A1C
age in diagnosis, S14
CGM effects on, S39, S40, S101
in children, S18, S41
in children, adolescents, S87
CVD outcomes and, S42–S43
diagnostic criteria, S13–S14
epidemiology, S7
goals, S41
hyperglycemia and, S9–S10
limitations, S41
mean glucose levels-specified A1C level, S41
microvascular complications, S42
older adults, S83
pregnancy levels, S95
race/ethnicity differences, S14, S41
recommendations, S40, S41
testing, S40–S41
acarbose, S55
access to health care, S8–S9
ACCORD trial, S10, S31–S32, S42–S44, S61, S62
ACE inhibitors, S61–S63, S68, S72–S74, S89, S97
ADAG study, S41, S44
adherence, S8
ADVANCE trial, S42–S44, S61
advocacy, S6, S105–S106
African Americans, S14, S15, S27
AIM-HIGH trial, S65–S66
albiglutide, S50, S53, S54, S56, S58
albuminuria, S29, S72–S74, S90
alcohol, S26, S65
alogliptin, S53–S55, S68
amlodipine, S63
amputation, S78
amylin mimetics, S53, S56
anemia, S14
angiotensin receptor blockers, S61, S62, S68, S72–S74, S89, S97
antidepressants, S49
antihyperglycemic agents, S100–S101
antihypertensive agents, S63, S97
antiplatelet agents, S4–S5, S66–S67, S75
antipsychotics, S49
antiretroviral agents, S10
Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) metanalysis, S66
antivascular endothelial growth factor, S75, S76
Asian Americans, S8, S15, S17, S47
ASPIRE trial, S40
aspirin resistance, S67
aspirin therapy, S4–S5, S66–S67, S75
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. see cardiovascular disease
atorvastatin, S64
autonomic neuropathy, S29, S76–S78
α-glucosidase inhibitors, S37, S55
bariatric surgery, S49–S51, S58
β-blockers, S74
Belviq (lorcaserin), S50
benazepril, S63
bile acid sequestrants, S55
bipolar disorder, S10
blood glucose control. see glycemic control
blood pressure control, S60–S63, S81, S88–S89
body mass index (BMI), S17
bromocriptine, S55
calcium channel blockers, S74
canagliflozin, S53, S54, S56, S58
cancer, S31
capsaicin, S77
carbamazepine, S77
carbohydrates, S27, S37
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, S77
cardiac testing, S67
cardiovascular disease
antiplatelet agents, S4–S5, S66–S67, S75
in children, adolescents, S88–S89
heart failure, S68
hypertension/blood pressure control, S60–S63, S81, S88–S89
insulin regimens, S43
LDL cholesterol, S64, S65, S68
lifestyle modification, S7, S36–S37, S47, S48, S62–S64, S68
lipid management, S63–S66
outcomes, S42–S43, S73
overview, S4, S60
pharmacological interventions, S62–S63
prevention, S26, S27, S37
risk calculator tool, S64
as risk factor, S16, S60
risk factors for, S15, S17, S29, S31, S60, S64, S74
smoking and, S29, S89
care improvement strategies
adherence, S8
advocacy, S6, S105–S106
chronic care model, S7
delivery systems, S7
demographics, S6
institutional changes, S7–S8
intermediate outcomes, S8
objectives, S7–S8
outcomes, S8
patient-centered, S6
processes of care, S8
recommendations, S6, S9, S10
team building, S7
treatment intensification, S8
child care, school, S86–S87, S105
children, adolescents
A1C levels in, S18, S41
autoimmune diseases in, S87–S88
celiac disease in, S88
diabetes management, S87
DSME, DSMS, S7, S8–S9, S24–S25, S36, S37, S86
dyslipidemia management, S89
exercise for, S28
glycemic control, S87, S89
hypertension, S88–S89
hypoglycemia in, S44, S87
nephropathy, S27, S29, S72–S74, S89–S90
neuropathy, S28–S29, S76–S78, S90
pediatric to adult care transition, S91
psychosocial issues, S87
retinopathy, S28, S73–S76, S90
school, child care, S86–S87, S105
screening, S87
smoking in, S29, S89
