22

    • hereditary pancreatitis, 18

    • new-onset diabetes and, 20–22

  • pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, for pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes, 16, 17, 18

  • pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, 17, 22

  • pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes, 16–17

    • abdominal pain and, 16

    • hypoglycemia risk, 18

    • insulin administration timing, 18

    • insulin therapy, 17, 18

    • laboratory studies and vitamin levels, 16–17

    • nutrition therapy for, 17, 18

    • oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for, 16, 17, 18

    • pancreatic cancer diabetes form of, 22

    • pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and, 17

    • postprandial nausea, 16

    • pregnancy and, 16

    • vitamin supplements treatment, 17

  • PD-1 role, in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) insulinopenic diabetes, 51, 77–78, 83, 85

  • pembrolizumab, blood glucose levels effect from, 81–182, 81f

  • peripheral neuropathy, Sweet’s syndrome and, 23, 26

  • pharmacological therapy, diabetes types and appropriate, 10

  • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition

    • due to alpelisib therapy, 87

    • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for, 87

    • with fulvestrant, for breast cancer, 90, 93

    • hyperglycemia side effect of, 87, 88

    • manifestations of, 87

  • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor-induced hyperglycemia, 90

    • glycemic control on insulin glargine 10 units daily, 90, 91f

    • glycemic control on insulin glargine 20 units daily, 92f

    • laboratory tests results, 90

    • treatment for, 90

  • photosensitivity role, in Sweet’s syndrome, 26

  • PI3K/AKT pathway

    • activating mutations in cancers, 94

    • cellular physiology role of, 90

    • for glucose homeostasis, 93, 94

    • insulin reactivation research on, 94

    • side effects for inhibition of, 94

  • pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin-dependent diabetes (PHID) classification, of histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome, 43

  • PIK3CA mutation, alpelisib-induced hyperglycemia and, 86

  • pituitary corticotroph tumors, metformin against, 35

  • pituitary exploration, Cushing’s Disease (CD) and, 35

  • pituitary macro-adenoma, 47

  • PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) expression loss, in Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 30, 31

  • plasma glucose, pancreatic β-cell

  • dysfunction from decrease in, 147

  • polysubstance abuse

    • comfort food intake and, 188–189

    • opioids, 188, 203, 204

  • positive GAD antibodies, autoimmune (AI) diabetes onset during pregnancy and, 109, 109f

  • postpartum pregnancy, antibody-positive diabetes and, 108

  • postprandial hypoglycemia, in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients, 143–145

  • potassium chloride, for hypokalemia treatment, 68

  • potassium supplements, for Cushing’s Disease (CD), 34, 36

  • prednisone, as glucocorticoid therapy, 137

    • chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) exacerbation from, 138

    • continuous glucose monitor (CGM) report before and after, 136f–137f

  • pregnancy

    • autoimmune (AI) diabetes onset during, 107, 108–109, 109f

    • gestational diabetes during, 5, 107, 108

    • increased folate before and during, 184–186

    • obesity and complications of, 184–186

    • pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes and, 16

  • Preventive Services Task Force, U.S., on pancreatic cancer screening, 21

  • PROMISE observational study, on Trikafta, 160

  • protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2), 9

  • R122H PRSS1 (protease serine 1) variant, hereditary pancreatitis and, 16, 18

  • radiation therapy, for clival metastasis, 21

  • rapid-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DK), 50

    • immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) insulinopenic diabetes, 50–51

    • stage IV clear cell carcinoma and, 50

  • refractory hypoglycemia, due to massive unintentional insulin overdose, 146–147

    • alcohol use and, 146, 148

    • corticosteroids for, 147

    • laboratory test results, 146–147, 147f

    • seizures from, 146

    • treatment, 146–147, 148

  • refractory hypoglycemia, due to sulfonylurea and antibiotic use, 150–151

    • antibiotics associated with, 151–152, 151t

    • laboratory test results, 150, 151

    • medication interactions and, 151

    • treatment, 150–151

  • renal biopsy, for nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), 179–180, 181–182, 181f

  • Rosai-Dorfman disease, of histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome, 43

  • Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (RYGB) surgery, hyperinsulemic hypoglycemia after, 143–144, 145

  • selective arterial calcium stimulation testing, 145

  • sensorineural hearing loss, of H syndrome, 42–46

  • seroconversion, of GAD65 antibodies, 119, 120

  • 17q12 deletion syndrome, Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)-5 (MODY-HNF1B) and, 3

  • skin lesions of Sweet’s syndrome, topical triamcinolone therapy for, 23, 26

  • SLC29A3 gene mutation, histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (HLP) syndrome and, 43, 45

  • sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

    • discontinuance reasons for, 56, 59–60

    • effectiveness of ketogenic diet (KD) and, 87, 88

    • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) complication from, 54–55, 62–64

    • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) development mechanisms of, 56, 58–60, 59t

    • euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) while on ketogenic diet (KD), 71–72, 72t, 73f, 74

    • Fournier’s gangrene association with, 28

    • for hyperglycemia management, 101, 102

    • ketonic state and dehydration from, 73, 74

    • with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors use, 93

    • serum ketone measurement for symptoms, 64

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ketogenic diet (KD), 62–64, 71

