Nutrition therapy is an essential component of effective diabetes management. Healthcare providers need to stay current on new developments in nutrition therapy and specific interventions for a wide range of patient populations and special circumstances in order to provide the best possible outcomes for their patients. Revised and updated to incorporate the latest research and evidence-based guidelines, the third edition of the American Diabetes Association Guide to Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes is a comprehensive resource for the successful implementation of nutrition therapy for people with diabetes.
Topics covered include:
Macronutrients and micronutrients
Nutrition therapy for pregnant women, youth, older adults, and people with prediabetes
Nutrition therapy for hospitalized and long-term care patients
Celiac disease, eating disorders, and diabetes complications
Cost-effectiveness of nutrition therapy, health literacy and numeracy, and community-based diabetes prevention programs
"Index", American Diabetes Association Guide to Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes, Alison B. Evert, MS, RDN, CDE, Marion J. Franz, MS, RDN, CDE
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A
ABCD study, 365
Abid, N., 414t
Abraham, A. S., 66t
A1C
adiponectin, 555, 555t
AIM formula effects on, 118t
alcohol and, 93, 96–97t, 559t, 560
carbohydrate counting effects on, 111–112t, 114–117, 118t
carbohydrate intake, 28, 111t
celiac disease, 414–416t, 417, 418
CFRD, 439
CGM, SMBG, 468–479, 471t, 474–475t
cost-effectiveness, 538
counseling, education, 503, 509–510t, 511
CSII, MDI, 485, 486, 489
DASH diet effects on, 220t
delayed gastric emptying and, 453
eating disorders, 396, 403–404, 404t
exercise effects on, 148–149t, 150–151, 253
gastroparesis, 453, 454t
gluten-free diet effects, 418
grains, whole, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
health literacy/numeracy, 522, 525
hospitalized patients, 277
hypertension and, 367–368t, 370
hypoglycemia, 287t, 290
insulin resistance and, 565
kidney disease and, 380
lifestyle interventions, 581, 586–587t, 589
lipid disorders and, 337–338, 339t, 341t, 343, 345, 347, 350
macronutrients, effects on, 21–23t, 25–36, 142–146
Mediterranean diet effects on, 46, 48–50t, 51–53, 337–338
micronutrients, effects on, 65, 66–67t, 69t, 567
MNT effectiveness, 2, 6–9, 7–8t, 11–14, 538
in older adults, 186, 190t, 191, 194, 197, 277, 345
prediabetes, 550, 555, 559t, 560, 565, 567, 581
pregnancy, lactation, 206–209, 208t, 217, 220t
type 1 diabetes, 26, 111–112t, 114–117, 414–416t
type 2 diabetes, 26–27, 33–34, 116, 122–124, 167, 253, 345, 347, 352
type 2 diabetes (insulin requiring), 142–150, 148–149t
weight-loss medications, 147
weight management, 306, 308–312, 310t, 314, 316–319t, 320, 322–323t, 324, 370
in youth, 162–163t, 165–167, 166t, 170t, 171, 177–178
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics EAL, 7t, 19–24, 31, 32–34, 209–210, 381, 384, 419
acarbose (Precose), 141t
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), 31, 214
ACCORD study, 365, 371
Accurate Insulin Management (AIM), 117, 118t
ACE inhibitors, 386
acesulfame K (Sweet One, Sunnett), 31, 145t, 214
acetaldehyde, 90, 91
acetate, 90, 91
active insulin, 173, 487
activity. see sports and exercise Actos (pioglitazone), 140t
acupuncture, acupressure, acustimulation, 460
α-cells, 136, 137
ADA recommendations
alcohol, 94, 99, 101–102, 101t
carbohydrate, 211–212, 211t
carbohydrates, 37–38
fats (dietary), 34–35, 38
health literacy/numeracy, 527–528
hypoglycemia, 294
insulin pump therapy, 485–487
lipid disorders, 336, 342, 350–352
macronutrients, 37–38
medical nutrition therapy generally, 5, 19
micronutrients, 74–75
older adults, 186–187, 187t, 189, 189t
protein, 38
protein in pregnancy, lactation, 212
SMBG, 468–469
sodium, salt, 362, 370–371
sports and exercise, 150–152, 151t, 244–245, 245–247t
type 2 diabetes, 142–144, 144t
youth, 163–164
adenocarcinoma, 413
adenosine triphosphate, 91
adequate intake (AI), 60, 61t
adipocytes, 136, 137
adiponectin, 555, 555t
adjunctive therapies, 147
adolescents. see youth Adolfsson, P., 246t, 247
AdRem Study, 98–99
Adult Learning Theory, 507t
ADVANCE trial, 365–366
advantame, 31, 145t, 214
aerobic exercise, 149–150, 151t, 253, 386–387, 442
Afaghi, A., 219t, 341t
agave nectar, 29
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 521–522, 527
α-glucosidase inhibitors, 124, 139t, 141t
AHA/ACC Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease Guidelines, 36
Ajala, O., 7t, 54
albiglutide (Tanzeum), 140t
albuminuria, 371, 378, 380, 380t, 383–384, 386
alcohol
A1C and, 93, 96–97t, 559t, 560
allergen labeling requirements, 422
CFRD, 440t
complications, effects on, 94–99, 95–97t
CVD and, 95–96t, 97–99, 101
glycemia effects, 91–94, 92t
HDL cholesterol, 95t, 98, 100
hypertension and, 100
hypoglycemia and, 91, 93, 102, 292
lipid disorders and, 349
metabolism of, 90–91, 90f
mortality, 98
overview, 88–90
post–metabolic surgery, 328t
prediabetes, 557–560, 559t
pregnancy, lactation, 214
recommendations summary, 94, 99, 101–102, 101t
triglycerides, effects on, 95t, 99–100
type 1 diabetes, 93–94, 98, 292
type 2 diabetes, 88, 93, 98, 100, 557–560, 559t
youth, effects on, 92t
youth and, 175
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 90, 90f
alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA), 94
Alessa, H. B., 555t
allergen labeling requirements, 421–422
Alli. see orlistat
alogliptin (Nesina), 140t
alternate HEI (aHEI), 569
α-lipoic acid, 72–73, 72t
Amaryl (glimepiride), 140t
American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE), 5
amylin agonists. see pramlintide (Symlin)
amylin analogs, 124, 143f. see also pramlintide (Symlin)
anaerobic exercise, 387
Anderson, R. A., 66t
anemia, 196, 412
angiotensin II receptor blockers, 386
animal studies, 31, 61–62, 64t, 69–70, 75
anorexia nervosa, 394t, 398–399
antidepressants, 460
antiemetic agents, 460
antioxidant paradox, 73
antioxidants, 59, 70–73, 72t
anxiety, 402–403
ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 62, 71, 72t
Asemi, Z., 220t
Asian Indian study, 546–548
Ask Me 3 program, 528
Aslani, Z., 341t
aspart, 120–121
aspartame, 31, 145t, 214
atherosclerosis, 95t, 97, 167, 553, 557, 558t
atherosclerotic vascular disease, 337
Atkins Diet, 552
Aune, D., 551t
autonomic neuropathy, 153, 450, 451
AUTONOMY trial, 123
Azadbakht, L., 50t
B
Bahadoran, Z., 340t
Baker, M. K., 583
Bakker, S. F., 415t
Balsells, M., 224
Bao, J., 115–116
bariatric (metabolic) surgery, 147, 306, 320–325, 320t, 322–323t, 328t, 567–568, 568t
Barnard, N. D., 49t, 53, 92t
Barton, A. L., 287t, 291
basal-bolus insulin, terms, 113t
basal insulin
adjustment, 123, 225, 239, 248–252, 489
CFRD, 435t, 442
CSII, 459
diabetic ketoacidosis, 298
enteral nutrition, 273
estimating, 117, 118t
fat, protein, 489
MDI regimen, 169
nocturnal hypoglycemia, 290, 293
overnight, reduction, 251
principles, 109
terms, 113t
total parenteral nutrition, 272
BASNEFT study, 192
β-carotene, 71, 72t
β-cells
CFRD, 436
dysfunction, failure, 109, 122, 135–137, 136f
function, 11, 135, 148, 551
medications stimulating, 140t
vitamin/mineral effects on, 63–64t, 69–70
beer, 101t, 560
behavior change strategies, 403, 507t, 526, 528
Bell, K., 477
Belviq. see lorcaserin Bergenstal, R. M., 474t
beriberi, 60
β-glucan, 347
beverages, sugar-sweetened, 29, 144–145, 145t, 328t, 544, 553, 553t
Beyond Celiac Gluten-Free Certification Program, 422t