statins in, S89
thyroid disease in, S88
type 1 diabetes in, S86–S90
type 2 diabetes in, S90–S91
vaccination schedule, S29
chlorthalidone, S63
chronic care model, S7, S23
chronic kidney disease, S27, S72–S74
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, S73
classification, S13
clinical evaluation, S23, S24
clopidogrel, S66
clozapine, S49
cognitive dysfunction, S9–S10, S26, S31–S32, S44, S82
cognitive function, statin use and, S66
colesevelam, S55
complications
A1C, microvascular, S42
epidemiology, S8
prevention of, S7, S27
risk factors, S14, S29
consensus reports, S1
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S39, S40, S101
Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), S50
coronary artery calcium screening, S67–S68
coronary heart disease, S8, S67–S68
correctional facilities, S106
cultural differences, S8
cystic fibrosis, S18
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, S20
dapagliflozin, S53, S54, S56, S58
dementia, S9, S31–S32, S82
depression, S10, S30
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S42, S44, S52, S87
diabetes distress, S30
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S36, S37
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S36
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S37
diabetes self-management education, support (DSME, DSMS), S7, S8–S9, S24–S25, S36, S37, S86, S102
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), S13, S16–S17, S45, S58, S90, S101
diabetic kidney disease, S27, S29, S72–S74
Diabetic Retinopathy Study, S76
diagnosis
A1C (see A1C)
anemia, S14
community screening, S17–S18
comorbidities, S31–S32
confirmation of, S14
fasting test, S13, S14
hemoglobinopathies, S14
monogenic syndromes, S19–S20
one-step strategy, S18–S20
plasma glucose criteria, S13
prediabetes, S14–S17, S36
red blood cell turnover, S14
referrals, S30
2-hour plasma glucose, S13, S14
two-step strategy, S19, S20
type 1 diabetes (see type 1 diabetes)
type 2 diabetes (see type 2 diabetes)
diastolic blood pressure, S62
diuretics, S61–S63, S74, S97
dopamine-2 agonists, S55
DPP-4 inhibitors, S53–S55, S58, S68, S101
driving, S105
dulaglutide, S50, S53, S54, S56, S58
duloxetine, S77
dyslipidemia, S65, S83, S89
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, S76
eating patterns, S26
e-cigarettes, S29
empagliflozin, S53, S54, S56, S58, S68
EMPA-REG OUTCOME study, S68
employment, S105–S106
end of life treatment, S82–S85
energy balance, S26
erectile dysfunction, S77–S78
ethnic differences, S8, S14, S17, S41
euthyroid sick syndrome, S88
evaluation, S23, S24, S31
EXAMINE trial, S68
exenatide, S50, S53, S54, S56, S58
exercise, S27–S29, S37, S48
ezetimibe, S64, S65
fasting test, S13, S14
fats, S26, S27. see also lipid management
fatty liver disease, S31
fibrate/statin therapy, S65
5-HT receptor agonists, S50
fluvastatin, S64
food insecurity, S9
foot care, S78–S79
foundations of care, S23
fractures, S31
gabapentin, S77
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S77
gastroparesis, S77
gender differences, S8
genitourinary neuropathies, S77
gestational diabetes mellitus, S18–S20, S37, S94–S97
glibenclamide, S55
gliclazide, S55
glimepiride, S55
glipizide, S55
glomerular filtration rate estimation, S73
GLP1 receptor agonists, S50, S53, S54, S56, S58, S83
glucagon, S44
glucocorticoids, S101
glucose, S44. see also glycemic control
glyburide, S55, S83, S96
glycemic control
A1C (see A1C)
carbohydrate-counting, S27
children, adolescents, S87, S89