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment with, 55

  • spironolactone, for Cushing’s Disease (CD), 34, 36

  • starvation ketosis, 56

  • steroid treatments, for eosinophilic vasculitis, 37

  • steroid-induced diabetes, 35

    • laboratory tests for, 37, 38t

    • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) misdiagnosis as, 37

  • stress hyperglycemia, 176, 177

  • subarachnoid hemorrhage, 62, 63, 64

  • subclassification stages, of type 1 diabetes (T1D), 10

  • subcutaneous (SQ) insulin, allergy to, 103

  • sulfonylurea

    • octreotide use in overdoses, 147

    • refractory hypoglycemia due to use of, 150–152

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) therapy of, 33

  • Sweet’s syndrome, 23–26

    • Classic Sweet’s syndrome, 26, 27t

    • corticosteroids challenge to, 27, 28

    • diabetes as trigger for, 27

    • Drug-induced Sweet’s syndrome, 26, 27t

    • etiologies and causes of, 27t

    • as inflammatory skin condition, 28

    • laboratory data, 23, 24–25t

    • Malignancy-associated Sweet’s syndrome, 26, 27t

    • meningitis and encephalitis complications, 26

    • neurologic manifestations of, 26

    • peripheral neuropathy and, 23, 26

    • photosensitivity role in, 26

    • skin lesions, 23, 25f, 26

    • treatment for, 27

    • triamcinolone topical therapy, 23, 26

    • typical histopathology slide of, 26f

  • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and diabetes comorbidity, 111

  • GAD65 and islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs) increase in, 120

    • laboratory test results and treatment, 111

    • presentation of, 111

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) suspected diagnosis, 112

  • thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA) syndrome, 44

  • thyroid testing results, in Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 30

  • thyroxine replacement, for Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 30

  • transient severe insulin resistance, in COVID019 and prediabetes, 175, 177f

  • transporter 8 (ZnT8), 9

  • trans-sphenoidal pituitary resection, 47

  • treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes (TIND), 197

  • triamcinolone therapy, for skin lesions, 23, 26

  • Trikafta, as cystic fibrosis

    • transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), 158, 159

    • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of, 160

    • PROMISE observational study on, 160

  • type 1 diabetes (T1D)

    • alcohol abuse and, 148

    • antibodies associated with, 9

    • autoimmune (AI) diabetes

    • education, 108

    • autoimmune diseases with, 9, 112

    • characteristics of, 3

    • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and Down’s syndrome, 123–124

    • C-peptide level in, 8

    • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) age and presentation, 22

    • diabetic kidney disease risk, 180– 182, 181f

    • Down’s syndrome prevalence of, 124

    • Finnish Nationwide Study on autoimmune diseases with, 112

    • of H syndrome, 42–46

    • ketoacidosis presentation and age of, 22

    • ketogenic diet (KD) safety and efficacy research, 74

    • laboratory results, 9t

    • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) within classification of, 116

    • nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD) and, 180–182

    • subclassification stages of, 10

    • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suspected diagnosis of, 112

    • type 2 diabetes (T2D) distinguished from, 8

    • Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) and early-onset, 30

  • type 1 diabetes (T1D), with worsening neuropathy, 195

    • carbohydrate ratio adjustment, 195

    • presentation of, 195

    • treatment, 195, 196

    • treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes (TIND), 197

  • type 1.5 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) as, 13

  • type 2 diabetes (T2D)

    • American Diabetes Association (ADA) medical management algorithm on, 163

    • characteristics of, 3, 163

    • childhood obesity, 9

    • etiology and pathogenesis understanding, 115

    • insulin regimen simplification for elderly patients with, 167–168

    • ketogenic diet (KD) and euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDK), 62–64, 71

    • laboratory results, 9t

    • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) differentiation from, 13

    • low-carbohydrate diets and, 63

    • metformin and sulfonylurea therapy for, 33

    • older patients misdiagnosis for, 74

    • sodium-glucose cotransporter 2

    • (SGLT2) inhibitors treatment for, 55

    • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and, 120

    • type 1 diabetes (T1D) distinguished from, 8

  • type 2 diabetes (T2D), rethinking insulin in, 191–192

    • glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-IRA) and, 192–193

    • obesity and, 191

    • treatment and laboratory test results, 191–192, 192t

  • type B insulin resistance (TBIR), with lupus nephritis and autoimmune hepatitis, 97–98

    • blood glucose and insulin trend, 99f

    • classic manifestation of, 100

    • high mortality of, 101

    • insulin receptor antibodies (AIRAs) testing, 98, 100f, 101

    • laboratory test results, 97, 98, 98t, 99f, 100, 100f

    • National Institutes of Health (NIH) protocol for, 98, 100, 101

    • onset characterizations, 102

    • patient characteristics for, 99

    • presentation of, 97

    • treatment management of, 101

  • ventricular assist device (VAD)

    • implantation, diabetic management of, 199, 201

    • complications of, 200

    • healthy lifestyle instructions, 200

  • vitamin supplements, for pancreatogenic (Type 3c) diabetes, 17

  • Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS), 29–30

    • clinical features of, 30, 31

    • early-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and, 30

    • genetic testing, 29

    • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment for, 29, 30, 31

    • growth retardation, 30, 31

    • homozygous mutation in the EIF2AK3 gene, 29, 30, 31

    • laboratory tests for, 29

    • multiple frequent fractures and, 31

    • pamidronate treatment for, 30

    • physical examination, 29

    • PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) expression loss in, 30, 31

    • thyroid testing results, 30

    • thyroxine replacement for, 30

Close Modal

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal