A1C. see also glycemic control
age in, S12
CGM and, S49
confirmation testing, S13
CVD and, S51–S52
diagnostic criteria, S13
ethnic, pediatric differences, S50
exercise benefits, S37
glycemic targets and, S52–S53
goals, S50–S52
hemoglobinopathies, S13
in HIV, S28–S29
limitations, S50
mean glucose and, S50, S51
medical nutrition therapy effects on, S34
microvascular complications and, S50–S51
prediabetes, S13–S14, S28
in pregnancy, S115–S116
race/ethnicity in, S12
red blood cell turnover, S13
resistance training, S37–S38
SMBG and, S49
testing, S12–S13, S49–S50
acarbose, S68, S71
ACCORD study, S28, S51, S52, S54, S76, S81, S90
ACE inhibitors, S76–S78, S88, S91, S92, S108
acylated human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, S60
ADAG trial, S50
ADA Position Statement, S1
ADA Scientific Statement, S1
ADVANCE-BP trial, S76–S77
ADVANCE-ON study, S77
ADVANCE study, S51, S52
advocacy, S128–S129
Affordable Care Act, S8
α-glucosidase inhibitors, S68, S71
AIM-HIGH trial, S81
albiglutide, S69, S71
albuminuria, S88–S91, S109
alcohol, S35, S37
Alli (orlistat), S60
alogliptin, S59, S65, S68, S71, S84
amlodipine, S78
amylin mimetics, S65, S68, S71
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S76–S78, S88, S91, S92, S108
antihyperglycemics, S59, S84, S122
antihypertensive therapy, S78, S90–S91
antioxidants supplementation, S37
antiplatelets, S81–S83, S92
antipsychotics, S30
Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT), S82
anti-VEGF, S92–S93
anxiety disorders, S29
ARV-associated hyperglycemia, S28–S29
aspart, S72
ASPIRE trial, S49
aspirin, S81–S83, S92
aspirin resistance, S83
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), S75. see also cardiovascular disease
atorvastatin, S80
autoimmune diseases, S26–S27, S107
autonomic neuropathy, S38, S93–S95
balance training, S37
bariatric surgery, S59–S61
BARI 2D trial, S94
Belviq (lorcaserin), S60
benazepril, S78
biguanides, S68, S71. see also metformin
bile acid sequestrants, S69, S71
bromocriptine, S69, S71
canagliflozin, S69, S71
cancer, S27
carbohydrates, carbohydrate counting, S36
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, S94
cardiovascular disease
A1C and, S51–S52
children and adolescents, S108–S109
CKD management and, S90–S91
hypertension/blood pressure control, S75–S78
lipid management, S79–S81
prevention, S46
proteins, S35, S36
revisions summary, S5
cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs), S70–S71
celiac disease, S107–S108
children and adolescents
A1C, blood glucose goals, S107
A1C differences in, S50
autoimmune conditions, S107
celiac disease, S107–S108
comorbidities, S110
CVD risk management, S108–S109
DSME/DSMS, S7, S8, S33–S34, S46, S105
dyslipidemia, S108–S109
exercise, S37–S38
glycemic control, S106–S107
kidney disease (nephropathy), S109
neuropathy, S109–S110
pediatric to adult care transition, S111
psychosocial issues, S106
retinopathy, S109
revisions summary, S5
school, child care, S106
smoking, S109
thyroid disease, S107
type 1 diabetes, S54, S105–S110
type 2 diabetes, S18, S110
cholesterol management, S79–S81
chronic care model, S6–S8
chronic kidney disease, S36, S38, S78, S88–S91, S109
classification, S4, S11
cognitive impairment/dementia, S27–S28, S81, S100
colesevelam, S69, S71
community screening, S17
comorbidities
children and adolescents, S110
comprehensive medical evaluation, S25–S27
immunizations, S25–S26
initial management referrals, S27–S28
patient-centered approach, S25
protocol, S26–S30
revisions summary, S4
consensus reports, S1
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S49, S121
contraception, S117
Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), S60
coronary heart disease, S83–S84
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes, S21–S22
dapagliflozin, S69, S71
DASH diet, S34
DASH study, S77
degludec, S72
dental practices, screening in, S17–S18
depression, S29–S30
detemir, S72
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S50–S51, S54, S64, S90, S107
diabetes distress, S29, S39–S40
Diabetes Prevention Program, S14, S44–S45
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S37, S45, S46
diabetes self-management education (DSME), S7, S8, S33–S34, S46, S105, S123
