A1C. see also glycemic targets

  • CGM, S34

  • children and adolescents, S35, S71

  • glycemic target determination, S37

  • goals, S35

  • limitations, S34–S35

  • macrovascular complications, S36

  • mean glucose levels, S35

  • microvascular complications, S35–S36

  • race/ethnicity differences, S9, S35

  • recommendations, S34, S35, S37

  • SMBG, S33–S34

  • testing, S8–S10, S12, S34–S35

acarbose, S44

ACCORD trial, S19, S36, S38, S50, S53

A1C Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) trial, S35, S37

ACE inhibitors, S49–S51, S55, S58–S60, S72, S78

acute coronary syndrome, S54, S55

adolescents. see children and adolescents

ADVANCE-BP trial, S50, S51

ADVANCE trial, S36, S38

advocacy, S5, S86–S87

African Americans, S9, S11, S12, S24, S35

age. see older adults

AIM-HIGH trial, S53

albiglutide, S45

albuminuria, S25, S58–S60, S73

alcohol, S23, S51

alogliptin, S44

amlodipine, S51

amputations, S63–S64

amylin mimetics, S45

anemia, S9

angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S49–S51, S55, S58–S60, S72, S78

ankle-brachial index (ABI), S63, S64

antihypertensive medications, S51, S59, S78

antiplatelet agents, S54–S55, S61

Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration, S54

Asian Americans, S9–S12

aspart, S43, S45

aspirin resistance, S55

aspirin therapy, S54–S55, S61

assisted living. see hospital care

autoimmune disease, S10–S11

Automation to Simulate Pancreatic Insulin Response (ASPIRE) trial, S34

autonomic neuropathy, S25, S62–S63

bariatric surgery, S46–S47

benazepril, S51

biguanides, S31, S32, S42–S44

bile acid sequestrants, S42, S44, S53

β-blockers, S51, S55

blood pressure control. see hypertension

body mass index (BMI), S12

bromocriptine, S42, S45

calcium channel blockers, S51, S59

canagliflozin, S45

cancer, S18

carbohydrates, S21–S23

cardiovascular disease

  • A1C relationship to, S36

  • autonomic neuropathy, S25, S62–S63

  • children and adolescents, S72

  • dietary fat management, S23–S24

  • patient-centeredness, S5

  • pharmacological therapy, S51–S55, S59

  • postprandial plasma glucose testing, S37

  • revisions summary, S4

  • risk calculator, S52

  • risk factors, S10, S12, S25, S32

  • risk management, S49–S55

  • screening, S31, S55

  • testing frequency, S9

Care of Young Children With Diabetes in the Child Care Setting, S86

celiac disease, S71

Charcot foot, S64

children and adolescents

  • A1C goals, S35, S71

  • autoimmune conditions, S71

  • cardiovascular disease, S72

  • celiac disease, S71

  • cognitive impairment, S70

  • DSME/DSMS, S73

  • dyslipidemia, S72

  • family stresses, S74

  • glycemic control, S70–S71

  • hypertension, S71–S72

  • hypoglycemia, S70

  • nephropathy, S72–S73

  • neuropathy, S73

  • pediatric to adult care transition, S73–S74

  • plasma blood glucose goals, S71

  • psychosocial issues, S74

  • resources, S86

  • retinopathy, S73

  • revisions summary, S4

  • school, child care, S73

  • smoking, S72

  • statins, S72

  • thyroid disease, S71

  • type 1 diabetes, S10–S11, S70–S74

  • type 2 diabetes, S12–S13, S74

chlorthalidone, S51

cholesterol. see also dyslipidemia

  • children and adolescents, S72

  • control, S51

  • monitoring, S53

  • screening, S10, S52

  • treatment, S52, S55

Chronic Care Model (CCM), S5, S6

chronic kidney disease, S23, S25, S58–S60

classification, diagnosis

  • overview, S8

  • prediabetes, S9–S10, S12–S13

  • revisions summary, S4

  • testing, S8–S10

  • testing frequency, S9

claudication, S63

clinical management

  • advocacy, S5, S86–S87

  • behavior change support, S6

  • behavior optimization, S6

  • care delivery systems, S6

  • changes, initiatives, S6

  • demographic changes, S5

  • improvement strategies, S5

  • patient-centeredness, S5

  • regime reevaluation, S6–S7

  • resources, S6

clonidine, S78

clopidogrel, S54, S55

cognitive impairment, S19, S38, S70

colesevelam, S42, S44

comorbidities, S17–S19, S26

congestive heart failure, S51, S55

consensus reports, S1

continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S4, S33, S34

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S83

contraception, S79

coronary heart disease, S55

cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, S15

dapagliflozin, S45

Da Qing study, S31

DAWN2 study, S26

day care, S73, S86–S87

degludec, S45

depression, S18, S26, S67, S74

detemir, S45

Diabetes and Driving, S86

Diabetes and Employment, S86

Diabetes Care in the School and Day Care Setting, S86–S87

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S35, S36, S38, S41, S70

Diabetes Management in Correctional Institutions, S87

Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S31, S32

Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S31, S32

diabetes-related distress, S26

diabetes self-management education (DSME)