bezoars, 455
Bhupathiraju, S. N., 562
biguanides, 140t
biliopancreatic diversion (BD), 320–325, 320t, 322–323t
binge eating disorder, 394t, 400–401
biofeedback, 460
Bizzarri, C., 434–435t
Blomster, J. I., 96t
blood glucose correction algorithms, 113t, 117–118, 118t
blood glucose monitoring. see continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
bolus calculators, 484, 487
bolus insulin, 113t
bolus insulin calculation cards, 116
Bortsov, A., 162t
botulinum toxin, 460
Brazeau, A. S., 509t
bread, 328t
breastfeeding, 204, 225–226
Breen, C., 510t
broccoli sprout powder, 340t, 350
Buchwald, J. N., 321
bulimia nervosa, 394t, 396, 399–400
B vitamins. see under vitamin
C
caffeine, 249, 328t
calcium, 387, 565–566
calculators, bolus, 484, 487
calories, normal growth/development, 164–165, 165t
Canadian Celiac Association Gluten-Free Certification Program, 422t
canagliflozin (Invokana), 141t
candy, 328t
carbohydrate counting
counseling, education, 509–510t
hospitalization, long-term care, 264, 270–271
insulin pump therapy, 484, 488
MDI regimen, 111t, 115, 118, 169
type 1 diabetes, 108, 110, 111t, 112–116, 488
youth, 160, 169–171, 170t, 488
carbohydrate factor (CarbF), 113t
carbohydrates
CFRD, 439t
DRIs, 24, 30
ed dietary allowance (RDA), 24
fiber, whole grains, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
fructose, 29
gestational diabetes, studies, 218t, 222
glycemia and, 25
glycemic index/glycemic load, 30–31, 115
high-fructose corn syrup, 29
hospitalization, 264, 270–271
hypoglycemia, 284, 286–287t, 288–289, 298, 298t
insulin responses, 18, 25–26
intake defined, 24–25
lipid disorders, 339t, 342–343, 346
medications, adjustment of, 37–38
micronutrients and, 75
nonnutritive sweeteners, 31, 214
overview, 18, 32
prediabetes, 552
pregnancy, lactation recommendations, 211–212, 211t
recommendations summary, 37–38
research summary, 21–22t
sports and exercise, 239, 241–253, 245–246t, 248t, 250t
sucrose, 18, 28–29
sugar alcohols, 32
sugar-sweetened beverages, 29, 144–145, 145t, 328t, 544, 553, 553t
type 1 diabetes, 26, 32
type 2 diabetes, 26–27, 32
types of, 28–32
cardiac arrhythmias, 68, 387
cardioprotective diet, 37, 72t, 342, 477
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
alcohol and, 95–96t, 97–99, 101
antioxidants, 72t
atherosclerotic, 36, 344–345
glycemic index/glycemic load, 350
hypertension and, 367–368t, 371
lifestyle interventions, 310t, 316t, 318t, 322t, 547t
lipid disorders, 337–338, 340–341t, 342–351
macronutrients and, 20
Mediterranean diet, 561t
metabolic surgery, 567, 568t
micronutrients, 66t
prediabetes, 547–548t, 567, 568t
prevention, treatment of, 37
protein intake and, 384
type 1 diabetes, 26
type 2 diabetes, 33–34, 345
weight management, 348–349
whole-grain foods, 30
in youth, 167
Cardiovascular Health Study, 556
Carlsson, L. M. S., 568, 568t
catalase, 90–91
catecholamines, 173, 240, 251, 253
Cefalu, W. T., 67t
celiac disease
abnormalities, normalization of, 420
A1C, 414–416t, 417, 418
adherence to diet, 418–420
with atypical symptoms, 412
bone mineral density, 418–420
categories of, 412
complication risks, gluten free diet effects, 417–418
eating disorders and, 401–402
gluten-free diet, 410, 413, 414–416t, 417–424, 422–423t
glycemic management, gluten free diet effects, 418
hematological parameters, 417–418, 420
insulin requirements, gluten free diet effects, 418
latent, 412
metabolic management, 417
nutrition status effects, 417
nutrition therapy studies, 413, 414–416t
oats, 420
overview, 410–412, 423–424
screening, diagnosis, 411–412
silent, 412
skin manifestations, 412
symptoms, 413
treatment, 412
vitamin D deficiency, 416t, 417
youth, 411, 417–420
Celiac Support Organization Recognition Seal and Gluten-Free Certification Program, 422t
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 540
cereal grains, 10, 30, 52, 298t, 326–327t, 350, 351, 472
CFRD. see cystic fibrosis–related diabetes
Chang, S. H., 324
Charron-Prochownik, D., 206
Chase, H. P., 491
Chase, P., 474t, 475
children and adolescents. see youth China studies, 65, 114, 219t, 546–547
cholesterol
dietary, 36–38, 168, 339t, 344, 351, 440t
HDL, 27, 31, 35, 95t, 98, 100, 167, 168t, 337, 342–351
LDL, 27, 31, 34–35, 95t, 167, 168t, 337, 342–351, 525, 539
triglycerides, 28, 95t, 99–100, 167, 168t, 337, 342, 345–351
VLDL, 337, 345
chromium, 64–67, 66–67t, 567
chronic kidney disease. see kidney disease
Ciarambino, T., 190t
cinnamon, 349
cocktails, 101t
coffee, 562
Cognitive Behavioral Theory, 507t
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 403
cognitive restructuring, 507t
Colton, P. A., 393
community-based prevention programs
attendance, 590
community-clinic partnership model, 581, 582f
cost-effectiveness, 580, 590–591
implementation, 588–592
lifestyle interventions, 580, 584–590, 585–587t
overview, 580–582, 582f, 596
participant risk, 588–589
public policy, 580, 593–595
self-monitoring, 590
staff, training, 590–592
translation research, 584–588, 585–587t
trials, studies, 583–584
weight loss achieved, 591–592
congestive heart failure, 68, 380
continuous basal insulin secretion, 109
continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)
ADA recommendations, 469
CSII and, 484, 488–490, 494
eating disorders, 403–404
hypoglycemia, 293, 294, 297
insulin dosing, protein/fat intake, 119–120
insulin pump therapy vs., 475–476
macronutrients, 477–478
nutrition research, 469, 473–476, 474–475t
nutrition therapy, 476–479
older adults, 188
pregnancy, lactation, 208–209
real time, 468, 474–475t, 475–476
retrospective (r-CGM), 467, 474–475t, 476
SMBG efficacy vs., 473, 476
sports and exercise, 238, 247, 248t, 249, 253
type 1 diabetes, 474–475t, 475, 476, 477
type 2 diabetes, 476
youth, 291, 474–475t, 475
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). see insulin pump therapy
Contrave. see naltrexone/bupropion ER
Cooper, A. R., 152
copper, 63t
coronary atherosclerosis, 167
coronary heart disease (CHD), 50t, 94, 338, 341t, 347–348, 366, 368t, 371, 539, 556, 594
cost-effectiveness
community-based prevention programs, 580, 590–591
insurance/reimbursement, 188, 536, 538–540
interventions, outcomes, 538–539
literature review, 537, 538t
overview, 536–537, 540
counseling, education
A1C, 503, 509–510t, 511
action steps, 505f
algorithm of care, 504–505f
definitions, 503, 506
nutrition research, 506–511, 509–510t
overview, 502–504, 512
pregnancy, lactation, 206, 441
providers, training for, 511–512
theories, models, strategies, 506, 507–508t
therapy sessions, 12
type 1 diabetes, 509–510t
type 2 diabetes, 508, 509–510t
youth, 174–175
counterregulatory hormones, 94, 249, 296, 297
Courcoulas, A. P., 322t
C-reactive protein, 23t, 28, 50t, 72t, 553
Cunningham equation, 240, 240t
Custal, N., 395t, 396
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes energy intakes, recommendations, 435–436
glycemic abnormalities, 437
hypoglycemia in, 441
impaired glucose tolerance, 434–435t, 440t, 441–442
insulin therapy, 436
lipid profile, 437–439
microvascular complications, 438, 438t
nutritional interventions, 436–439, 438t
nutrition recommendations, 439, 439–440t
nutrition therapy research, 434–435t
overview, 432–433, 442
pregnancy, lactation, 439, 440t, 441
screening, 439, 440t
type 1 diabetes, 436, 437, 438t
type 2 diabetes, 438t
D
DAFNE trial, 110, 124, 125, 294
daily value (DV), 61t
Damasceno, N. R., 340t
dapagliflozin (Farxiga), 141t
dapsone, 412
Da Qing study, 546–547