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S39, S40, S101
hospital care, S100, S101
hyperglycemia, S9–S10, S42, S45, S96, S99–S101
hypoglycemia (see hypoglycemia)
intercurrent illness, S45
kidney disease treatment, S73–S74
neurocognitive function, S82
neuropathy treatment, S77
older adults, S82, S83
omega-3 fatty acids, S27
physical activity in, S28
pregnancy, S95
recommendations, S39, S43, S44
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S39–S40
targets, S43–S44
GRADE study, S54
grading system, S1–S2
health care access, S8–S9
health disparities, S8
hearing impairment, S31
heart failure, S68
hemoglobinopathies, S14
hepatitis B, S30
herbal supplements, S26
HITECH Act, S99–S100
HIV patients, diabetes care in, S10
homelessness, S9
hospital care
admissions considerations, S100
antihyperglycemic therapies, S100–S101
bedside glucose monitoring, S103
CGM, S39, S40, S101
computerized physician order entry, S99–S100
critical care setting, S100
diabetes self-management, S102
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), S13, S16–S17, S45, S58, S90, S101
discharge plan, S102–S103
enteral/parenteral feeding, S101
glucocorticoids, S101
glycemic control, S100, S101
hyperglycemia in, S100
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S101
hypoglycemia, S99–S102
insulin therapy, S99, S100
medical nutrition therapy, S25–S27, S102
perioperative care, S101
recommendations, S99
target glucose ranges, S99–S101
type 1 diabetes, S100
HOT trial, S62
hydrochlorothiazide, S63
hyperglycemia, S9–S10, S42, S45, S96, S99–S101
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S18
hypertension, S60–S63, S81, S88–S89
hypertriglyceridemia, S65
hypoglycemia
in children, adolescents, S44, S87
glycemic control, S27, S28, S40
hospital care, S99–S102
maternal, S95
nutrition in control of, S27
in older adults, S82, S84
physical activity in control of, S28
predictors of, S102
prevention, S9, S27, S28, S101–S102
symptoms, S10
treatment, S9, S44, S101–S102
type 1 diabetes, S44–S45
hypoglycemia unawareness, S44
immune-mediated type 1 diabetes, S15
immunizations, S29–S30
IMPROVE-IT trial, S65
incident diabetes, statin use and, S66
incretin-based therapies, S53
indapamide-perindopril, S62–S63
infections, S79
influenza, S29
insulin, insulin secretagogues
basal, S40, S54, S57–S58
bolus, S58
carbohydrate-counting, S27
characterization, S56
in children, adolescents, S90
continuous subcutaneous infusion, S58
CVD-targeting, S43
hospital care, S99, S100
hypoglycemia unawareness, S44
inhaled, S58
neurocognitive function, S82
older adults, S83
oral agents, S40, S57–S58
physical activity, S28
physiology in pregnancy, S95, S96
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S39–S40
type 1 diabetes, S52–S53
insurance, S9
islet cell transplantation, S53
Japanese Americans, S17
Kumamoto Study, S42
laser photocoagulation therapy, S75, S76
LDL cholesterol, S64, S65, S68
lifestyle modification, S7, S36–S37, S47, S48, S62–S64, S68
linagliptin, S53–S55
lipase inhibitors, S37, S50
lipid management, S63–S66. see also fats
lipid profiles, S65
liraglutide, S50, S53, S54, S56, S58
liraglutide (Saxenda), S50
literacy deficiencies, S9
lixisenatide, S50, S53, S54, S56, S58
Look AHEAD, S47, S68
lorcaserin (Belviq), S50
loss of protective sensation, S78
lovastatin, S64
macular edema, S75, S76
MAO inhibitors, S49
maturity-onset diabetes, S19, S19–S20
medical evaluation, S31
medical nutrition therapy, S25–S27, S102. see also nutrition
Medicare, S8, S25