  • benefits, S6, S20–S21

  • carbohydrate management, S21–S23

  • children and adolescents, S73

  • dietary fat management, S23–S24

  • eating patterns, S21–S23

  • herbal supplements, S23

  • hospital care, S84

  • medical nutrition therapy, S21–S23, S52, S72, S83

  • micronutrients, S23

  • national standards, S21

  • overview, S17, S20–S21

  • prediabetes, S32

  • protein management, S22, S23, S59

  • recommendations, S20, S31

  • reimbursement, S21

  • sodium, S23, S24, S51

  • weight loss, S21, S55

diabetes self-management support (DSMS). see diabetes self-management education (DSME)

Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S61

diastolic blood pressure goals, S4

diet, nutrition, S21–S23

diltiazem, S78

dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, S42–S44, S46, S68

disordered eating, S74

diuretics, S49–S51, S58, S59, S78

dopamine-2 agonists, S45

driving, S86

dulaglutide, S45

dyslipidemia. see also cholesterol; triglycerides

  • children and adolescents, S72

  • control, S51

  • lifestyle modification, S52, S55

  • monitoring recommendations, S4, S53

  • recommendations, S51–S52

  • screening, S51

  • treatment, S52–S55

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), S61

eating abnormalities, S74

eating patterns, S21–S23

e-cigarettes, S4, S25

empagliflozin, S45

employment, S86

end-stage renal disease (ESRD), S59

Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, S35–S36, S38

erectile dysfunction, S63

exenatide/exenatide ER, S45, S82

exercise

  • albuminuria, S25

  • autonomic neuropathy, S25, S62–S63

  • benefits, S24

  • children, S24

  • frequency, type, S24

  • glycemic control, S24

  • hyperglycemia, S25

  • hypoglycemia, S25

  • kidney disease, S23, S25, S58–S60, S72–S73

  • peripheral neuropathy, S25, S62–S63

  • prediabetes, S24

  • pre-exercise evaluation, S24–S25

  • recommendations, S24

  • retinopathy, S25, S60–S62, S73

ezetimibe, S53

fasting plasma glucose testing, S9

fatty liver disease, S18

fenofibrate, S53

fibrates, S53

Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS), S31

foot care, S4, S63–S64

foot infections, S64

foundations of care revisions summary, S4

fractures, S18–S19

FRAX score, S18

fundus photographs, S61

gastrointestinal neuropathies, S62

gastroparesis, S63

genitourinary tract disturbances, S62–S63

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). see also pregnancy

  • classification, S8

  • diagnosis, S13–S14

  • glycemic targets, S77, S78

  • management, S78

  • one-step strategy, S13, S14

  • overview, S13, S77

  • postpartum care, S79

  • recommendations, S13

  • screening, S10

  • two-step strategy, S13–S14

glargine, S45

gliclazide, S44

glimepiride, S44

glipizide, S44

glucagon, S38

glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, S42, S43, S45, S46, S68, S82

