Fetuin-A is an inhibitor of vascular calcification and a mediator of insulin resistance. This study evaluated the association of plasma fetuin-A and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
A total of 738 individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean age 58.7 years, 37.1% female) without known cardiovascular or kidney disease were included in this cross-sectional analysis.
Subjects with PAD had a significantly lower fetuin-A (264.3 vs. 293.4 ng/dl, P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, a 1-SD decrease in fetuin-A increased the odds of PAD (odds ratio 1.6, P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis revealed an increased odds even in subjects with glomerular filtration rate >80 (odds ratio 1.9, P = 0.05) or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein <3 mg/dl (odds ratio 2.7, P = 0.002).
Lower circulating fetuin-A is associated with PAD in type 2 diabetes beyond traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors. Our findings suggest a potentially unique role for fetuin-A deficiency as a biomarker of PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk for infra-inguinal arterial involvement and microvascular disease and a higher tendency to develop intimal atherosclerotic calcification as well as medial arterial calcification (1). Despite advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, however, limited data are available on the determinants of the distinct patterns of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) observed in type 2 diabetes.
Based on the relationship of fetuin-A deficiency with peripheral vascular calcification in experimental models (2,3), we hypothesized that low fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes are associated with PAD independent of the presence of kidney disease or cardiovascular disease (CVD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Penn Diabetes Heart Study (PDHS) is an ongoing, cross-sectional study of individuals with type 2 diabetes (aged 35–75 years) without clinical evidence of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or angiographic disease, positive stress test, clinical peripheral arterial disease or peripheral arterial revascularization, stroke, or transient ischemic attack). Subjects with type 1 diabetes and creatinine >2.5 mg/dl are excluded. The University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol, and all subjects gave written informed consent (4).
Evaluated parameters
The ankle-brachial index (ABI) was calculated by dividing the average of the ankle pressures by the highest brachial pressure. An ABI <0.9 in either leg was used to define PAD. Participants with an ABI >1.4 (n = 13) reflecting noncompressible arteries were excluded (5). Each subject had the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated based on the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation (6). Plasma levels of fetuin-A (4.3 and 10.2%, respectively, intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Biovendor Laboratory Medicine, Modrice, Czech Republic). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured by immunoturbidimetric assay (Wako, Osaka, Japan).
Statistical analysis
Categorical variables were compared with an χ2 test and/or Fisher's exact test. Student's t test was used for normal continuous variables and the Kruskal-Wallis for nonnormal distributed variables. All nonnormal distributed variables were log-transformed for the analysis. The association between a 1-SD change in fetuin-A and PAD was examined using unadjusted and multivariable adjusted logistic regression models as described in Table 1. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed on Stata 10.0 software (Stata, College Station, TX).
Association between fetuin-A and PAD
| Odds of PAD | P | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1.6 (1.08–2.2) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1.8 (1.1–2.6) | 0.007 |
| Model 3 | 1.6 (1.05–2.5) | 0.03 |
| Odds of PAD | P | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1.6 (1.08–2.2) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1.8 (1.1–2.6) | 0.007 |
| Model 3 | 1.6 (1.05–2.5) | 0.03 |
Data are odds ratios (95% CI) and were obtained by logistic regression model. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race, and eGFR. Model 2: model 1 + smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, A1C, Framingham risk score (%), and medications (ACE inhibitors, aspirin, statins, insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones). Model 3: model 2 + hsCRP.
RESULTS
Among 738 subjects in the study sample, PAD prevalence was 5.1%, the mean age was 58.7 ± 9.3 years, 37.1% were female, 63.2% were Caucasians, and 32.1% were African Americans. The median fetuin-A level was 292.4 ng/ml (interquartile range 115.5). Individuals with PAD had a significantly lower fetuin-A level compared with individuals without PAD (269.3 vs. 293.4, P < 0.001). PAD subjects were older and had a higher proportion of African Americans. No significant differences were noted in other cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome, kidney function, inflammation, BMI, serum albumin (the only surrogate marker of liver function collected on the PDHS), or medication use. Fetuin-A levels decreased consistently (P for trend <0.02) across ABI clinically relevant cut points (<0.7, 0.7–0.9, 0.9–1.1, and 1.1–1.4) (7) (see Supplemental Fig. 1 in the online appendix [available at http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/dc09-1541/DC1]).
The odds of PAD were significantly increased for each SD decrease in fetuin-A (odds ratio 1.6 [95% CI 1.1–2.3], P = 0.001) and the association persisted in incremental models that adjusted fully for age, sex, race, kidney function, cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and hsCRP (1.6 [1.05–82.5], P = 0.03) (Table 1). A similar trend was noted among subjects with eGFR >80 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−1 (1.9 [1.0–3.4], P = 0.05), suggesting that our findings were not confounded by the presence of moderate kidney disease. Finally, in a fully adjusted subgroup analysis, participants with hsCRP levels <3 mg/dl (n = 460) had higher odds of PAD (2.6 [1.4–5.0], P = 0.002), whereas subjects with high hsCRP levels (≥3 mg/dl; n = 234) did not (0.82 [0.4–1.6], P = 0.59).
CONCLUSIONS
Low levels of fetuin-A have been linked to medial arterial calcification and flow limiting aortic stenosis in humans (8,9). In this study, we demonstrate that lower levels of fetuin-A are associated with PAD in subjects with type 2 diabetes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such a relationship in the absence of advanced kidney disease or prevalent CVD. Notably, in analysis stratified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Heart Association–defined hsCRP risk strata (10), fetuin-A conferred increased odds of PAD in subjects with hsCRP <3 mg/dl and also in participants with interleukin (IL)-6 levels below the median (data not shown). This is consistent with studies reporting an increased CVD risk mortality with fetuin-A deficiency independent of hsCRP and IL-6 (11) and points to a unique role for this negative acute-phase protein as a biomarker of PAD beyond traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors.
Remarkably, animal models appear to track with our clinical observations. In mice lacking the fetuin-A gene, the aorta was found to be spared of calcification and fibrosis, whereas peripheral vessels in the skin and kidney showed evidence of extensive calcification (2), and the small artery involvement preceded the renal impairment (3). However, in the absence of direct imaging data, we are unable to define the type of vascular phenotype (intimal calcification or medial calcification) that account for the observed association. An ABI of <0.9 is 95% sensitive and 99% specific for a stenotic lesion (>50%) (12). Therefore, we assume that some degree of eccentric atherosclerotic calcification contributes to the association observed while acknowledging that multiple types of vascular calcification may coexist in type 2 diabetes (13).
Nonalcoholic liver disease and other phenotypes related to insulin resistance, including type 2 diabetes (14), are associated with higher levels of fetuin-A (15). We controlled for most potential confounding factors and found no attenuation of the inverse association of fetuin-A with PAD. In particular, because of this inverse relationship, a significant confounding effect was not expected by any condition associated with high fetuin-A levels. Finally, our study is limited by cross-sectional design, which limits causal inferences.
In summary, low plasma fetuin-A levels are associated with PAD in type 2 diabetes independent of traditional and contemporary risk factors. Our findings suggest a unique role for fetuin-A deficiency as a biomarker of PAD in the setting of type 2 diabetes.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1-RR024134), a Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center Award (P20 DK019525), and a RO1 HL-073278 and a P50 HL-083799-SCCOR (to M.P.R.). L.H.E. was supported by a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute K12 Career Development Award (K12-HL083772).
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
