To assess the efficacy of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicinal extract, as adjuvant treatment in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).
In this randomized controlled trial, 30 subjects with painful DPN received daily Sativex or placebo. The primary outcome measure was change in mean daily pain scores, and secondary outcome measures included quality-of-life assessments.
There was significant improvement in pain scores in both groups, but mean change between groups was not significant. There were no significant differences in secondary outcome measures. Patients with depression had significantly greater baseline pain scores that improved regardless of intervention.
This first-ever trial assessing the efficacy of cannabis has shown it to be no more efficacious than placebo in painful DPN. Depression was a major confounder and may have important implications for future trials on painful DPN.
Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and distressing complication of diabetes (1). Unfortunately, drug treatments are often ineffective and complicated by unwanted side effects. Thus, there is need for better treatment. We report the first randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of a cannabis-based medicinal extract (Sativex) in intractable painful DPN.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 38 patients with chronic painful DPN (Neuropathy Total Symptom Score 6 [2] >4 and <16) for at least 6 months with stable glycemic control (A1C <11%) were assessed. Those with persistent pain, despite an adequate trial of tricyclic antidepressants, were recruited. All patients gave written informed consent. The study had Sheffield Ethics Committee approval.
A prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial design was used. Baseline pain scores were obtained prerandomization. Three modalities of pain (superficial, deep, and muscular pain) were assessed daily using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). The dose of study medication was titrated over 2 weeks, followed by a 10-week maintenance phase. At baseline, depression was assessed using the seven-item depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) (3). Patients continued preexisting neuropathic pain treatment during the study.
Improvement in pain, as assessed by the pain diary and Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS [4]) questionnaire, was used as the primary outcome measure. Study end point was the final week mean pain and NPS score while taking the maximum tolerated dose of study medication. A total pain score (TPS) (average score of all three pain modalities) was also calculated. Secondary outcome measure was quality of life (QOL), assessed by McGill Pain and QOL (5), SF-36 Health Survey (6), and EuroQOL (7) questionnaires. Tolerability and side effects were evaluated using standardized forms.
Sativex (tetrahydrocannabinol [27 mg/ml] and cannabidiol [25 mg/ml]) and its matching placebo were presented as a pump-action spray. Doses were administered sublingually in divided doses up to four times a day.
Statistical analysis
An intent-to-treat analysis was undertaken. Differences in subgroup baseline characteristics were correlated to the outcome and adjustments performed at a coefficient >0.50. The distributions of outcome measures with each of the covariates were analyzed. Multiple linear regression was used for a normal distribution, while skewed distribution was initially transformed. Data on proportions was analyzed using Fisher's exact test.
In a post hoc analysis, patients were divided into individuals with depression (HADS-D score ≥10) and no depression (HADS-D score <10). Using ANCOVA, we compared mean change in TPS from baseline between these groups. The interaction between depression and treatment was assessed using two-factor ANOVA. Each treatment arm was divided into patients with and without depression, and outcomes were compared using an independent sample t test.
RESULTS
Of 30 patients randomized, 6 withdrew because of adverse events. We excluded one placebo-treated patient from the intent-to-treat analysis (n = 29) because of a protocol violation.
Primary outcome measure
Covariates used in the analysis were duration of diabetes, baseline scores, age, and sex. There was no significant difference in mean change TPS between Sativex and placebo (P = 0.40; SEM 9.5; 95% CI −11.3 to 27.8) at end point. Similarly, there was no difference in mean change in superficial (P = 0.72; 9.1; −15.3 to 21.93), deep (P = 0.38; 10.5; −12.2 to 30.8), and muscular (P = 0.26; 10.3; −9.15 to 33.0) pain VAS. Differences in NPS did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.62; 7.8; −20.1 to 12.1).
Eight (53%) Sativex-treated patients responded (defined as ≥30% total pain VAS improvement) versus nine (64%) placebo patients (P = 0.55, odds ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.14–2.82) (Table 1).
Secondary outcome measures
The McGill pain questionnaire showed no difference in sensory scale (P = 0.65; SEM 3.3; 95% CI −5.39 to 8.44), affective scale (P = 0.81; 1.3; −3.0 to 2.4), VAS (P = 0.24; 1.0; −0.91 to 3.4), and present pain intensity (P = 0.57; 0.53; −0.79 to 1.4) between study cohorts. EuroQOL and SF-36 questionnaires showed improvement in both groups, but differences between groups were not statistically significant (Table 1).
Post hoc analysis
We excluded one patient (Sativex) because baseline HADS-D was incomplete. Mean HADS-D for patients with depression (n = 10) and no depression (n = 18) were 13.4 ± 3.5 (means ± SD) and 5.94 ± 2.2, respectively. Patients with depression had significantly higher baseline TPS (62.3 ± 22.1 vs. 43.4 ± 24.3; P = 0.05) and greater TPS improvement (−31.6 ± 24.2 vs. −10.7 ± 25.0; P = 0.04, SEM 9.8, 95% CI 0.54–41.1) compared with those without depression. There was no significant interaction between treatment group and depression. However, there was a significant main effect of depression on TPS (P = 0.05), suggesting that in both treatment arms, patients who were depressed were more likely to respond to intervention: Sativex arm, depressed (−36.7 ± 28.6) vs. nondepressed (−4.9 ± 14.4), P = 0.02, −56.5 to −7.2; placebo arm, −26.5 ± 20.7 vs. −17.3 ± 33.1, P = 0.60, −45.9 to 27.6.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite being common, there are few effective treatments that provide symptomatic relief for painful DPN (8). For centuries, cannabinoids have been consumed for their analgesic properties and more recently studied in other neuropathic conditions (9). In this study, when compared with placebo, Sativex failed to show statistically significant improvements in primary and secondary outcome measures. Depression was identified as a major confounder of study outcome. Patients with depression had higher baseline pain scores and were also more likely to respond favorably to intervention, regardless if Sativex or placebo.
Most painful DPN trials to date either have not screened for depression or exclude individuals who have it (10,11). This study demonstrates that depression is potentially a major confounder in chronic pain trials. Future trials should consider screening for depression before recruiting patients.
As in a number of recent studies, there was a large placebo effect that may have led to a failure to show differences in outcome measures (12). This may provide an insight into the nature of pain in DPN and the placebo effect. There is a need for more robust and objective end points for use in clinical trials of painful DPN.
Use of concomitant medications may be a confounding factor. They were continued because Sativex was proposed for adjunctive use in painful DPN. Also, it was felt ethically inappropriate to discontinue treatments from which patients may be benefiting. This may have attenuated the analgesic response to Sativex. The use of specific painful DPN QOL questionnaires (13) may have captured subtle changes missed by the generic ones used in this study.
Finally, while the search for therapeutic agents to halt or reverse the neuropathic process continues, more effective treatments are required that provide better symptom control with fewer side effects. The assessment of depression may be important when designing future clinical trials into painful DPN.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a Diabetes U.K. grant.
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Helen Bowler and Dr. Daniel Witte are acknowledged for their invaluable contribution providing pharmaceutical and statistical advice, respectively.