diabetes self-management support (DSMS), S33–S34, S46
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), S11, S16, S122, S124
diagnosis. see also specific types of diabetes
A1C, S12–S13
confirmation, S13
criteria, S13
FPG testing, S12, S13
2-h PG testing, S12, S13
monogenic syndromes, S20–S21
psychosocial issues, S39–S40
revisions summary, S4
testing, S12–S14
dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 inhibitors, S59, S65, S68, S71, S73, S84, S90, S102, S122
disordered eating behaviors, S30
disparity reduction
access to care, S8
ethnic, cultural, sex differences, S8
food insecurity, S8–S9
homelessness, S9
language barriers, S9
recommendations, S8
revisions summary, S4
treatment tailoring, S8–S9
dopamine-2 agonists, S69, S71
dulaglutide, S69, S71
duloxetine, S94
dyslipidemia, S79–S81, S108–S109
e-cigarettes, S38–S39, S109
EDIC study, S51, S54, S90
empagliflozin, S69–S71, S84
EMPA-REG OUTCOME, S70–S71, S84
end of life care, S103
energy balance, S35
enteral/parenteral feedings, S123, S124
eplerenone, S91
erectile dysfunction, S94, S95
estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), S88–S90
EXAMINE study, S84
exenatide, S69, S71
exercise, S37–S38, S45
ezetimibe, S81
fasting plasma glucose testing, S12, S13
fat (dietary), S35, S36
fatty liver disease, S28
fibrates, S81
finerenone, S91
flexibility training, S37
fluvastatin, S80
food insecurity, S8–S9
foot care, S5, S95–S96
fractures, S28
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S94
gastroparesis, S95
GCK-MODY, S20, S21
genitourinary disturbances, S94
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). see also pregnancy
classification, S11
definition, S14, S18
diagnosis, S18–S20
management, S116–S117
one-step strategy, S18–S19
pharmacology, S46
pharmacotherapy, S116–S118
prevalence, S115
recommendations, S19
two-step strategy, S19–S20
glargine, S72
glimepiride, S68, S71
glipizide, S8–S9, S68, S71
GLP-1 receptor agonists, S69, S71, S73, S84, S90, S102
glucagon, S54
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), S65
glucocorticoids, S123–S124
glulisine, S72
glyburide, S68, S71
glycemic control. see also A1C
children and adolescents, S106–S107
in CKD management, S90
continuous glucose monitoring, S49, S121
control, assessment of, S48
CVD and, S51–S52
hospital care, S121
intercurrent illness and, S54–S55
mean glucose, S50, S51
neuropathy, S38, S93–S95
in older adults, S100
pregnancy, S115–S116
recommendations, S48, S52, S54
revisions summary, S5
self-monitoring of blood glucose, S48–S49
health promotion
care delivery systems, S6
chronic care model, S6–S8
patient-centered care, S6
recommendations, S6
revisions summary, S4
hearing impairment, S28
heart failure, S84
hemoglobinopathies, S13
hepatitis B vaccination, S26
herbal supplements, S35, S37
HIV, S28–S29
HNF1A-MODY, S20, S21
HNF4A-MODY, S20, S21
HNF1B-MODY, S20, S21
homelessness, S9
hospital care
acute care setting, transition from, S124–S125
admission considerations, S120–S121
antihyperglycemics, S59, S84, S122
care providers, S121
delivery standards, S120–S121
discharge communications, S125
DSME, S123
enteral/parenteral feedings, S123, S124
glucocorticoids, S123–S124
glycemic control, S121
hypoglycemia, S121–S123
medical nutrition therapy, S123
medication reconciliation, S125
perioperative care, S124
physician order entry, computerized, S121
quality assurance, S121
readmissions, prevention, S125
recommendations, S120
revisions summary, S5
HOT trial, S76, S77
human regular insulin, S72
hydrochlorothiazide, S78
hyperglycemia
antihyperglycemic therapy, S59
cognitive function and, S28
hospital care, S121
management, S53
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S124
hypertension/blood pressure control, S75–S78, S88, S90–S91, S108
hypertriglyceridemia, S81
hypoglycemia
characterization, S53–S54
classification, S54
cognitive function and, S28, S54
CVD and, S52
exercise, S38
glucose monitoring, bedside, S121
hospital care, S121–S123
nocturnal, S49, S78
in older adults, S100, S102–S103
predictors of, S123
prevention, S54, S123, S125
recommendations, S53
treatment, S54
unawareness, S29, S53, S54
immune-mediated diabetes, S14–S16
immunizations, S25–S26
IMPROVE-IT trial, S81
