A1C, S15–S17, S66–S71. see also Glycemic targets
age and, S16
at hospital admission, S193–S194
at hospital discharge, S199
cardiovascular disease outcomes and, S68–S71
differences in children, S67, S167
differences in ethnic populations, S67–S68
glucose assessment, S68
goals, S68–S71, S166
hemoglobinopathies, S16
HIV and, S44
in hospitalized patients, S193
limitations of, S67
mean glucose and, S67
microvascular complications and, S68
other conditions affecting, S16
periodontal disease and, S45
physical activity benefits, S55
in prediabetes, S18
in pregnancy, S184, S186–S187
race/ethnicity, S16
recommendations, S66
setting individualized goals, S70–S71
target in CKD, S138
testing frequency, S66
validity in children/adolescents, S22
acanthosis nigricans, S18
acarbose, S106
access to care, S9, S203
ACCORD BP trial, S112–S113, S137
ACCORD MIND study, SS153
ACCORD study, S69, S70, S71, S120, S138
ACE inhibitors
in CKD patients, S141
in diabetic retinopathy, S143
for hypertension, S114–S117
in pregnancy, S114, S184, S189
acetaminophen, S79
acute kidney injury (AKI), S6, S115, S137–S138
ADA evidence-grading system, S2
ADA statements, S1, S203–S204
ADAG study, S71, S73
adolescents. see children and adolescents.
ADVANCE BP trial, S69, S70, S113
advocacy statements, S6, S203–S204
aerobic exercise, S55
affordability, of insulin, S203
Affordable Care Act (ACA), S9
aflibercept, S142
African Americans
A1C variability in, S16, S67
BMI cut point in, S20
exercise targets in, S54
food insecurity in, S10
hypoglycemia risk in, S72
risk-based screening, S21
Age
A1C and, S16
in screening and testing, S20
Aging. see Older adults
AIM-HIGH trial, S120
Albiglutide, S125–S126, S128
Albuminuria, S136, S137
alcohol intake, S51, S54
alogliptin, S106, S124, S196
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, S106
Alzheimer disease, S153
ambulatory glucose report (AGP), S5, S69
amputations, foot, S145
amylin mimetic, S106
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
in CKD patients, S141
in diabetic retinopathy, S143
for hypertension, S114–S117
in pregnancy, S114, S184, S189
anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment, S142
antibiotic therapy
for diabetic foot infections, S144
antihyperglycemics
in obesity management, S91
selection of, S101
for type 2 diabetes, S101
antihypertensives, S115–S117
bedtime dosing, S115
classes of, S115
hyperkalemia and AKI, S115
initial number of, S115
multiple-drug therapy, S115
in pregnancy, S189
resistant hypertension, S115–117
antiplatelet agents, S121–S122
antipsychotics, S60
antiretrovial therapies, S44
anxiety disorders, S5, S58–S59
ASCEND trial, S122
ascorbic acid, S79
Asian Americans
BMI cut point, S20, S90, S92
metabolic surgery in, S92, S94
risk-based screening, S20, S21
Aspart, S107
aspirin
cardiovascular disease and, S121–S122
dosing, S122
with P2Y12 receptor antagonist, S122
in people less than 50 years of age, S122
preeclampsia and, S189
resistance, S122
assisted living facilities, S158
atenolol, S145, S189
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. see cardiovascular disease
atorvastatin, S118
atypical antipsychotics, S60
autoimmune conditions, S4, S42, S167–S168
automated insulin delivery, S84
autonomic neuropathy, S56
BARI 2D trial, S144
bariatric surgery, S92, S174
basal insulin analogs, S89–S90, S99, S105–S106
bedside blood glucose monitoring, S195
behavior change, S5, S11, S48–S65, S114–S115
cardiovascular disease and, S123
DSMES, S48–S50
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S187
in hypertension management, S114–S115
medical nutrition therapy, S50–S54
in obesity management, S90–S91
physical therapy, S54–S56
psychosocial issues, S57–S60
revisions summary, S5
smoking cessation, S56–S57
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S32–S34
β blockers, S115, S145, S189
β cell demise/dysfunction, S15
bevacizumab, S142
biguanides. see also metformin, S106
bile acid sequestrant, S106
blood glucose monitoring, bedside, S195
blood glucose self-monitoring (SMBG), S5
blood pressure targets, S5. see also hypertension
in children/adolescents with type 1, S168–S169
body mass index (BMI), S5, S20, S89–S90
bolus calculators, S82
bone mineral density, S44
bromocriptine, S106
bupropion/naltrexone, S93
calcium channel blockers, S115–S117
canagliflozin, S105, S106, S124, S126, S127, S128, S129, S139