medications, S10, S17, S49, S103. see also under specific conditions
Mediterranean diet, S10, S27, S37
meglitinides, S54, S55
mental illness, S10
metformin
cardiovascular disease, S67, S68
children, adolescents, S90
effectiveness of, S36, S37
hospital care, S101
older adults, S83
in pregnancy, S96
therapy generally, S53–S55
metoclopramide, S77
miglitol, S55
mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, S74
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study, S73
naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave), S50
nateglinide, S54, S55
neonatal diabetes, S19
nephrologist, referrals to, S74
nephropathy, S27, S29, S72–S74, S89–S90
neuropathy, S28–S29, S76–S78, S90
NHANES study, S7
niacin/statin therapy, S65–S66
NICE-SUGAR study, S100
nonketotic hyperosmolar state, S45
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), S10
numeracy deficiencies, S9
nutrition
alcohol, S26, S65
carbohydrates, S27, S37
cognitive dysfunction and, S10
in diabetes prevention, S37
eating patterns, S26
energy balance, S26
fats, S26, S27
herbal supplements, S26
kidney disease treatment, S73
macronutrient distribution, S26
micronutrients, S26
older adults, S84
protein, S26, S27
sodium, S26, S27
obesity
assessment, S47
bariatric surgery, S49–S51, S58
concomitant medications, S49
diet, S48 (see also nutrition)
lifestyle modification, S7, S36–S37, S47, S48, S62–S64, S68
pharmacotherapy, S48–S50
physical activity, S27–S29, S37, S48
recommendations, S48
treatment, S47, S48
weight management, S25–S27, S68
obstructive sleep apnea, S31
olanzapine, S49
older adults
end of life treatment, S82–S85
geriatric syndromes screening, S81
hypertension, S81
hypoglycemia, S82, S84
long-term care facilities, S81, S84
neurocognitive function, S82
nutrition, S84
overview, S81–S82
palliative care, S60–S63, S81
pharmacological therapy, S83–S84
recommendations, S81
treatment, S82–S83
omega-3 fatty acids, S27
ophthalmologist, referrals to, S75
opioid antagonist/aminoketone antidepressant combination, S50
orlistat, S37, S50
orthostatic hypotension, S77
pancreatic transplantation, S53
Patient-Centered Medical Home, S7
PCSK9 inhibitors, S65
percent of days covered (PDC), S8
perindopril-indapamide, S62–S63
periodontal disease, S31
peripheral arterial disease (PAD), S78
peripheral neuropathy, S28–S29, S76–S78
phentermine/topiramate combination, S50
photocoagulation therapy, S75
physical activity, S27–S29, S37, S48
pioglitazone, S37, S54, S55
pitavastatin, S64
plasma glucose criteria, S13
pneumococcal pneumonia, S29–S30
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23 (PPSV23), S29–S30
POC meters, S103
position statements, S1
pramlintide, S53, S56
pravastatin, S64
prediabetes, S14–S17, S36
pregabalin, S77
pregestational diabetes, S94–S96
pregnancy
A1C levels, S95
antihypertensive medications in, S63, S97
blood pressure targets, S61
contraception, S97
gestational diabetes mellitus, S18–S20, S37, S94–S97
glucose monitoring, S95
glycemic control, S95
hyperglycemia, S96
insulin physiology, S95, S96
lactation, S96–S97
pharmacological therapy, S96, S97
postpartum care, S96–S97
preconception counseling, testing, S95
pregestational diabetes, S94–S96
recommendations, S94
retinopathy, S75–S76
type 1 diabetes, S96–S97
type 2 diabetes, S96–S97
Professional Practice Committee, S3, S107–S108
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S75, S76
protease inhibitors, S10
protein, S26, S27
psychosocial issues, S30, S87
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S67
