A1C testing
in African Americans, S15, S58
in children, adolescents, S58, S128
clinical trials, S59–S60
CVD and, S59–S60
diagnostic, S14–S15
glycemic targets and, S60–S61
goals, S58–S59
hemoglobinopathies in, S15
limitations, S57
mean glucose and, S57–S58
microvascular complications and, S59
in older adults, S121
prediabetes screening, S16
in pregnancy, S139
recommendations, S57
red blood cell turnover, S15
acarbose, S79, S81
ACCORD BP trial, S87, S88
ACCORD MIND trial, S120
ACCORD trial, S32–S33, S59–S61, S94, S108
ACE inhibitors, S89, S91, S109, S141
acute kidney injury (AKI), S89, S106–S107
ADAG study, S57–S58, S61–S62
ADA Statements, S1
adolescents. see children and adolescents
ADVANCE BP trial, S87, S88
ADVANCE trial, S59–S61
advocacy position statements, S152–S153
Affordable Care Act, S9, S133
age in A1C testing, S15, S20
α-glucosidase inhibitors, S79, S81
AIM-HIGH trial, S94
albiglutide, S80, S81
alcohol, S40, S42–S43, S70, S88, S94, S111
Alli (orlistat), S68
alogliptin, S79, S81, S97–S99
amylin mimetics, S74, S80, S81
anacetrapib, S94
angiotensin receptor blockers, S89, S91, S109, S141
antihyperglycemic therapy, S5, S67, S75–S76, S96–S100, S146–S147
antihypertensive medications, S89–S91, S109, S141
antiplatelet agents, S95–S96
Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration, S95
anti-VEGF, S109–S111
anxiety disorders, S34
ASCVD. see cardiovascular disease
aspart, S80, S82
ASPIRE trial, S57
aspirin resistance, S96
aspirin therapy, S95–S96, S140
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. see cardiovascular disease
atorvastatin, S92
autoimmune diseases, S32, S128–S129
autonomic neuropathy, S44, S111–S113
balance training, S43
bariatric surgery, S67–S70
BARI 2D trial, S112
β-blockers, S96
Belviq (lorcaserin), S68
biguanides, S79, S81
bile acid sequestrants, S79, S81
blood pressure control. see hypertension
bromocriptine, S79, S81
canagliflozin, S79, S81, S99–S100, S108
cancer, S32
CANVAS Program, S99–S100, S108
CANVAS-R trial, S100
capsaicin, S113
carbamazepine, S113
carbohydrates, S40–S42
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, S112
cardiovascular disease
A1C testing and, S59–S60
antiplatelet agents, S95–S96
assessment of, S86
asymptomatic patients, screening, S96–S99
atherosclerotic, S5, S75, S86
cardiac testing, S96–S99
children, adolescents, S129–S131
coronary heart disease, S96–S101
heart failure, S99
hypertension/blood pressure control, S86–S91
lifestyle management, S99
lipid management, S5, S91–S95
medications, clinical trials, S97–S100
prevention of, S53
primary prevention, S93
revisions summary, S5
risk stratification, S92–S93
secondary prevention, S93
statins, S33, S91–S95
type 1 diabetes, S93
celiac disease, S129
CGM. see continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
Charcot neuroarthropathy, S114
children and adolescents
A1C testing in, S58, S128
autoimmune diseases, S128–S129
celiac disease, S129
comorbidities, S133
continuous glucose monitoring, S128
CVD risk factor management, S129–S131
DSMES, S127
dyslipidemia in, S130
glycemic control, S128
hypertension in, S129–S130
hypoglycemia, S61–S62
kidney disease, S131
lifestyle management, S132
mature minor rule, S127
neuropathy, S131
pediatric to adult care transition, S133
pharmacologic therapy, S132–S133
physical activity/exercise, S43–S44, S52
prediabetes screening, S4, S5, S16, S19, S20
psychosocial issues, S127–S128
retinopathy, S131
school, child care, S127, S152–S153
smoking cessation, S130–S131
thyroid disease, S129
type 1 diabetes, S126–S131
type 2 diabetes, S19, S20, S131–S133
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration, S93
cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, S93, S94
Chronic Care Model, S8–S10, S28
CKD. see kidney disease
classification, S4, S13–S14
cognitive impairment/dementia, S32, S95, S120
colesevelam, S79, S81
community health workers (CHWs), S10
comorbidities evaluation, assessment
anxiety disorders, S34