α-glucosidase inhibitors, S42, S44

glulisine, S43, S45

glyburide/glibenclamide, S44

glycemic targets. see also A1C

  • A1C/microvascular complications relationships, S35–S36

  • determination, S37

  • glycemic control assessment, S33–S35

  • hospital care, S80–S82

  • intercurrent illness, S39

  • mean glucose levels, S35

  • mortality findings, S36

  • older adults, S68

  • pregnancy, S77, S78

  • recommendations, S33, S36–S37

  • revisions summary, S4

glycemic treatment approaches

  • bariatric surgery, S46–S47

  • pharmacological therapy, S41–S46

  • revisions summary, S4

gram-positive cocci, S64

hearing impairment, S19

hemoglobinopathies, S9

hepatitis B vaccination, S26

herbal supplements, S23

hospital care

  • bedside blood glucose monitoring, S83

  • critically ill patients, S80, S81

  • discharge planning, S80, S83

  • DSME, S84

  • glucose abnormalities definitions, S81

  • glycemic targets, S80–S82

  • hyperglycemia, S80–S81

  • hypoglycemia, S80–S82

  • insulin therapy, S80–S82

  • management team, S82

  • medical nutrition therapy, S83

  • medication reconciliation, S83

  • non critically ill patients, S80–S82

  • recommendations, S80

  • self-management, S82–S83

  • sliding scale insulin (SSI), S80, S82

  • structured discharge communication, S83

  • type 1 diabetes, S82

hydrochlorothiazide, S51

hyperglycemia

  • cognitive impairment, S19

  • exercise, S25

  • glycemic target determination, S37

  • hospital care, S80–S81

  • older adults, S67, S68

  • plasma glucose testing, S9

  • postprandial, S37

  • risk factors, S11

Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S13

hyperglycemic crisis, S9

hypertension

  • children and adolescents, S71–S72

  • diagnosis, S49, S50

  • diastolic blood pressure, S50–S51

  • goals, S49, S50

  • lifestyle modification, S49, S51

  • older adults, S67

  • overview, S49–S50

  • pharmacological therapy, S49–S51

  • recommendations, S49

  • screening, S10, S49, S50

  • sodium guidelines, S24, S51

  • systolic blood pressure, S50, S59

  • treatment, S49, S50

Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) trial, S50

hypertriglyceridemia, S53

hypoglycemia

  • A1C goals, S35, S37

  • CGM, S34

  • children and adolescents, S70

  • exercise, S25

  • hospital care, S80–S82

  • nocturnal, S34

  • older adults, S68

  • overview, S38

  • pregnancy, S78

  • prevention, S38, S82

  • recommendations, S38

  • treatment, S38

hypoglycemia unawareness

  • CGM, S33, S34

  • children and adolescents, S70

  • effects, characterization, S38

  • recommendations, S38

immune-mediated diabetes, S10–S11

immunization recommendations, S4, S26–S27

impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S10, S31

impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), S10, S31

incretin-based therapies, S42

indapamide, S50, S51

infections, S64

influenza vaccine, S26–S27

insulin

  • basal–bolus, S43, S45, S46, S70, S71, S82

  • combination therapy, S42

  • glycemic targets, S38

  • hospital care, S80–S82

  • hypoglycemia treatment, S38

  • intensive insulin regimens, S34

  • MDI, S41

  • older adults, S68

  • pregnancy, S78

  • recommendations, S33

  • sliding scale insulin (SSI), S80, S82

  • type 1 diabetes, S41

  • type 2 diabetes, S42–S46

insulin dependent diabetes, S10–S11

insulin pump therapy, S33, S41, S43, S83

insulin resistance, S10, S78

insulin secretagogues, S38, S68

International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), S13

jail, S87

juvenile-onset diabetes, S10–S11

kidney disease, S23, S25, S58–S60, S72–S73

Kumamoto Study, S36

labetalol, S78

lactation, S79

laser photocoagulation therapy, S61–S62

lifestyle modifications

  • dyslipidemia, S52, S55

  • hypertension, S49, S51

  • type 2 diabetes, S31, S42

linagliptin, S44

liraglutide, S45

lispro, S43, S45

lixisenatide, S45

Look AHEAD trial, S18, S55

loss of protective sensation (LOPS), S63, S64

macrovascular complications, S35, S36, S51

macular edema, S61

management planning, S17–S19, S26

maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S14

medical evaluation, S17, S18, S24–S25

medical nutrition therapy, S21–S23, S52, S72, S83

Medicare/Medicaid, S21

medications, S12. see also pharmacological therapy; specific medications, conditions