DASH diet
A1C, effects on, 220t
benefits of, 3, 9
characterization, 46, 47, 50t, 53
effectiveness studies, 569
gestational diabetes, 220t, 223
hypertension, 362, 366, 369–370, 369t, 372
insulin sensitivity and, 369
lipid disorders, 342
weight management, 309
Davidson, M. B., 564t
Davidson, P. C., 117
Davies, M. J., 318t
Davison, K., 478
Delahanty, L. M., 548t
delayed gastric emptying, 35, 121, 420, 433, 449–451, 453, 455, 458–461, 477. see also gastroparesis
de Lordes Lima, M., 69t
De Luis, D. A., 190t
dementia, 192t
depression, 193t, 402–403
deranged fatty acid metabolism, 135
dermatitis herpetiformis, 412
Desjardins, K., 287t, 291
detemir, 113t
de Valk, H. W., 69t
DeWitt, D. E., 120
dexfenfluramine, 320
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 9, 26, 110, 166–168, 291
Diabetes Interactive Diary (DID), 117
Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT), 523t, 524
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 310–311, 539, 546–549, 548t, 557, 563, 567, 583–584, 591–593
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), 550
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program, 593
Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS), 546–549, 583–584, 591
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSME/S). see counseling, education
diabetes self-management education (DSME), 12–13, 188, 192–193t, 192–194
diabetes support and education (DSE), 310–312, 341t, 348–349, 370
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 94, 96t, 295–298, 393
diabetic kidney disease. see kidney disease
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 403
DIAMIND study, 225
Dickens, Y. L., 395–396, 395t
dietary cholesterol, 36–38, 168, 339t, 344, 351, 440t
dietary fat. see fats (dietary)
Dietary Guidelines Advisory
Committee (DGAC), 35, 36, 344, 555
dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
carbohydrates, 24, 30
defined, 61t
micronutrients, 59–60, 71t
older adults, 194, 194t
overview, 20, 58
pregnancy, lactation, 209
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, 73–74
dietary supplements, 58, 73–75
DIGAMI study, 266
Ding, S. A., 323t
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. see DPP-4 inhibitors
disordered eating. see eating disorders distilled spirits, 101t, 560
DNT, 523t, 524
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 345–346, 351, 556–557
docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), 558t
Doménech, M., 340t, 368t
domperidone, 459, 460
dosing guides, 116
Downs, S. M., 595
DPP-4 inhibitors characterization, 140t, 143f
gastroparesis, 458
for postprandial hyperglycemia, 124
weight effects of, 139t
driving, 175
DSME. see diabetes self-management education (DSME)
dual-wave bolus, 484, 491–492, 492t
dulaglutide (Trulicity), 140t
Dungan, K. M., 269t
Dunkley, A. F., 547t
Duràn, A., 471t
Dussol, B., 382t
dysglycemia, 123, 136f
dyslipidemia, 37, 186, 336, 337, 347–349, 371, 437–438. see also lipid disorders
E
Eakin, E. G., 310t
EarlyACTivity in Diabetes, 27
eating disorders
A1C, 396, 403–404, 404t
anorexia nervosa, 394t, 398–399
binge eating disorder, 394t, 400–401
bulimia nervosa, 394t, 396, 399–400
celiac disease, 401–402
gastroparesis in, 402 (see also gastroparesis)
insulin therapy, 396, 398–400
insulin withholding, omission, 400
mental health, 402–403
nutrition assessment, 397–398
nutrition research, 394–396, 395t
nutrition therapy, 397
overview, 392–394, 405
screening, risk assessment, 404–405, 404t
snacks, 399
technology usage in, 403–404
type 1 diabetes, 393–396, 395t
type 2 diabetes, 394
in youth, 175, 403
eating patterns
adherence, factors affecting, 124–125
adherence to, 478
allergen labeling requirements, 421–422
recommendation summary, 54
carbohydrate counting (see carbohydrate counting)
cardioprotective, 37, 72t, 342, 477
clear liquid to regular texture progression, 271
coffee, 562
components generally, 3
DASH diet (see DASH diet) diets, beneficial, 3, 20
gastroparesis, 448, 455–456, 456t
gluten-free diet, 410, 413, 414–416t, 417–424, 422–423t
gluten-free foods list, 423t
high-carbohydrate, 370
high-fat, high-protein, 119–120, 291, 366
high-protein, 20, 34
hospitalization, long-term care, 264, 270–271
hypoglycemia, 290–292
insulin resistance and, 552
issues, gaps, 53–54
LCKD diet, 27
lipid disorders, 336–338, 340t, 351
literature review, 47–51, 48–50t
low carbohydrate diets, 27–28, 34, 47, 116, 348, 366, 368t, 370, 544
low-fat, 3, 9, 34, 47
low-fat, low-protein, 119–120
low-GI, 20 Mediterranean diet (see Mediterranean diet)
nutrition therapy, postoperative, 325–326, 326–328t
overview, 46
Paleolithic, 348, 552
prediabetes, 544
pregnancy, lactation, 213–214
vegetarian/vegan, 3, 9, 46, 47, 49–50t, 52–53
youth, 168–172, 172t
Eckel, R. H., 344
economics. see cost-effectiveness ECRES, 248
ed Dietary Allowance (RDA), 60, 61t
ed Food Score, 569
education, counseling. see counseling, education
eggs, 344
Eibl, N. L., 69t
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 345–346, 351, 556–557
1800 rule, 117
Ekinci, E. I., 367t, 371
elderly. see older adults
El Dib, R., 564t
electrolyte-containing fluids, 298
electrolyte imbalance, 451
Elhayany, A., 48t
empagliflozin (Jardiance), 141t
endocrine system, 239
endoplasmic reticulum stress, 135
endothelial dysfunction, 94, 98–99, 123, 562
end-stage renal disease, 187t, 368t, 371, 388, 522
energy intake
CFRD recommendations, 435–436
kidney disease, 384
pregnancy, lactation, 210, 210t
sports and exercise, 240, 240–241t, 241f
weight management, 306
England, C. Y., 22t
enteral nutrition, 272–273, 457–458
enteral products, 458
enteric nerves, 461
Ericson, U., 558t
erythritol, 32
erythromycin, 459
Espeland, M. A., 190t
Esposito, K., 48–49t, 52
estimated average requirement (EAR), 60, 61t
estimated energy requirements (EERs), 210, 210t
Estruch, R., 48t
ethanol. see alcohol
EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, 98
exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), 140t
exercise. see sports and exercise
F
family-based therapy (FBT), 403
Farxiga (dapagliflozin), 141t
fasting lipid profile, 167
fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 23t, 65, 67t, 69t, 93, 97t, 191, 346, 538t, 563,565, 581, 587t
fat-protein unit (FPU), 494
fats (dietary). see also cholesterol; lipid disorders
acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR), 35
alcohol and, 95t
CFRD, 440t
free fatty acids (FFAs), 98
gestational diabetes, studies, 218t, 222
glucose response, 35
hypertension, 369t
hypoglycemia, 284, 291
insulin pump impacts, 484, 488–489
intake recommendations, 34–35
lipid disorders, restrictions on, 342–343
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), 26, 344–345, 556–557, 562
nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), 557, 558t
omega-3 fatty acids, 18, 36–37, 212–213, 339t, 345–346, 556–557, 558t
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 35, 212–213, 344–346, 556–557, 558t, 562
post–metabolic surgery, 328t
prediabetes and, 556–557
pregnancy, lactation recommendations, 212–213
recommendations summary, 38
saturated fatty acids, 242, 342–344, 351, 556–557, 558t
sports and exercise, intake, 242
trans fats, 18, 35–36, 213, 342, 344, 351, 556–557, 594–595
type 1 diabetes, 35
type 2 diabetes, 35, 556–557, 558t
fenfluramine, 319
fenugreek, 349
fetal growth, 205, 210, 224, 227
fiber
soluble, 347–348, 351
whole grains, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
fibrinogen, 94, 98