autoimmune diseases, S32
cancer, S32
cognitive impairment/dementia, S32
depression, S34–S35
disordered eating behaviors, S35
fatty liver disease, S33
fractures, S33
hearing impairment, S33
HIV, S33–S34
hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, S32–S33
medical evaluation, S29–S32
nutrition therapy, S33
obstructive sleep apnea, S34
pancreatitis, S33
patient-centered collaborative care, S28–S29
periodontal disease, S34
psychosocial/emotional disorders, S34, S45–S46
recommendations, S28
revisions summary, S4
serious mental illness, S35
statins, S33
testosterone levels, S34
Consensus Reports, S1
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
children, adolescents, S128
described, S56–S57
flash, S56
hospital care, S146
hybrid closed-loop systems, S57
recommendations, S55
revisions summary, S4–S5
type 1 diabetes, S73–S74
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S74, S147–S148
contraception, S141
Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), S69
coronary heart disease, S96–S101
correctional facilities, S153
cost-effectiveness model, S52–S53
costs
of medications, S81–S82
reduction strategies, system-level, S9
cystic fibrosis–related diabetes screening, S24
dapagliflozin, S79, S81
DASH diet, S41
DAWN2 study, S45–S46
degludec, S80, S82
depression, S34–S35, S127–S128
detemir, S80, S82, S148
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S59, S74, S108, S120, S128
diabetes distress, S35, S45–S46, S128
Diabetes Prevention Program, S52–S53
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program, S52
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S8, S38–S39, S53, S127
diabetic retinopathy, S44, S109–S111
Diabetic Retinopathy Study, S110, S111
diagnosis
ADA risk test, S18
community screening, S20
confirmation of, S15
monogenic syndromes, S22–S25
one-step strategy, S21, S22
revisions summary, S4
testing interval, S20
tests, criteria, S14, S15
two-step strategy, S21, S22
disordered eating behaviors, S35
dopamine-2 agonists, S79, S81
DPP-4 inhibitors
characterization, S83
clinical trials, S97–S99
costs, S81
hospital care, S146–S147
older adults, S122
pharmacology, S76, S79
driving, S153
dulaglutide, S80, S81
duloxetine, S112
e-cigarettes, S44–S45
EDIC study, S59
ELIXA trial, S97–S98, S100
empagliflozin, S79, S81, S97–S98, S100, S108
EMPA-REG OUTCOME, S97–S99, S108
employment, S153
end-of-life care, S122–S124
eplerenone, S109
erectile dysfunction, S113
ETDRS trial, S110, S111
evidence-grading system (ADA), S2
EXAMINE, S97–S99
exenatide, exenatide ER, S79, S81, S97–S98, S100
exercise/physical activity, S43–S44, S52, S66–S67
EXSCEL trial, S97–S98, S100
eye disease, S44, S109–S111
ezetimide, S92, S93
fats (dietary), S40, S42
fatty liver disease, S33
fenofibrate, S94
fibrate, S94
finerenone, S109
flash CGM device, S56
flexibility training, S43
fluvastatin, S92
food insecurity, S9–S10
foot care, S5, S113–S114
FOURIER trial, S93
FPG testing, S14
fractures, S33
gabapentin, S113
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S112
gastroparesis, S113
GDM. see gestational diabetes mellitus
generalized anxiety disorder, S34
genitourinary disturbances, S112
gestational diabetes mellitus. see also pregnancy
classification, S13
contraception, S141
definition, S20–S21
diagnosis, S21–S22
management of, S139–S140
nutrition in, S139
pharmacologic therapy, S139–S140
physical activity and, S44
postpartum care, S141
prevalence of, S137
testing recommendations, S20
type 2 diabetes and, S141
glargine, S80, S82, S148
glimepiride, S79, S81
glipizide, S10, S79, S81
GLP-1 agonists
characterization, S69, S74, S76
in CKD, S108
clinical trials, S97–S98, S100
costs of, S81–S82
older adults, S122
pharmacology, S79–S80
stopping therapy, S83
glucagon, S62
glulisine, S80, S82
glyburide, S79, S81, S140
glycemic management. see also A1C testing
control, assessment of, S55
intercurrent illness, S62
physical activity and, S44
recommendations, S55, S60
revisions summary, S4–S5