incretin-based therapies, S59, S65, S102
indapamide, S78
influenza vaccination, S26
inhaled insulin, S72, S73
injection-related anxiety, S29
insulin
basal, S72, S73
bolus, S72
carbohydrate intake and, S36
CGM and, S49
children and adolescents, S110
combination, S67–S70, S73
concentrated preparations, S72–S73
exercise hypoglycemia, S38
food insecure patients, S9
gestational diabetes mellitus, S116
hospital care, S122
inhaled, S72, S73
median cost of, S72
older adults, S102
omission in disordered eating, S30
physiology, in pregnancy, S115
premixed, S72
principles of use, S71–S72
pump, S123
SMBG and, S49
type 1 diabetes, S64–S65, S122
insulin secretagogues, S38, S102
insurance, S8
kidney disease (nephropathy), S36, S38, S78, S88–S91, S109
Kumamoto Study, S51
language barriers, S9
laser photocoagulation therapy, S91–S93
LEADER trial, S71, S84
lifestyle management
cost-effectiveness, S45
DSME/DSMS, S7, S8, S33–S34, S46
exercise, S37–S38, S45
gestational diabetes mellitus, S116
hypertension/blood pressure control, S77, S108
nutrition therapy, S34–S36
pharmacology in, S46, S66
prevention/delay, type 2 diabetes, S44–S46
psychosocial issues, S39–S40
revisions summary, S4
smoking cessation, S38–S39
technology platforms, S45
weight loss, S34–S36, S44–S45, S57–S60
linagliptin, S59, S65, S68, S71
lipase inhibitors, S60
lipid management, S79–S81, S108–S109
liraglutide (Saxenda), S60, S69, S71, S84
lispro, S72, S73
lixisenatide, S69
long-term care, S102–S103
Look AHEAD trial, S29, S58
lorcaserin (Belviq), S60
loss of protective sensation, S95, S96
lovastatin, S80
macronutrient distribution, eating patterns and, S35
macular edema, S92–S93
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S20–S21
meal planning, S36
mean glucose, S50, S51
medical nutrition therapy (MNT), S34, S35, S123
Medicare reimbursement, DSME/DSMS, S34
medications. see pharmacotherapy
Mediterranean diet, S28, S34
meglitinides (glinides), S68, S71
mental health referral, S39, S40
mental illness, serious, S30, S39–S40
metabolic surgery, S59–S61
metformin
children and adolescents, S110
in CKD management, S90
exercise and, S37
gestational diabetes mellitus, S116
lifestyle management, S45–S46
older adults, S102
principles of use, guidelines, S65–S68, S71, S73
metoclopramide, S95
micronutrients, S35, S37
microvascular complications
A1C and, S50–S51
foot care, S5, S95–S96
kidney disease, S36, S38, S78, S88–S91, S109
neuropathy, S38, S93–S95
retinopathy, S38, S91–S93, S109
revisions summary, S5
miglitol, S68, S71
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, S91
naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave), S60
nateglinide, S68, S71
neonatal diabetes, S20, S21
neuropathic pain, S94
neuropathy, S38, S93–S95, S109–S110
niacin, S81
nonnutritive sweeteners, S35, S37
NPH insulin, S72
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), S28
nutrition
in CKD management, S90
in cognitive function, S28
in diabetes prevention, S45
gastroparesis, S95
in obesity management, S57–S58
therapy, S34–S36
obesity, type 2 diabetes
assessment of, S57
diet, S57–S58
interventions, S57–S58
lifestyle interventions, S57–S58
management benefits, S57, S58
metabolic surgery, S59–S61
pharmacotherapy, S58–S60
revisions summary, S5
obstructive sleep apnea, S29
older adults
cognitive impairment/dementia, S27–S28, S81, S100
end of life care, S103
epidemiology, S99–S100
glycemic control in, S100
hypoglycemia in, S100, S102–S103
pharmacotherapy, S102
recommendations, S99
treatment goals, S100–S101
treatment in LTC settings, S102–S103
opioid antagonist/aminoketone antidepressant combination, S60
orlistat (Alli), S60
orlistat (Xenical), S60
orthostatic hypotension, S95
pancreas, islet transplantation, S65
Patient-Centered Medical Home, S7–S8
PCSK9 inhibitors, S81
perindopril, S78
periodontal disease, S29
peripheral arterial disease (PAD), S96
peripheral neuropathy, S38, S93–S95
pharmacotherapy. see also specific drugs by name
ACE inhibitors/ARBs, S76–S78, S88, S91, S92, S108
antihyperglycemics, S59, S84
antihypertensives, S78
antiplatelets, S81–S83, S92
cardiovascular outcome trials, S70–S71
combination, S67–S70, S78, S81
concomitant, S59
as diabetes risk, S17
gestational diabetes mellitus, S116–S118