1500 rule, 117
financial barriers, 193t, 197
Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study, 99
fish oil supplements, 18, 36–37, 212–213, 339t, 345–346
500 rule, 117
flaxseed, 349
flexible intensive insulin therapy (FIIT), 110, 116, 124–125
flour, 421, 423t
fluids, 242–243, 298, 298t
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 384
folate, 213, 419, 424
folic acid, 206, 326
Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), 421–422
food eating patterns. see eating patterns
food insulin index (FII), 115–116, 494
food pricing, 595
Framingham Offspring Study, 563
Francescato, M. P., 245t
Franciosi, M., 471t
Franz, M. J., 7–8t, 309
Frazzitta, M. A., 225
free fatty acids (FFAs), 98
free fructose, 29
free radicals, 70–71
Frohlich-Reiterer, E., 414t
fructose, 29
fruit juice, 328t
Fuller, N. R., 339t
G
Gandhi, G., 473
garlic powder, 349
Garrison, E. A., 205
Garvey, W. T., 317t
gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 90, 90f
gastric electrical stimulation (GES), 460
gastric motor function, 450
gastroenteropathy, 449. see also gastroparesis gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD), 451
gastrointestinal tissues, 137
gastroparesis
A1C, 453, 454t
carbohydrate intake, 455
classification, 452t
complications, 449
delayed gastric emptying, 35, 121, 420, 433, 449–451, 453, 455, 458–461, 477
diagnosis, 450
in eating disorders, 402
eating patterns, 448, 455–456, 456t
enteral nutrition, 272–273, 457–458
epidemiology, 449
insulin pump therapy, 459
insulin therapy, 459
medications, 458–460
nausea, vomiting management, 457, 460
nutritional status assessment, 454–455
nutrition recommendations, 453–454, 454t
nutrition support, 456–457
parenteral nutrition, 458
pathophysiology, 450–451
surgery, 460–461
symptoms, 451
treatment, 453
type 2 diabetes, 455
gastroparesis cardinal symptom index, 451
gastrostomy tube, 457
Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), 31, 214, 594
Gepner, Y., 96–97t
geriatric patients. see older adults gestational diabetes. see also pregnancy, lactation
breastfeeding, 204, 225–226
carbohydrate/fat, studies, 218t, 222
DASH diet, 220t, 223
eating plans, studies, 218–220t
glucose targets for, 217t
glycemic goals, 217–218, 217t
glycemic index, 219t, 222
insulin therapy, 226
macronutrients in, 218t, 222–223
micronutrients in, 221t
nutrition therapy effectiveness, 218–221, 218–221t
OGTT screenings, 225
outcomes, 221
overview, 204
pharmacological therapy, 224
screening, in CFRD patients, 439, 440t, 441
self-monitoring, 217
weight management, 223
Gillies, C. L., 583
ginger, 460
Giovannetti-Maggiore diet, 380–381
Glasgow, R. E., 526t
glimepiride (Amaryl), 140t, 176
glinides. see meglitinides
glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL), 140t
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 378, 379t
GLP-1 agonists
characterization, 140t, 143f
for postprandial hyperglycemia, 124 weight effects of, 139t
youth, 176
glucagon, as hypoglycemia treatment, 289
gluconeogenesis, 33, 91, 93, 102, 113t, 239–240, 292, 296
Glucophage. see metformin (Glucophage)
glucose correction factor (CorrF, CF), 113t, 117–118, 118t
glucose monitoring. see continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
glulisine, 120
gluten-free diet, 410, 413, 414–416t, 417–424, 422–423t
Gluten-Free Food Determination and Certification Programs, 422t
gluten-free foods list, 423t
Gluten Free Watchdog, 422t
glyburide (Glynase PresTabs), 140t, 224
glycemic index/glycemic load
carbohydrates, 30–31, 115
CVD, 350
hypertension, 366, 368t
insulin pump therapy, 491, 493f
lipid disorders, 341t, 350
prediabetes, 553–554, 554t
type 2 diabetes, 554
glycogenolysis, 239, 240, 289
glycosylated hemoglobin. see A1C
Glyset (miglitol), 141t
goal setting, 507t
Goldie, C., 564t
Gourgeon, R., 253
grains, whole, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
Gray, R. O., 291
Greenwood, D. C., 554t
group homes, 195, 400
Gualano, B., 247t
Guldbrand, H., 21t
Gullestad, L., 69t
gut hormones, 555
H
Halperin, F., 323t
Han, S., 221
Hansen, H. P., 382t
HAPO trial, 217
Harjutsalo, V., 96t
Harper, L. M., 216
Hartweg, J., 345
HDL cholesterol, 27, 31, 35, 95t, 98, 100, 167, 168t, 337, 342–351
Health Belief Model, 507t
health literacy/numeracy
A1C, 522, 525
assessment, measurement of, 522–525, 523t
behavior change, 526, 528
diabetes and, 522
low-literacy population studies, 525–527, 526t
overview, 518–521, 528
prevalence, scope of problem, 521–522
recommendations, 527–528
self-efficacy, 522, 525–526
Health Literacy Tool Shed, 523
Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, 527
health marketing, 593
Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 98
healthy eating, 2, 5–6, 9–10
Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2005, 569
Healthy Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes (HELP PD) study, 591
hemorrhagic stroke, 71
Hernandez, T. L., 218t
high-fructose corn syrup, 29
Hirsch, I. B., 120
Hollander, P., 316–317t
hospitalization. see also older adults carbohydrates, 264, 270–271
clear liquid to regular texture progression, 271
critical care patients, 266–267
enteral nutrition, 272–273, 457–458
glycemic management, 265–266, 272–273
hyperglycemia, hospital-related, 265–267
insulin therapy, 267–268, 271, 273
long-term care facilities, 275–277
malnutrition in, 269–270
MNT implementation in, 195, 268–270, 269t
overview, 264–265
stress hyperglycemia, 269t, 273
total parenteral nutrition, 272
Howorka, K., 119
Hu, Z. G., 219t
Huang, J., 559t
Husband, A. C., 286t
Hussain, T. A., 21t
hydrochlorothiazide, 386
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 563–566, 564t
hypercholesterolemia, 167–168
hyperinsulinemia, 137, 247, 288–289
hyperlipidemia, 187, 342, 346, 540
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, 295, 296
hypertension
A1C and, 367–368t, 370
alcohol and, 100
blood pressure, ADA recommendations, 362
CVD and, 367–368t, 371
DASH diet, 362, 366, 369–370, 369t, 372
defined, 363
glycemic index/glycemic load, 366, 368t
medications, concurrent, 371–372
Mediterranean diet, 366, 367–368t, 372
morbidity, mortality reduction, 364–366
nutrition therapy, 366–370, 367–369t
nuts, 366, 368–369t
in older adults, 186
overview, 362–363
sodium intake, ADA recommendations, 362, 370–371
treatment goals, 363–366, 364t, 371–372
weight management, 362, 370
hypertriglyceridemia, 99–101, 253, 349
hypnosis, 460
hypoalbuminemia, 383
hypoalbuminuria, 384
hypoglycemia
A1C, 287t, 290
alcohol and, 91, 93, 102, 292
autonomic failure, 293
carbohydrates, 284, 286–287t, 288–289, 298, 298t
CGMs, 293, 294, 297
CSII, 292–294
in cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, 441
eating patterns, 290–292
exercise, 292–293
fats, 284, 291
fluids, 298, 298t
glycemic goals, 290
illness-associated, 296
insulin therapy, 290, 297
MDI regimen, 286–287t, 291, 292, 294
medication-induced, 284
nocturnal, 251, 255, 286–287t, 291, 292
overview, 284–286
patient education, 294
postprandial, 108
prandial dosing timing, 120–121, 121t
prevention, 284
prevention of, 289–294, 290t
protein, 284, 289, 291
recommendations summary, 294
response to treatment, 284, 288
risk factors, 289t
self-monitoring, 292–294, 297
sick days, 295–299
snacks, 284, 286–287t, 290–292
sports and exercise, 238–240, 244–249, 245–246t, 251–255
symptoms of, 287, 288t
treatment-induced, 287, 288t
treatment of, 288–289
type 1 diabetes, 285, 286–287t, 288, 291, 297
type 2 diabetes, 285, 289, 291