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S55–S56, S60
HAPO study, S21
hearing impairment, S33
hemoglobinopathies, S15
hepatitis B, S29, S32
herbal supplements, S40, S42
HIV, S33–S34
homelessness, S10
hospital care
admission, S144–S145
admission/readmission prevention, S149–S150
antihyperglycemic agents, S146–S147
critical care units, S146
delivery standards, S144–S145
diabetes care providers, S145
diabetes self-management, S147–S148
discharge planning, S149
DKA, S148–S149
DPP-4 inhibitors, S146–S147
enteral/parenteral feedings, S148
glucocorticoid therapy, S148
glucose abnormalities definitions, S145
glucose monitoring, bedside, S145–S146
glycemic control, moderate vs. tight, S145
glycemic targets, S145
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S148–S149
hypoglycemia, S147
insulin therapy, S146, S148
medical nutrition therapy, S147
medication reconciliation, S149
perioperative care, S148
physician order entry, S145
posttransplantation diabetes therapy, S25
quality assurance standards, S145
revisions summary, S6
HOT trial, S87, S88
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S94
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S114
hyperglycemia, S9–S10, S32, S60
hyperkalemia, S89
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S148–S149
hypertension
antihypertensive medications, S89–S91, S109, S141
in children, adolescents, S129–S130
clinical trials, S87
kidney disease and, S108–S109
lifestyle management, S88–S89
meta-analyses of trials, S87
in older adults, S120, S121
in pregnancy, S87
resistant, S89–S90
screening, diagnosis, S87
treatment, individualization of, S87–S88
treatment goals, S87
treatment recommendations, S90
treatment strategies, S88–S91
hypertriglyceridemia, S94
hypoglycemia
anxiety disorders and, S34
assessment of, S32–S33
children/older adults, S61–S62
classification of, S61
cognitive decline/impairment, S61
food insecurity and, S9–S10
glucagon, S62
hospital care, S147
iatrogenic, S147
mortality, S61
nocturnal, S57
in older adults, S120, S123
physical activity and, S44
predictors of, S147
prevention, S62, S147
recommendations, S61
symptoms of, S61
treatment, S62
triggering events, S147
hypoglycemia unawareness, S34, S57, S61, S62
immune-mediated diabetes, S17
immunizations, S29–S30
IMPROVE-IT trial, S93
incretin-based therapies, S69, S74, S76, S81, S97–S98
influenza, S29, S32
insulin therapy
basal, S82
bolus, S82–S83
carbohydrate intake and, S42
combination injectable, S83
concentrated preparations, S83
correctional, in hospital care, S148
costs, S82
CSII/CGM, S74
food insecurity patients, S10
in GDM, S140
hospital care, S146, S148
inhaled, S83
older adults, S122–S123
pharmacology, S80
premixed, S83
SMBG, S55–S56, S60
type 1 diabetes, S73–S74
type 2 diabetes, S76, S78, S82–S83
jail, S153
kidney disease
acute kidney injury, S89, S106–S107
albuminuria assessment, S106
children, adolescents, S131
complications of, S107
diagnosis of, S106
eGFR assessment, S106
epidemiology, S106
glucose-lowering medications, S108
glycemic control, S108
hypertension and, S108–S109
interventions, S107–S109
nutrition therapy, S107–S108
physical activity and, S44
proteins, dietary, S42
recommendations, S105–S106
revisions summary, S5
screening, S105
stages, S106, S107
surveillance, S107
treatment, S105–S106
Kumamoto Study, S59
language barriers, S10
laropiprant, S94
LEADER trial, S97–S98, S100, S108
lifestyle management
cardiovascular disease, S99
children, adolescents, S132
cost-effectiveness model, S52–S53
DSMES, S8, S38–S39, S53
gestational diabetes mellitus, S139
hypertension, S88–S89
lipids, S91
nutrition therapy, S39–S43, S52
physical activity/exercise, S43–S44, S52, S66–S67
psychosocial issues, S34, S45–S46
recommendations, S38
revisions summary, S4
smoking cessation, S44–S45
technology platforms, S52
weight, S41, S52, S66–S67, S88
linagliptin, S79, S81
lipase inhibitors, S68
lipid management
in children and adolescents, S130