glucocorticoids, S123–S124
hypertension/blood pressure control, S77–S78, S108
in lifestyle management, S46, S66
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, S91
obesity, S58–S60
older adults, S102
prevention/delay, type 2 diabetes, S45–S46
type 1 diabetes, S64–S65
type 2 diabetes, S65–S73
phentermine/topiramate ER (Qsymia), S60
physical activity, S37–S38, S45
pioglitazone, S68, S71
pitavastatin, S80
plate method, S36
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination, S26
pneumonia vaccination, S26
point-of-care (POC) meters, S121
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S22
pramlintide, S65, S68, S71
pravastatin, S80
prediabetes, S13–S14, S28
pregabalin, S94
pregnancy. see also gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
antihypertensive therapy, S78
contraception, S117
diabetes prevalence, S115
drugs contraindicated, S78, S114
glycemic control, S115–S116
hypertension/blood pressure control, S75–S78
lactation, S117
pharmacotherapy, S116–S118
postpartum care, S117
preconception counseling, S115
preexisting diabetes management, S116–S117
recommendations, S114
retinopathy, S38, S91–S93
revisions summary, S5
prevention/delay, type 2 diabetes
Diabetes Prevention Program, S44–S45
nutrition in, S45
pharmacologic interventions, S45–S46
recommendations, S44
revisions summary, S4–S5
Professional Practice Committee (PPC), S3
protease inhibitors (PIs), S28
proteins, S35, S36
psychosis, S30
psychosocial/emotional disorders, S29
psychosocial issues, S39–S40
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S83
Qsymia (phentermine/topiramate ER), S60
repaglinide, S68, S71
resistance training, S37–S38
retinal photography, S91, S92
retinopathy, S38, S91–S93, S109
revisions summary, S4–S5
rosiglitazone, S68, S71
rosuvastatin, S80
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S61
SAVOR-TIMI 53 study, S84
saxagliptin, S59, S65, S68, S71, S84
Saxenda (liraglutide), S60, S69, S71, S84
scientific evidence grading, S1–S2
screening. see diagnosis
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S48–S49
serotonin receptor agonists, S60
sexual dysfunction, S94, S95
SGLT2 inhibitors, S65, S69–S71, S73, S84, S90, S102, S122
shoes/footwear, S96
simvastatin, S80
sitagliptin, S59, S65, S68, S71
smoking cessation, S38–S39, S109
sodium, S35, S36
spironolactone, S91
SPRINT trial, S76, S77
statins, S28, S79–S80
sulfonylureas, S8–S9, S68, S71, S73, S116
sympathomimetic amine anorectic/antiepileptic combination, S60
tai chi, S37
tapentadol, S94
TECOS study, S84
testosterone, S29
thyroid disease, S107
tobacco, S38–S39, S109
TODAY study, S110
2-h plasma glucose testing, S12, S13
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune diseases, S26–S27, S107
celiac disease, S107–S108
children and adolescents, S105–S110
CKD management, S89–S90
classification, S11
CVD and, S51–S52
diagnosis, S14–S16
hypoglycemia in, S54
idiopathic, S16
immune-mediated, S14–S16
insulin, S122
pancreas, islet transplantation, S65
pathophysiology, S11–S12
pharmacotherapy, S64–S65
pregnancy, S116–S117
recommendations, S14
retinopathy, S38, S91–S93, S109
risk testing, S16
staging, S12
statins, S80
thyroid disease, S107
type 2 diabetes
age, screening, S14, S17
asymptomatic adults, screening, S14, S15, S17
BMI/ethnicity, screening, S14, S17
cancer and, S27
characterization, S16–S17
children and adolescents, S18, S110
children and adolescents, screening, S18
CKD management, S90
classification, S11
community screening, S17
CVD and, S52
dental practices, screening in, S17–S18
diagnosis, S16–S18
fat (dietary), S35, S36
hyperglycemia, S28
hypoglycemia, S28
obesity management (see obesity, type 2 diabetes)
pharmacotherapy, S65–S73
pregnancy, S116–S117
prevention/delay (see prevention/delay, type 2 diabetes)
proteins, S35, S36
recommendations, S16
retinopathy, S38, S91–S93
risk assessment, S15
risk factors, S29–S30
staging, S12
statins, S80
TZDs, S68, S71, S73, S84, S102
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S51, S52
urinary albumin–to–creatinine ratio (UACR), S89
VADT study, S51, S52
vitamin B12 deficiency, S37
weight management, S34–S36, S44–S45, S57–S60. see also obesity, type 2 diabetes
Xenical (orlistat), S60
yoga, S37