red blood cell turnover test, S14
referrals, S24, S30, S74, S75
reimbursement, DSME/DSMS, S25
renal function assessment, S72–S73
repaglinide, S54, S55
resistance training, S27
retinal photography, S75
retinopathy, S28, S73–S76, S90
revisions summary, S4–S5
Reye syndrome, S67
risperidone, S49
rosiglitazone, S37, S54, S55
rosuvastatin, S64
SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial, S68
saxagliptin, S53–S55, S68
Saxenda (liraglutide), S50
schizoaffective disorder, S10
schizophrenia, S10
school, child care, S86–S87, S105
scientific evidence grading, S1–S2
scientific statements, S1
SEARCH study, S89
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S39–S40
sex differences, S8
SGLT2 inhibitors, S53, S54, S56, S58, S83
simvastatin, S64
sitagliptin, S53–S55, S68
smoking cessation, S29, S89
socioeconomic differences, S8
sodium, S26, S27
spironolactone, S74
SPRINT trial, S61–S62
SSRIs, S49
Standards of Care, S1
statins
in CHD management, S68
children, adolescents, S89
cognitive function and, S66
dementia and, S10
in lipid management, S64–S66
type 1 diabetes, S64–S65
type 2 diabetes, S63–S66
sulfonylureas, S54, S55, S58, S83, S96, S101
sympathomimetic amine anorectic/antiepileptic combination, S50
systolic blood pressure, S62
tapentadol, S77
TECOS trial, S68
testosterone levels, S31
thiazolidinediones, S37, S54, S55, S67, S83
thyroid disease, S88
tobacco, S29, S89
TODAY study, S90
tramadol, S77
Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study, S8
treatment. see also specific therapies
adherence, S8
DSME, DSMS, S7, S8–S9, S24–S25
exercise, S27–S29, S37, S48
foundations of care, S23
glucose, S44
hypoglycemia, S44
immunizations, S29–S30
initial care basis, S23–S24
intensification, S8
lifestyle modification, S7, S36–S37, S47, S48, S62–S64, S68
medical nutrition therapy, S25–S27, S102
ongoing care, S24
patient engagement, S23
pharmacological, S36, S37
psychosocial issues, S30
referrals, S24
smoking cessation, S29, S89
tailoring, S8–S9
technology in, S37
type 1 diabetes, S52–S53
type 2 diabetes, S53–S58
weight management, S25–S27, S68
tricyclic antidepressants, S49, S77
2-hour plasma glucose, S13, S14
type 1 diabetes
A1C microvascular complications, S42
carbohydrate-counting, S27
in children, adolescents, S86–S90
classification, S13
CVD outcomes and, S42
demographics, S6
diagnosis, S15–S16
differential diagnosis, S18
epidemiology, S8
glycemic control, S39
hospital care, S100
hypoglycemia, S9, S44–S45
idiopathic, S15–S16
immune-mediated, S15
pharmacologic therapy, S52–S53
physical activity, S27–S29
pregnancy, S96–S97
retinopathy, S75
risk factors, S16
statin therapy, S64–S65
type 2 diabetes
A1C microvascular complications, S42
bariatric surgery, S49–S51, S58
BMI, ethnicity factors, S17
carbohydrate-counting, S27
children, adolescents, S18, S19
in children, adolescents, S90–S91
classification, S13
combination therapy, S53–S57
CVD outcomes and, S42–S43
demographics, S6, S8
diagnosis, S16–S19
differential diagnosis, S18, S19
exercise, S27–S29
glycemic control, S40
hyperglycemia in, S9–S10
hypoglycemia, S9
hypoglycemia in, S10
mental illness in, S10
obesity in, S48
pharmacologic therapy, S53–S58
pregnancy, S96–S97
prevention, delay, S36–S37
resistance training, S27
retinopathy, S75
risk factors, S17
statin therapy, S63–S66
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S42, S67, S74
venlafaxine, S77
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S42–S43
vildagliptin, S53–S55
weight management, S25–S27, S68