hypertriglyceridemia, S94
lifestyle modifications, S91
revisions summary, S5
statins, S33, S91–S95
therapy, monitoring, S91
liraglutide (Saxenda), S69, S80, S81, S82, S97–S98, S108
lispro, S80, S82
lixisenatide, S80, S81, S82, S97–S98, S100
Lomaira (phentermine), S68
Look AHEAD trial, S66, S99
lorcaserin (Belviq), S68
loss of protective sensation (LOPS), S111, S113–S114
lovastatin, S92
maturity-onset diabetes/young (MODY), S23–S24
meal planning, S39–S43, S52, S88, S107–S108
medical evaluation
immunizations, S29–S30
pre-exercise, S44
recommendations, S29
referrals, S32, S46, S109
medical nutrition therapy (MNT), S29, S38–S43, S52, S91, S107–S108, S139, S147. see also nutrition therapy
Medicare, S39
medications. see also specific drugs and drug classes
cardiovascular outcomes trials, S77–S81
combination therapy, S75–S81, S83, S93
compliance, S8–S9
concomitant, S67
costs, S81–S82
CVOTs, S97–S100
diabetes screening, S20
efficacy, safety assessment, S67
obesity management, S67–S69
pharmacology, S79–S80
recommendations, S53
type 1 diabetes, S73–S75
type 2 diabetes, S75–S83
Mediterranean diet, S33, S41, S42
meglitinides (glinides), S79, S81
metformin
A1C guidelines, S4
in CKD, S108
coronary heart disease, S96
costs, S81
CVD risk reduction agents with, S100–S101
in GDM, S140
pharmacology, S79
type 1 diabetes, S74
type 2 diabetes, S53, S75–S78
metoclopramide, S113
micronutrients, in MNT, S40, S42
microvascular complications, S5. see also specific conditions
miglitol, S79, S81
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, S91, S109
mobile apps, S52
modified plate method, S42
nateglinide, S79, S81
National Diabetes Education Program, S8
National Quality Strategy, S9
neonatal diabetes screening, S22–S23
nephropathy. see kidney disease
neuropathic pain, S112–S113
neuropathy, S44, S111–S113, S131
new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), S24–S25
niacin, S94
NPH, S80, S82, S83, S148
nutrition therapy
alcohol, S40, S42–S43, S88
carbohydrates, S40–S42
comorbidities, S33
DASH diet, S41
fats (dietary), S40, S42
in GDM, S139
herbal supplements, S40, S42
hospital care, S147
kidney disease, S107–S108
lifestyle management, S39–S43, S52
Mediterranean diet, S33, S41, S42
older adults, S123
proteins, S40, S42
obesity management
assessment, S65–S66
diabetes screening, S20
diet, physical activity, behavioral therapy, S43–S44, S52, S66–S67
medications, S67–S69
metabolic surgery, S67–S70
prediabetes screening, S16
prediabetes testing recommendations, S4, S5
recommendations, S65, S66
treatment options, S66
obstructive sleep apnea, S34
older adults
A1C in, S121
admission/readmission prevention, S149–S150
alert strategy, S123
aspirin use in, S96
assisted living facilities, S123
cognitive impairment/dementia, S32, S95, S120
CVD primary prevention, S93
hypertension in, S120, S121
hypoglycemia, S61–S62
hypoglycemia in, S120, S123
insulin therapy, S122–S123
LTC facilities, S123
nutrition, S123
palliative, end-of-life care, S122–S124
pharmacologic therapies, S122–S123
recommendations, S119
revisions summary, S5
statins, S33, S91–S95
treatment goals, S60, S120–S122
orlistat (Alli), S68
orlistat (Xenical), S68
orthostatic hypotension, S113
palliative, end-of-life care, S122–S124
pancreas, pancreatic islet transplantation, S33, S74–S75
pancreatitis, S33
patient-centered care, S7–S8, S28–S29
Patient-Centered Medical Home, S8
PCSK9 inhibitors, S92–S95
pediatric to adult care transition, S133
periodontal disease, S34
peripheral arterial disease, S114
peripheral neuropathy, S44, S111–S113
pharmacotherapy. see medications; specific medications by name
phentermine (Lomaira), S68
photocoagulation surgery, S109–S111
physical activity/exercise, S43–S44, S52, S66–S67
pioglitazone, S79, S81
pitavastatin, S92
plant-based diets, S41
plasma glucose testing, S15
pneumococcal pneumonia, S29, S32
point-of-care (POC) meters, S145–S146
population health
care delivery systems, S8
Chronic Care Model, S8–S10, S28