cancer, S42
CANVAS trial, S124, S126, S127, S129, S139
CANVAS-R trial, S124, S126, S127
capsaicin, topical, S144
carbamazepine, S144
carbohydrates, S51, S52–S53
cardiovascular disease, S5, S111–S134
A1C and outcomes of, S69–S71
ACCORD study, S69
ADVANCE study, S69
antiplatelet agents, S121–S122
aspirin, S121–S122
blood pressure control, S112–117
cardiac testing, S123
glucose-lowering therapies and, S123–S129
history of, S18
hypertension, S112
hypoglycemia as risk factor for, S70
lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, S123
lipid management, S117–S121
outcomes trials, S105
prevention of, in prediabetes, S3
revisions summary, S5
risk management in children/adolescents, S168–S170
screening, S122–S123
trials of glucose-lowering therapies, S123–S129
VADT study, S69
care delivery systems, S8–S9
access and quality improvement, S9
behaviors and well-being, S9
care teams, S8–S9
chronic care model, S8
cost considerations, S9
telemedicine, S9
CARMELINA trial, S124, S129
Caucasians, S94. see also ethnicity
celiac disease, S4, S168
cerebrovascular disease. see cardiovascular disease
Charcot neuroarthropathy of foot, S56, S146
child care settings
ADA statement of diabetes care in, S203
children with type 1 diabetes, S165
children and adolescents, S6, S163–S182
A1C validity in, S22
autoimmune conditions, S167–S168
cardiac function testing, S175
cardiovascular disease, S175
cardiovascular risk factor management, S168–S170
celiac disease, S168
complications, S174–S175
diabetes care in child care setting, S203
diabetes care in school setting, S203
DSMES in, S164
dyslipidemia, S169–S170, S175
exercise and, S55
glycemic control, S166–S167
glycemic targets, S172
hypertension, S168–S169
intermittent CGM use in, S81
lifestyle management, S171–S172
metabolic surgery, S174
microvascular complications, S170–S171
nephropathy, S170, S174
neuropathy, S170–S171, S174
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S175
nutrition therapy in, S164
obstructive sleep apnea, S175
pharmacologic management, S172–S174
physical activity and exercise, S164–S165
polycystic ovary syndrome, S175
psychosocial issues, S165–S166, S175–S176
real-time CGM use in, S81
retinopathy, S170, S174–S175
revisions summary, S6
school and child care, S165
screening and testing, S22, S171
smoking, S170
thyroid disease, S167–S168
transition from pediatric to adult care, S176
type 1 diabetes in, S63–S171
type 2 diabetes in, S171–S176
CHIPS study, S114
chronic care model, S8, S37
chronic kidney disease, S6, S135–S141
acute kidney injury, S137–S138
albuminuria assessment, S136
complications, S138
diagnosis, S136
epidemiology, S136
estimated GFR, S136
glycemic targets, S138
interventions, S138–S141
nutrition, S138
referral to nephrologist, S140–S141
renal effects of glucose-lowering agents, S139
risk assessment, S137
screening recommendations, S135
selection of glucose-lowering agents, S139–S140
staging, S136–S137
surveillance, S138
treatment recommendations, S135–S136
cigarettes, S34, S56, S170
classification, S4, S14–S15
clonidine, S145, S189
clopidogrel, S122
closed-loop pump system, S84, S196
cognitive impairment, S42–S43
evaluation, S42–S43
in older adults, S153
statins and, S121
colesevelam, S106
community health workers, S11
community screening, S20, S22
community support, S11
comorbidities, S4, S42–S45
computerized physician order entry (CPOE), S193–S194
CONCEPTT study, S187
congenital diabetes. see neonatal diabetes
consensus reports, S1–S2
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S5, S68, S79–S82
blinded (professional) devices, S82
in children/adolescents, S81, S167
devices, S80
glucose assessment using, S68
in hospitals, S195
in hypoglycemia prevention, S73–S74
impact of frequency on, S81
intermittent, S81
in pregnancy, S81, S187
real-time, S80–S82
recommendations, S79
side effects, S82
standardized metrics for clinical care, S68
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S98, S99. see also pumps, insulin
contraception, S183–S184, S190
Coronary heart disease. see cardiovascular disease
correctional institutions, ADA statement on diabetes care in, S204
cost considerations, S9, S34, S106, S107, S155–S156, S203
counseling, preconception, S166, S183–S184
CREDENCE trial, S6, S129
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), S4, S14, S22
dapagliflozin, S105, S106, S126, S127, S128