meglitinides, S42, S44

mental health specialist referrals, S26

metformin, S31, S32, S42–S44, S55, S59, S68

methyldopa, S78

microvascular complications

  • A1C goals, S35

  • A1C relationship to, S35–S36

  • erectile dysfunction, S63

  • gastroparesis, S63

  • glycemic control, S63

  • kidney disease, S23, S25, S58–S60, S72–S73

  • neuropathy, S25, S62–S63, S73

  • orthostatic hypotension, S63

  • patient education, S64

  • pharmacological therapy, S51

  • retinopathy, S25, S60–S62, S73

  • revisions summary, S4

  • risk factors, S11

miglitol, S44

monogenic diabetes syndromes, S14–S15

myocardial infarction (MI), S36, S50, S54, S55, S59

nateglinide, S44

National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP), S6, S74

National Diabetes Prevention Program, S31

National Institutes of Health (NIH), S13–S14

neonatal diabetes, S14

nephropathy, S23, S25, S58–S60, S72–S73

neuropathy, S25, S62–S63, S73

niacin, S53

NICE-SUGAR trial, S81

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), S61

nursing home. see hospital care

obstructive sleep apnea, S18

older adults

  • A1C levels, S9

  • depression screening, S67

  • diabetes complications screening, S67

  • glycemic targets, S68

  • hyperglycemia, S67, S68

  • hypertension, S67

  • hypoglycemia, S68

  • pharmacological therapy, S68–S69

  • recommendations, S67

  • sodium guidelines, S24

  • statin therapy, S52, S53

  • treatment goals, S67–S68

  • type 2 diabetes screening, S12

orthostatic hypotension, S63

overweight, obesity, S9, S10, S21, S55, S78–S79

Patient-Centered Medical Home, S6

perindopril, S50, S51

periodontal disease, S19

peripheral arterial disease, S63, S64

peripheral neuropathy, S25, S62–S63

pharmacological therapy

  • cardiovascular disease, S51–S55, S59

  • hypertension, S49–S51

  • microvascular complications, S51

  • older adults, S68–S69

  • prediabetes, S32

  • type 2 diabetes, S31–S32, S42–S46

pioglitazone, S44, S46

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23 (PPSV23), S26, S27

polycystic ovary syndrome, S10

position statements, S1

pramlintide, S41–S42, S45

prasugrel, S55

prazosin, S78

prediabetes

  • classification, diagnosis, S9–S10, S12–S13

  • DSME/DSMS, S32

  • exercise, S24

  • pharmacological therapy, S32

pre-exercise medical evaluation, S24–S25

pregnancy

  • A1C testing, S9, S78

  • antihypertensive medications, S51, S78

  • contraception, S79

  • GDM (see gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM])

  • glycemic targets, S77, S78

  • hypertension, S50

  • hypoglycemia, S78

  • insulin, S78

  • insulin resistance, S78

  • lactation, S79

  • medications contraindicated, S77, S78

  • metabolic physiology, S78

  • overweight, obesity, S78–S79

  • postpartum care, S79

  • preconception counseling, S77

  • recommendations, S77

  • retinopathy, S25, S60–S62, S73

  • revisions summary, S4

  • screening, S10

  • statins, S72

prison, S87

Professional Practice Committee, S3, S88–S89

proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S61

protein, S22, S23, S59

psychosocial screening, care, S25–S26

P2Y12 receptor antagonist, S55

race/ethnicity, S9, S12, S35. see also African Americans; Asian Americans

RAS inhibitors, S51, S59

repaglinide, S44

retinal photography, S61

retinopathy, S25, S60–S62, S73

revisions summary, S4

Reye syndrome, S54

risk management, S4, S6, S9, S11

rosiglitazone, S44

SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial, S68–S69

saxagliptin, S44, S68–S69

school, S73, S86–S87

scientific evidence grading, S1–S2

scientific statements, S1

self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)

  • basal insulin/oral agents, S34

  • intensive insulin regimens, S34

  • optimization, S33–S34

  • overview, S33

  • recommendations, S33

sickle cell trait, S9

sitagliptin, S44, S82

skilled nursing facilities. see hospital care

sliding scale insulin (SSI), S80, S82

smoking, S4, S25, S63, S72

sodium, S23, S24, S51

sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, S42, S43, S45, S46

Standards of Care recommendations, S1

Staphylococci, S64

statins, S4, S52–S55, S72

stroke, S36, S54, S59

sulfonylureas

  • A1C/CVD relationships, S36

  • combination therapy, S42, S43

  • older adults, S68

  • type 2 diabetes, S43, S44, S46

testosterone levels, S19

thiazolidinediones, S43, S44, S46

thyroid disease, S71

ticagrelor, S55

triglycerides, S10, S52, S53. see also dyslipidemia

2-hour plasma glucose testing, S9

type 1 diabetes

  • A1C/mean glucose relationship, S35

  • autoimmune conditions, S71

  • carbohydrate management, S21

  • CGM, S33, S34

  • children and adolescents, S10–S11, S70–S74

  • classification, S8

  • diagnosis, S10–S11

  • glycemic control, S70–S71

  • hospital care, S82

  • hypoglycemia, S38

  • insulin, S41

  • pharmacological therapy, S41–S42

  • pregnancy, S78–S79

  • progression estimates, S11

  • retinopathy, S25, S60–S62, S73

  • SMBG, S34

  • statin therapy, S53

  • testing, S11

type 2 diabetes

  • A1C goals, S35

  • A1C/macrovascular complications relationships, S36

  • children and adolescents, S12–S13, S74

  • classification, S8

  • combination therapy, S42, S43

  • community screening, S12

  • comorbidities, S74

  • diagnosis, S11–S13

  • diagnostic tests, S12

  • hypoglycemia, S38

  • ketoacidosis, S11

  • lifestyle modifications, S31, S42

  • overview, S11

  • pharmacological therapy, S31–S32, S42–S46

  • pregnancy, S78–S79

  • prevention, delay of, S31–S32

  • recommendations, S11, S31

  • retinopathy, S25, S60–S62, S73

  • risk factors, S11–S12

  • screening, S12, S31

  • testing interval, S12

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S36, S59

ulcers, S63–S64

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), S61, S62

vascular pathology measures, S37

Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S36

vildagliptin, S44

weight loss, S21, S55

© 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
2015