youth, 168
in youth, 288
hypoglycemia unawareness, 93, 403
hypomagnesemia, 68
hyponatremia, 437, 438
hypothyroidism, 165
I
IDNT (Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial), 386
illness, 295–299
Imanishi, M., 385t, 386
impaired glucose tolerance. see also prediabetes
CFRD, 434–435t, 440t, 441–442
lipid disorders, 343, 350
macronutrients, 36
pharmacological agents, 550
prediabetes, 545, 548, 550
sports and exercise, 251
trials, studies, 583
type 2 diabetes, 135, 343, 350, 581
incipient nephropathy. see kidney disease
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program, 583
insulin-mediated glucose transport, 244, 253, 255
insulin on board, 173–174, 487
insulin pump therapy
A1C, 485, 486, 489
bolus calculators, 484, 487
bolus timing impacts, 490
carbohydrate counting, 484, 488
CGM and, 475–476, 484, 488–490, 494
dual-wave bolus feature, 484, 491–492, 492t
eating disorders, 403–404
fat-protein unit (FPU), 494
food insulin index (FII), 494
gastroparesis, 459
glycemic index effects, 491, 493f
hypoglycemia, 292–294
macronutrient impacts, 484, 488–489, 491, 493f
missed boluses, 489–490
normal bolus feature, 491, 492t
nutrition recommendations, 485–487
overview, 484–485, 495
Pańkowska algorithm, 494
prandial dose calculations, 488–489
pregnancy, lactation, 208–209
square-wave bolus feature, 491–492, 492t
type 1 diabetes, 108, 113–122
variable bolus features, 490–492, 492t, 493f
youth, 171, 489–490
insulin resistance
A1C and, 565
adiponectin, 555, 555t
alcohol and, 560
calcium, 387, 565–566
carbohydrates and, 552
EPA/DHA studies, 557
exercise and, 134
in lipid disorders, 343–344
magnesium supplementation, 68, 567
prediabetes, 544, 551
in pregnancy, lactation, 205, 208, 212–213
insulin sensitivity factor (ISF), 113t, 117–118, 118t
insulin therapy. see also basal insulin
basal-bolus insulin terms, 113t
carbohydrate counting (see carbohydrate counting)
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, 436
dose calculators, 116
eating disorders, 396, 398–400
exercise hypoglycemia, 254
FIIT, 110, 116, 124–125
gastroparesis, 459
gestational diabetes, 224
glucose correction insulin, 113t
hospitalization, 267–268, 271, 273
hypoglycemia, 290, 297
prandial dosing timing, 120–121, 121t
prandial insulin, 113t
pregnancy, lactation, 208, 209, 224–226
sports and exercise, adjustment, 238, 244–245, 245–246t, 248–252
type 1 diabetes (see under type 1 diabetes)
weight effects of, 139t
in weight-loss regimens, 319
insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio (ICR), 113t, 117–118, 118t, 169–171, 170t
insurance/reimbursement, 188, 536, 538–540
intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI). see lifestyle interventions interleukin-6, 135, 137
interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC), 461
intracellular status, 60
intravenous (IV) insulin infusion, 267
Invokana (canagliflozin), 141t
iron deficiency, 243, 412, 417, 420
iron deficiency anemia, 419
iron supplementation, 221t, 223, 243, 420
isomalt, 28, 32
Italian Diabetes Prevention Program, 583
Itsiopoulos, C., 23t, 48t
J
Januvia (sitagliptin), 140t
Japan (Zensharen study), 546–547, 557
Jardiance (empagliflozin), 141t
jejunostomy, 457
Jenkins, D. J., 368t
Jiang, L., 586t
JNC-8, 364–365
Jones, S. M., 491
Jorde, R., 564t, 565
Joshi, A. S., 415t
K
Kahleova, H., 49–50t, 53
Kalergis, M., 286t
Katula, J. A., 585t
Katz, M. L., 163t
Kelley, D. E., 316t
Kempf, K., 471t
Kerr, D., 470
ketonemia, 210
ketones, ketone monitoring, 295, 297, 298
ketonuria, 216
ketosis, 210, 295–299
Keys, A., 51
kidney disease
A1C and, 380
albuminuria, 371, 378, 380, 380t, 383–384, 386
alcohol and, 99
carbohydrate, fat, 384
defined, 379
energy intake, 384
epidemiology, 379
exercise, 386–387
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 378, 379t
interventions, 380–381, 387–388
macronutrients, 378, 381
micronutrients, 381
overview, 378–381, 388
potassium, phosphorus, calcium, 387, 565–566
protein, 33, 381–384, 382t
sodium, salt, 384–386, 385t, 388
Kleefstra, N., 66–67t
Knott, C., 559t, 560
Koya, D., 382, 382t
Krebs, J. D., 23t, 112t
Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, 557
Kwakernaak, A. J., 385t, 386
L
lactation. see pregnancy, lactation lactitol, 32
LAD, 523–524, 523t
Lambers Heerspink, H. J., 385t
Langer, O., 224
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), 320–325, 320t, 322–323t
Larsen, R. N., 23t
Lasa, A., 49t
Lawlor, M. S., 585t
LDL cholesterol, 27, 31, 34–35, 95t, 167, 168t, 337, 342–351, 525, 539
Lee, S. W., 491
Leeds, J. S., 414t
legumes, 366, 369t
lentil sprouts, 341t
Li, G., 547t
LIFE study, 478
lifestyle interventions. see also sports and exercise; weight management
A1C, 581, 586–587t, 589
case management, 539
community-based prevention programs, 580, 584–590, 585–587t
cost-effectiveness, 539
CVD, 310t, 316t, 318t, 322t, 547t
effectiveness studies, 13
hypertension, 367t, 370
lipid disorders, 341t
prediabetes, 539, 544, 546, 547–548t, 548–550, 568–570
sites, 593
success, predictors of, 548–550
weight management, 306, 308–313, 310–311t, 328t, 589–590, 591–592
youth, 176–177
linagliptin (Tradjenta), 140t
Lindstrom, J., 547t
linoleic acid, 345, 556
lipid disorders. see also fats
A1C and, 337–338, 339t, 341t, 343, 345, 347, 350
alcohol and, 349
broccoli sprout powder, 340t, 350
carbohydrates, 339t, 342–343, 346
cholesterol, dietary, 339t, 342–351
CVD, 337–338, 340–341t, 342–351
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, 437–438
dyslipidemia, 37, 186, 336, 337, 347–349, 371, 437–438
eating patterns, 336–338, 340t, 351
EVOO, 340t
fat restrictions, 342–343
fenugreek, 349
fiber, soluble, 347–348, 351
flaxseed, 349
garlic powder, 349
glycemic index/glycemic load, 341t, 350
impaired glucose tolerance, 343, 350
insulin resistance in, 343–344
nutrition recommendations, 336, 342, 350–352
nutrition therapy outcomes, 339–341t
nutrition therapy strategies, 336
nuts, 346–347
omega-3 fatty acids, 18, 36–37, 212–213, 339t, 345–346
overview, 336–337
prevalence, 337
proteins, 343, 346–348
soy protein, 348
stanols/sterols, 347
weight management, 348–349
lipid profiles, 10
lipolysis, 218t, 247, 251
lipoprotein profile, 18, 336, 342
liqueurs, 101t
liraglutide
characterization, 140t
weight management, 313–320, 315–319t
youth, 176
listeriosis, 214
literacy. see health literacy/numeracy Literacy Assessment for Diabetes (LAD), 523–524, 523t
Livesey, G., 554t
Lobraico, J. M., 339t
long-term care facilities, 275–277
Look AHEAD trial, 13, 152, 307, 309–312, 311t, 314, 319, 341t, 348–349, 370
Lopez, P., 492t
lorcaserin, 313–320, 315–319t
Louie, J. C. Y., 219t
low carbohydrate diets, 27–28, 34, 47, 116, 348, 366, 368t, 370, 544
luo han guo fruit extract, 31, 214
M
Mackinder, M., 415t
macronutrients
carbohydrates (see carbohydrates)
CGM, SMBG effects on, 477–478
CSII impacts, 484, 488–489, 491, 493f
distribution, basis of, 10, 20–24, 21–23t
fats, 18, 23t, 34–37
in gestational diabetes, 218t, 222–223
insulin pump impacts, 484, 488–489
kidney disease, 378, 381
overview, 18–20
protein, 18, 23t, 32–34
quality vs. quantity, 4
recommendations summary, 37–38
type 2 diabetes, 134, 146
weight management, patterns in, 306, 309
magnesium, 67–68, 69t, 75, 567
Malin, S. K., 551t
Malmo Diet and Cancer study, 556
malnutrition, 269–270
maltitol, 32
manganese, 63t
manufacturing practices, 74
marine oils, 18, 36–37, 212–213, 339t, 345–346, 556–557, 558t
Martin, J., 66t
Martins, M. R., 510t
Mathiesen, J. M., 209