community support, S10
defined, S7
food insecurity, S9–S10
homelessness, S10
language barriers, S10
patient-centered care, S7–S8
recommendations, S7
revisions summary, S4
social context, determinants, S9
system-level improvement strategies, S8
posttransplantation diabetes screening, S24–S25
pramlintide, S77, S80, S81
pravastatin, S92
prediabetes
described, S16
increased risk categories, S17
screening, S4, S15–S16
screening in asymptomatic adults, S16, S19–S20
serious mental illness, S35
pregabalin, S112
pregnancy. see also gestational diabetes mellitus
A1C in, S139
antihypertensive medications, S90–S91, S141
glucose monitoring, S138–S139
glycemic targets in, S138
hypertension in, S87
insulin physiology, S138
lactation, S141
medications contraindicated, S91, S140–S141
postpartum care, S141
preconception counseling, testing, S137–S138
preeclampsia, aspirin and, S140
preexisting diabetes, S140
prevalence of diabetes in, S137
retinopathy and, S110
revisions summary, S5–S6
prison, S153
Professional Practice Committee (PPC), S3
proteins, S40, S42
psychosis, S35
psychosocial/emotional disorders, S34, S45–S46
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S96
Qsymia (phentermine/topiramate), S68
race/ethnicity in A1C testing, S15, S20
ranibizumab, S109–S111
REMOVAL trial, S74
repaglinide, S79, S81
retinal photography, S109, S110
retinopathy, S44, S109–S111, S131
REVEAL trial, S94
risk management
calculator, S92–S93
revisions summary, S5
statins based on, S92
stratification, S92
rosiglitazone, S79, S81
rosuvastatin, S92, S95
SAVOR-TIMI 53, S97–S99
saxagliptin, S79, S81, S97–S98
Saxenda (liraglutide), S69, S80–S82, S97–S98, S108
schizophrenia, S35
school, child care, S127, S152–S153
scientific reviews, S2
SEARCH study, S130
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S55–S56, S60
semaglutide, S97–S98, S100, S108
SGLT2 inhibitors
characterization, S74
clinical trials, S97–S100
costs, S81
hospital care, S147
kidney disease, S106–S108
older adults, S122
pharmacology, S76, S79
stopping therapy, S83
shoes, S114
simvastatin, S92–S94
sitagliptin, S79, S81, S97–S99
smoking cessation, S44–S45, S130–S131
sodium, S40, S42, S88, S107–S108
spironolactone, S91, S109
SPRINT trial, S87, S88
SSRIs, S68
Standards of Care statements, S1, S3
statins, S33, S91–S95
sulfonylureas
costs, S81
food insecurity patients, S10
in GDM, S140
older adults, S122
pharmacology, S79
stopping therapy, S83
type 2 diabetes, S76
SUSTAIN-6, S97–S98, S100, S108
sweeteners (nonnutritive), S41, S43
tai chi, S43
tapentadol, S112–S113
TECOS, S97–S99
testosterone levels, S34
thiazolidinediones, S76, S79, S81, S83, S122
thyroid disease, S129
tobacco, S44–S45
tramadol, S113
tricyclic antidepressants, S113
2-h PG testing, S14
type 1 diabetes
children and adolescents, S126–S131
classification, S13–S14
CVD/A1C and, S59
diagnosis (see diagnosis)
disordered eating behaviors in, S35
idiopathic, testing for, S17
insulin therapy, S73–S74
medications, S73–S75
pathophysiology, S14
physical activity/exercise, S43–S44
predictors, S14
retinopathy and, S110
risk testing, S17
stages of, S14
surgical treatment, S74–S75
testing recommendations, S16–S17
type 2 diabetes
age as risk factor, S20
BMI as risk factor, S20
children and adolescents, S19, S20, S131–S133
classification, S13–S14
CVD/A1C and, S59
described, S19
diagnosis (see diagnosis)
DKA in, S19
ethnicity as risk factor, S20
hypertriglyceridemia, S94
medications, S75–S83
pathophysiology, S14
physical activity/exercise, S43–S44
prevention/delay, S4, S51–S53
proteins, dietary, S42
retinopathy and, S110
risk-based screening, S19
screening in asymptomatic adults, S16, S19–S20
screening in dental practices, S20
serious mental illness, S35
testing recommendations, S17–S19
weight management, S41, S52
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S59, S96
VADT trial, S59, S60
venlafaxine, S113
weight management, S41, S52, S66–S67, S88
Xenical (orlistat), S68
yoga, S43