Maudsley method/approach, 403
McGlennon, T. W., 321
MDI regimen
A1C, 485, 486, 489
basal insulin, 169
carbohydrate counting, 111t, 115, 118, 169
CGM, SMBG, 474–475t
CSII vs., 485
hypoglycemia, 286–287t, 291, 292, 294
pregnancy, lactation, 209
sports and exercise, 292
type 1 diabetes, 111t, 115, 118–120, 122
type 2 diabetes, 142
youth, 169, 171, 173–174
meal planning. see eating patterns meat, 328t, 366, 369t
medical foods, 73
medical nutrition therapy generally
ADA recommendations, 5, 19
blood pressure levels, 10–11
body weight/fat outcomes, 10
definitions, 5–6
effectiveness, evidence of, 6–9, 7–8t
effectiveness, variables affecting, 11–13
intervention types, 12
lipid profiles, 10
overview, 2–5, 13–14
quality of life, 11
Medicare, 188, 538–540
medications. see also specific medications by name
ADA treatment algorithm, 314
allergen labeling requirements, 422
drug defined, 73
egregious eleven organs, 142, 143f
gastroparesis, 458–460
hypertension, concurrent, 371–372
for postprandial hyperglycemia, 124
weight management, 134, 137–142, 138f, 139–141t, 143f, 146–147, 306, 307, 313–320, 315–319t, 328t
youth, 176
Mediterranean diet
A1C, effects on, 46, 48–50t, 51–53, 337–338
benefits of, 3, 9
carbohydrates in, 24–25
characterization, 46, 47, 48–49t, 51–52
CVD, 561t
effectiveness studies, 569
fats in, 35, 48–49t
hypertension, 362, 366, 367–368t, 372
lipid disorders, 337–338, 340t, 342, 348
macronutrients, 20
metabolic pathways affected by, 562
olive oil, 35, 48–49t, 51, 368t, 561t, 562
prediabetes, 560–562, 561t
weight management, 309–310
meglitinides, 124, 139t, 140t
Mehta, S. N., 163t
Meissner, T., 162t
Mennitti, L. V., 213
menu labeling, 594
mercury-contaminated fish, 214
Merwin, R. M., 395t, 396, 404
metabolic (bariatric) surgery, 147, 306, 320–325, 320t, 322–323t, 328t, 567–568, 568t
metabolic markers, 28, 52, 544, 552
metabolic pathways, 562
metabolic syndrome, 68, 70, 225–226, 337, 366, 561t, 583
metformin (Glucophage)
characterization, 140t, 143f
gestational diabetes, 224
weight effects of, 139t
youth, 176
metoclopramide, 459–460
microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, 380, 383, 384
micronutrients
animal studies, 61–62
antioxidants, 59, 70–73, 72t
calcium, 387, 565–566
CFRD, 440t
chromium, 64–67, 66–67t, 567
copper, 63t
dietary supplements, 58, 73–75
DRIs, 59–60, 71t
in gestational diabetes, 221t
glucose, insulin homeostasis effects, 62, 63–64t
human studies, 62
kidney disease, 381
in kidney disease, 387
magnesium, 67–68, 69t, 75, 567
manganese, 63t
niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3), 63t, 564t, 567
nicotinamide, 64t
overview, 58–59
phosphorus, 387
potassium, 387
prediabetes, 563–567, 564t
pyridoxine (vitamin B6), 64t
recommendations summary, 74–75
sports and exercise, 243
status assessment, 60
terminology, 61t
thiamine (vitamin B1), 64t
vanadium, 63t
vitamin D, 69–70, 71t, 75, 416t, 417, 563–566, 564t
zinc, 63t, 75, 564t, 566
Mifflin equation, metabolic equivalents, 241f, 254
miglitol (Glyset), 141t
Miles, J. M., 316t
Mingrone, G., 323t
Mishra, S., 49t
mitochondrial dysfunction, 135
Mitri, J., 563
monk fruit extract (PureFruit, PureLo), 145t
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), 26, 344–345, 556–557, 562
Moore, T., 205, 216
Moosheer, S. M., 23t
Mor, A., 322t
Moran, A., 434t
Moreno-Castilla, C., 218t
motivational interviewing, 508t
mSCOFF, 405
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 557, 558t
Muraki, I., 554t
Murillo, S., 245t
N
naltrexone/bupropion ER, 313–320, 315–319t
Nansel, T. R., 162t, 170t
nasogastric tube, 273
nateglinide (Starlix), 140t
National Assessment of Adult Literacy, 521
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), 346
National Diabetes Prevention Program, 312, 549–550
National Lipid Association, 36
National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), 313
neotame (Newtame), 31, 145t, 214
nephropathy. see kidney disease neuronal nitric oxide synthesis (nNOS), 451
neuropathy
alcohol and, 98, 101
autonomic, 153, 450–451
in celiac disease, 413, 414t, 417
CFRD, 438t
in gastroparesis, 450–451
micronutrient effects on, 64t, 73
peripheral, 73, 153
polyneuropathy, 460–461
in youth, 175
Newest Vital Sign (NVS), 523t, 524
Nezu, U., 383
NHANES, 176, 363, 563
NHANES III, 89, 93, 153
niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3), 63t, 564t, 567
NICE-SUGAR study, 266
Nicolson, A. S., 49t
nicotinamide, 64t
NIH AARP Diet and Health Study, 566, 569
nocturnal hypoglycemia, 251, 255, 286–287t, 291, 292
nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), 557, 558t
nonnutritive sweeteners, 31, 214
Norris, W. L., 503
Novorapid, 120
numeracy. see health literacy/numeracy
Nurses Health Study, 555, 555t, 565
nutrient density, 6
nutritional labeling, 74, 524
Nutrition Care Process, 5, 12, 505. see also counseling, education
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, 73
nutrition therapy, postoperative, 325–326, 326–328t
nuts
hypertension, 366, 368–369t
lipid disorders, 346–347
prediabetes, 561
NVS, 523t, 524
O
oats, 420
obesity. see weight management
obesity-related FSGS, 384
O’Brien, M. J., 587t
Olausson, E. A., 454t
older adults. see also hospitalization
A1C in, 186, 190t, 191, 194, 197, 277, 345
adherence, 191
complications, comorbidities, 184, 187, 191–192, 192–193t, 196
diabetes in, 186–188
diabetes prevalence, 184, 185
DRIs, 194, 194t
educational strategies, 188
in health-care facilities, 195
long-term care facilities, 275–277
MNT effectiveness in, 191
MNT implementation in, 191–195, 192–194t, 268–270, 269t
nutritional profile of, 194, 196–197
nutrition interventions, 196–197
nutrition issues unique to, 189t
outcome evaluation, 197
overview, 184–185, 197
palliative, end-of-life care, 195
recommendations summary, 186–187, 187t, 189, 189t
screening, 186–187, 192, 196
self-management, 188, 192–193t, 192–194
studies review, 190t
technology usage, 188–189
type 1 diabetes, 188
type 2 diabetes, 186, 188, 191
weight management in, 194–195
olive oil, 35, 36, 48t–49, 51, 309, 339t, 341t, 344–345, 348, 367–368t, 560–562, 561t
Olveira, G., 269t
omega-3 fatty acids, 18, 36–37, 212–213, 339t, 345–346, 556–557, 558t
omega-6 in risk reduction, 9–10
OmniHeart Trial, 366
O’Neil, P. M., 316t
Onglyza (saxagliptin), 140t
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 220t, 225, 439, 586–587t, 589
orlistat, 313–320, 315–319t
Orozco, L. J., 583
osmotic diuresis, 68
osteopenia, 412, 413, 418
osteoporosis, 412, 413, 418
oxidative stress, 70–71
P
Paleolithic diet, 348, 552
Pan, Y., 383
pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, 436, 437
pancreatic exocrine deficiency, sufficiency, 436, 437, 439
pancreatic transplantation, 460–461
pancreatic α-cells, 136, 137
pancreatic β-cell. see Symbol -cells
Pańkowska, E., 492t
Pańkowska algorithm, 494
parenteral nutrition, 458
Parker, A. R., 538
partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHOs), 594
pasta, 328t
Pastors, J. G., 7–8t
patient education. see counseling, education
pediatric growth charts, 164. see also youth
pedometers, 150
Pei, D., 67t
Perichart-Perera, O., 219t
pharmacotherapy. see medications
phentermine/topiramate ER, 313–320, 315–319t
phosphorus, 387
physical activity. see sports and exercise
Physicians’ Health Study II, 71
physiological insulin replacement, 113t
Pijls, L. T. J., 382t
pioglitazone (Actos), 140t
plant stanols/sterols, 347
Polonsky, W. H., 471t
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 224
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 35, 212–213, 344–346, 556–557, 558t, 562
potassium, 387
Powell, L. M., 595
Powers, M. A., 404, 477
pramlintide (Symlin)
characterization, 141t, 143f
for postprandial hyperglycemia, 124
weight effects of, 139t
prediabetes
a1C, 550, 555, 559t, 560, 565, 567, 581
alcohol, 557–560, 559t
carbohydrates, 552
coffee, 562
CVD, 547–548t, 567, 568t
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, 440t, 441–442
diagnosis, 589
eating patterns, 544
fats and, 556–557
glycemic index/glycemic load, 553–554, 554t
grains, whole, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
impaired fasting glucose, 545, 550, 561t, 568t
impaired glucose tolerance, 545, 548, 550
impaired glucose tolerance, pharmacological agents, 550
insulin resistance, 544, 551
lifestyle interventions, 539, 544, 546, 547–548t, 548–550, 568–570
literature review, 537, 538t, 546–547, 547–548t
Medicare coverage, 540
Mediterranean diet, 560–562, 561t
micronutrients, 563–567, 564t
overview, 544–546
physical activity/exercise, 544, 550–552, 551t
sugar-sweetened beverages, 29, 144–145, 145t, 328t, 544, 553, 553t
vitamin D, 69–70, 71t, 75, 416t, 417, 563–566, 564t
predicted metabolic rate, 240
PREDIMED Study, 51, 348
pregnancy, lactation
A1C, 206–209, 208t, 217, 220t
alcohol, 214
birth defects, 212
blood glucose, A1C targets, 207, 208t
breastfeeding, 204, 225–226
carbohydrate reccomendations, 211–212, 211t
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, 439, 440t, 441
dietary reference intakes, 209
eating patterns, 213–214
energy intake, 210, 210t
exercise, 215
fat recommendations, 212–213
fetal growth, 205, 210, 224, 227
fiber, whole grains, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
fish, mercury-contaminated, 214
gestational diabetes, 204, 216–224
glucose management, monitoring, 207, 208t, 224–225
insulin resistance in, 205, 208, 212–213
insulin therapy, 208, 209, 224–226
listeriosis, 214
MDI regimen, 209
MDI therapy, 209
nonnutritive sweeteners, 214
nutrition therapy studies, 209–210
overview, 204–205, 226–227
preconception counseling, 206, 441
preexisting diabetes, 204, 206–209, 208t, 212, 226
prepregnancy BMI, 206
protein recommendations, 212
snacks, 212
technologies, 208–209
vitamins, minerals, 71t, 213
weight management, 215–217, 215t
Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992, Title II, 73
probiotics, 422
problem-solving, 508t
protein
CFRD, 440t
hypoglycemia, 284, 289, 291
insulin pump impacts, 484, 488–489
kidney disease, 33, 381–384, 382t
lipid disorders, 343, 346–348
overview, 18
pregnancy, lactation reccomendations, 212
recommendations summary, 38
research studies, 23t
sports and exercise, 242
type 1 diabetes, 33
type 2 diabetes, 33–34
pyloromyotomy, 460
pyloroplasty, 460 pyridoxine (vitamin B6), 64t
Q
Qsymia. see phentermine/topiramate ER
R
Raal, F. J., 382t
Raccah, D., 474t
Racek, J., 66t
Radermecker, R., 247
radionuclide solid meal gastric emptying measurement, 450
Raju, B., 286t, 291
Ramachandran, A., 586–587t
Rankin, D., 509t
READY-Girls study, 206
REALM, 523–524, 523t
Real Trend Study, 475
refeeding syndrome, 398
rehabilitation facilities, 195
RENAAL trial, 386
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), 386
repaglinide (Prandin), 140t, 436
research studies. see specific studies by name
resistance exercise, 151t, 253
resting metabolic rate, 240t
retinopathy, 371
retinopathy, alcohol and, 99
Ribaric, G., 321, 324
rice, 328t
Riddell, M. C., 246
rimonabant, 320
Riveline, J. P., 474t
Roberts, R., 117
Robertson, L. M., 383
Rock, C. L., 310t, 312
Rodriguez-Morán, M., 69t
Rohrer, T. R., 416t
ROSES RCT, 472–473
rosiglitazone (Avandia), 140t
Rossi, M. C., 111t, 561t
ROSSO-in-praxi, 472
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), 320–325, 320t, 322–323t
Ruggiero, L., 586t
S
saccharine, 31, 214
saccharin (Necta Sweet, Sweet’N Low), 145t
Sacks, G., 593
SAHLSA, 523t, 524
Salas-Salvadó, J., 561t
Sanz, P. A., 190t
Sattler, E. L., 190t
saturated fatty acids, 242, 342–344, 351, 556–557, 558t
saxagliptin (Onglyza), 140t
Saxenda. see liraglutide
Schauer, P. R., 322t
Scheuing, N. S., 395t, 396, 435t
Schmidt, S., 111t
Schrieks, I. C., 559t
scuba divers, 248
SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, 161, 164, 173, 176
seeds, 366, 369t
SEEDS (Screen for Early Eating Disorder Signs), 404–405
Seida, J. C., 565
selenium, 62, 561
Self-Determination Theory, 507t
self-monitoring (cognitive), 508t
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
ADA recommendations, 468–469
benefits of, 466, 478–479
CGM efficacy vs., 473, 476
eating plan adherence, 478
gestational diabetes, 217
hypoglycemia, 292–294, 297
macronutrients, 477–478
nutrition research, 469–473, 471t
nutrition therapy, 476–479
overview, 467–469
reimbursement, 468
type 2 diabetes, 470, 471t
Sepah, S. C., 587t
serum albumin levels, 383
serum lipids, 30, 346–347
serum vitamin D, 197, 417, 563
Setty-Shah, N., 416t
SGLT2 inhibitors characterization, 141t, 143f
gastroparesis, 458
for postprandial hyperglycemia, 124
weight effects of, 139t
Sharifirad, G., 190t
Sharma, S., 67t
Sheikh-Ali, M., 71
Shimomura, T., 95t
Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish Adults (SAHLSA), 523t, 524
Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), 523t, 524
sibutramine, 320
sick days, 295–299
Siebolds, M., 470, 471t
silent celiac disease, 412
sitagliptin (Januvia), 140t
Sjöholm, K., 568, 568t
Sjöström, L., 567
sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 320–325, 320t, 322–323t
Smart, C. E., 291
SMART behavior change, 528
smartphones, 116, 122, 150, 170, 188, 312
snacks, 284, 286–287t, 290–292, 399
Social Cognitive (Learning) Theory, 507t
sodium, salt
ADA recommendations, 362, 370–371
CFRD, 440t
kidney disease, 384–386, 385t, 388
soluble fiber, 347–348, 351
Son, O., 111t
Song, Y., 564t
South Beach Diet, 552
Souto, D. L., 510t
soy protein, 348
Spahn, J. M., 508
Spiegel, G., 170t
spirits, distilled, 101t, 560
sports and exercise
A1C, effects on, 148–149t, 150–151, 253
adherence, 152
aerobic exercise, 149–150, 151t, 253, 386–387, 442
anaerobic exercise, 387
carbohydrates, 239, 241–253, 245–246t, 248t, 250t
CGMs, 238, 247, 248t, 249, 253
considerations, contraindications, 152–153
energy needs, 240, 240–241t, 241f
fat intake, 242
fluid intake, 242–243
fuel utilization impacts, 239–240
hyperglycemia, 173
hypoglycemia, 238–240, 244–249, 245–246t, 251–255
hypoglycemia and, 292–293
impaired glucose tolerance, 251
insulin adjustment, 238, 244–245, 245–246t, 248–252
kidney disease, 386–387
MDI regimen, 292
micronutrients, 243
nutrient timing, 243–244
nutrition therapy interventions, 254–255
overview, 238–239
prediabetes, 544, 550–552, 551t
pregnancy, lactation, 215
protein, 242
recommendations, 150–152, 151t
recommendations summary, 244–245, 245–247t
resting metabolic rate, 240t
type 1 diabetes, 238, 239, 244, 245–246t, 247–252, 248t, 250t
type 2 diabetes, 134, 148–149t, 148–153, 239, 244, 247t, 253–254, 552
youth, 172–173, 250–252, 250t
sports drinks, 249
stanols/sterols, 347
STAR 3 study, 475–476
START trial, 123
starvation ketosis, 210, 295–299
St Carlos study, 472
Steffen, B. T., 558t
STeP study, 472
stevia, 31, 145t, 214
S-TOFHLA, 523t, 524
stroke, 371, 539
sucralose, 31, 145t, 214
sucrose, 18, 28–29
sugar, 328t
sugar alcohols, 32
sugar-sweetened beverages, 29, 144–145, 145t, 328t, 544, 553, 553t
sulfamethoxypyridazine, 412
sulfapyridine, 412
sulfonylureas
characterization, 140t
for postprandial hyperglycemia, 124
weight effects of, 139t
in weight-loss regimens, 319
supplements, dietary, 58, 73–75
swallowing disorders, 192t
Swartz, J. J., 594
Swedish Diabetes Prevention Program, 583
Swedish Obese Subjects Study, 324, 567–568
sweeteners, nonnutritive, 31, 214
SWIFT study, 226
Symlin. see pramlintide (Symlin)
T
tagatose, 32
Takahashi, K., 190t
Taler, I., 415t
Tay, J., 22t, 339t, 368t
T-cell lymphoma, 413
T-cells, 412
technology
in eating disorders, 403–404
older adults, 188–189
pregnancy, lactation, 208–209
in weight management, 312
Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA), 523t, 524
thiamine (vitamin B1), 64t thiazolidinediones (TZDs), 139t, 140t, 143f
Thomas, M. C., 367t
Thomas, R. M., 92t
Thurber, K. M., 269t
TODAY study, 177
TOFHLA, 523t, 524
Toledo, E., 367t
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), 60, 61t
Toobert, D. J., 48t
TOSCA.IT study, 28
total daily dose (TDD), 113t, 117–118, 118t
total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 272
transdermal scopolamine, 460
trans fats, 18, 35–36, 213, 342, 344, 351, 556–557, 594–595
translation research, 584–588, 585–587t
Transtheoretical Model, 507t, 587t
treatment-induced hypoglycemia, 287, 288t
Trento, M., 509t
Tridgell, D. M., 121
triglycerides, 28, 95t, 99–100, 167, 168t, 337, 342, 345–351
Turner-McGrievy, G. M., 49t
type 1 diabetes
A1C, 26, 111–112t, 114–117, 414–416t
alcohol, 93–94, 98, 292
basal-bolus insulin terms, 113t
carbohydrate counting, 108, 110, 111t, 112–116 (see also carbohydrate counting)
carbohydrates, 26, 32
celiac disease, 401–402 (see also celiac disease)
CGM, 474–475t, 475, 476, 477
chromium effects, 64–67, 66–67t, 567
counseling, education, 509–510t
CSII, 108, 113–122
CVD, 26
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, 436, 437, 438t
Diabetes Interactive Diary (DID), 117
eating disorders, 393–396, 395t
fat restrictions, 342–343
fats, 35
flexible intensive insulin therapy (FIIT), 110, 116, 124–125
food insulin index (FII), 115–116
gastroparesis in (see gastroparesis) glycemic load/glycemic index, 30–31, 115
hypoglycemia, 285, 286–287t, 288, 291, 297
insulin dosing, protein/fat intake, 119–120
insulin dosing aids, 116–117
insulin dosing algorithms, 117–118, 118t
insulin management, 108–110
MDI regimen, 111t, 115, 118–120, 122
older adults, 188
overview, 108–110
prandial dosing determination accuracy, 121–122
prandial dosing interventions, 110–111, 111–112t
prandial dosing timing, 120–121, 121t
protein, 18, 33
sports and exercise, 238, 239, 244, 245–246t, 247–252, 248t, 250t
treatment focus, 2, 13
vitamin D, 69–70, 71t, 416t, 417, 563–566, 564t
weight management, 319
youth, 160, 165–167, 166t, 175
type 2 diabetes
A1C, 26–27, 33–34, 116, 122–124, 167, 253, 345, 347, 352
alcohol, 88, 93, 98, 100, 557–560, 559t
antihyperglycemic therapy in, 307
carbohydrates, 26–27, 32
CGM, 476
chromium effects, 64–67, 66–67t, 567
counseling, education, 508, 509–510t
CVD, 33–34, 345
development risk, 588–589
eating disorders, 394
epidemiology, 545
exercise, 134, 148–149t, 148–153, 552
fats, 35, 556–557, 558t
gastroparesis, 455
glycemic index/glycemic load, 554
hypoglycemia, 285, 289, 291
impaired glucose tolerance, 135, 343, 350, 581
macronutrients, 134, 146
magnesium supplementation, 68, 567
MDI regimen, 142
metabolic (bariatric) surgery, 147, 306, 320–325, 320t, 322–323t, 328t, 567–568, 568t
MNT effectiveness studies, 9–11
nutrition recommendations, 142–144, 144t
older adults, 186, 188, 191
overview, 134–135, 153–154
pathophysiology of, 135–137, 136f, 143f
patient education, 12
prevention of, 3, 544, 558t, 581
protein, 18, 33–34
risk reduction, 3
self-monitoring, 470, 471t
sodium intake, 362, 370–371
sports and exercise, 239, 244, 247t, 253–254
treatment focus, 2, 13
vitamin D, 69–70, 71t, 416t, 417, 563–566, 564t
weight management, 134, 137–142, 138f, 139–141t, 143f, 146–147, 308–313, 310–311t, 328t, 348–349
youth, 160, 167, 176
type 2 diabetes (insulin-requiring) A1C, 142–150, 148–149t
adherence, factors affecting, 124–125
carbohydrate intake management, 108
complications, 123–124
glucose levels, postprandial recommendations, 124
hyperglycemia, postprandial, 123–124
insulin dosing, protein/fat intake, 119–120
insulin dosing aids, 116–117
insulin management, 108–110
overview, 108–110
prandial dosing, 120–123, 121t
U
U. K. Prospective Diabetes Study, 11, 25, 122, 365
Umpierre, D., 148–149t
urinary tract infection, 380
V
vanadium, 63t
Van Dijk, J., 253
Van Dyck, D., 149t, 150
vegetables, fruit, 366, 369t
vegetarian/vegan diets, 3, 9, 46, 47, 49–50t, 52–53
Velázquez López, L., 382t
venting gastrostomy, 457–458
Victoza. see liraglutide
Vigersky, R. A., 474–475t
Virtanen, J. K., 558t
Viscogliosi, G., 561t
Vitale, M., 22t
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), 64t
vitamin B1 (thiamine), 64t
vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 62, 71, 72t
vitamin D, 69–70, 71t, 75, 416t, 417, 563–566, 564t
vitamin E, 71, 72t
vitamins and minerals. see micronutrients
W
Wagner, H., 564t, 565
Wakabayashi, I., 95t
Walsh, J., 117
Wang, H., 218t, 509t
Warncke, K., 416t
weight management. see also sports and exercise
A1C, 306, 308–312, 310t, 314, 316–319t, 320, 322–323t, 324, 370
benefits of, 306
CVD, 348–349
definitions, 307
energy reduction focus, 306
exercise and, 552
gestational diabetes, 223
hypertension, 362, 370
lifestyle interventions (see lifestyle interventions)
lipid disorders, 348–349
macronutrient patterns, 306, 309
maintenance, 312–313
medications, 306, 307, 313–320, 315–319t, 328t
metabolic (bariatric) surgery, 147, 306, 320–325, 320t, 322–323t, 328t, 567–568, 568t
nutrition therapy, postoperative, 325–326, 326–328t
obesity screening, 307–308
in older adults, 194–195
overview, 306–308, 328–329
practice guidelines, 308
pregnancy, lactation, 215–217, 215t
technology in, 312
type 1 diabetes, 319
type 2 diabetes, 134, 137–142, 138f, 139–141t, 143f, 146–147, 308–313, 310–311t, 328t, 348–349
Weinstein, E., 510t
White, H., 434t
whole grains, 30, 213–214, 555, 555t
WHOLEheart trial, 555
Wilson, D. M., 287t, 291
wine, 101t, 560
Wing, R., 367t
Wisse, W., 148t, 149–150
Wolf, M.S., 526t
Wolpert, H., 477–478
Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trials and Observational Study, 565
X
Xenical. see orlistat xylitol, 32
Y
Yamada, Y., 21t
Yardley, J., 249
youth
A1C in, 162–163t, 165–167, 166t, 170t, 171, 177–178
alcohol and, 92t, 175
calories, normal growth/development, 164–165, 165t
carbohydrate counting, 160, 169–171, 170t, 488
celiac disease, 411, 417–420
CGM, 474–475t, 475
CGMs, 291
complications, risk reduction, 166–167
consistent carbohydrate meal plan, 171–172, 172t
CSII, 171, 489–490
CVD in, 167
eating disorders in, 175, 403
eating patterns, 168–172, 172t
education, counseling, 174–175
exercise, 172–173, 250–252, 250t
hypoglycemia, sick-days, 168
hypoglycemia in, 288
insulin regimens, 173–174
insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio (ICR), 169–171, 170t
lifestyle intervention strategies, 176–177
lipid goals, 167–168, 168t
MDI regimen, 169, 171, 173–174
medications, 176
nutrient intake studies, 162–163t
nutrition therapy goals, recommendations, 163–164
overview, 160–161, 177–178
sick days, 297
type 1 diabetes, 160, 165–167, 166t, 175
type 2 diabetes, 160, 167, 176
Yu, R., 367t
Yusof, B. M., 219t
Z
Zensharen study (Japan), 546–547, 557
zinc, 63t, 75, 564t, 566