DASH diet, S114
DECLARE-TMI trial, S126, S127, S129
degludec, S99, S107
degludec/liraglutide, S107
deintensification of regimens, S155–S157
delay, type 2 diabetes, S4, S32–S36
cardiovascular disease prevention, S35
lifestyle interventions, S32–S34
pharmacologic interventions, S34–S35
revisions summary, S4
self-management/support, S35
dementia, S42–S43, S153. see also cognitive impairment/dementia
dental practices, screening in, S22
DEPS-R study, S166
Detemir, S107
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S15, S16, S44, S71, S98–S99, S138, S153
diabetes distress, S57–S58
diabetes plate method, S52
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S33, S34, S84
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S34
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S534
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S9
in children/adolescents with type 1, S164
facilitation of, S48–S50
in prediabetes, S35
recommendations, S48–S49
reimbursement, S50
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
in children with type 1, S167
due to intercurrent illness, S74
in hospitalized patients, S198
in type 1 diabetes, S17–S18
diabetic kidney disease
exercise in presence of, S56
protein intake, S53
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S142
diabetic retinopathy. see retinopathy
diagnosis, S4, S15–S31
A1C, S15–S16
chronic kidney disease, S136
confirming, S17
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S22
fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose, S15–S16
gestational diabetes mellitus, S25–S27
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S23, S24–S25
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S22–S24
type 1 diabetes, S17–S18
type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, S18–S22
diet. see also medical nutrition therapy
for weight loss, S90–S91
digital health technology, S84
dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, S115–S117
diltiazem, S189
discharge planning, S198–S199
diuretics, S114
DKA. see diabetic ketoacidosis.
domperidone, S145
dopamine-2 agonist, S106
DPP-4 inhibitors, S101, S106
cardiovascular outcome trials, S124
heart failure and, S129
in hospital care, S196
in older adults, S158
driving, ADA statement on diabetes and, S203–S204
droxidopa, S145
dulaglutide, S105, S106, S125–S126, S128
duloxetine, S144
Dying patients, end-of-life/palliative care, S159–S160
dyslipidemia, S35, S169–S170
e-cigarettes, S5, S56–S57, S170
eating disorders, S166
eating patterns, S50–S52
EDIC study, S138
electrocardiogram, S123
ELIXA trial, S125, S128
EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S123–S124, S127, S129, S139
empagliflozin, S105, S106, S123–S124, S127, S128, S129, S139
employment, ADA statement on diabetes and, S204
enalapril, S145
end-of-life care, S159–S160
end-stage renal disease, S136, S139, S140
enteral/parenteral feedings, S197
epidemiology, of diabetes and CKD, S136
eplerenone, S140
erectile dysfunction, S146
ertugliflozin, S106
erythromycin, S145
ETDRS study, S142
ethnicity, S16, S18, S20. see also specific ethnicities
evidence-grading system, S2
EXAMINE trial, S124, S129
exenatide, S100, S106, S125–S126, S128
exercise. see physical activity
exocrine pancreas disease, S14–S15, S25
EXSCEL trial, S125, S128
ezetimibe, S119
family planning, S183–S184
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S15, S19
fats, dietary, S51, S53
fenofibrate, S120, S143
fibrates, S120
finerenone, S140
first-degree relatives, with diabetes, S18
fluvastatin, S118
food insecurity, S10
foot care, S6, S145–S147
loss of protective sensation, S144
patient education, S144
peripheral arterial disease, S144
recommendations, S145
revisions summary, S6
treatment, S144–S145
ulcers, S56, S145
fractures, S44
FRAX score, S45
galactose, S79
gastroparesis, S145
gemfibrozil, S120
genetic causes, MODY, S23, S24
genetic testing, S25
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S4, S14–S15, S25–S27, S187–S188
definition, S25–S26
diagnosis, S25–S27
lifestyle management, S187
medical nutrition therapy, S187
one-step strategy, S26–S27
pharmacologic therapy, S187–S188
postpartum care, S189–S190
postpartum conversion to type 2, S190
screening, S26
two-step strategy, S27
GI surgery. see metabolic surgery
glargine, S99, S107
glargine/lixisenatide, S107
glimepiride, S106
glinides, S106
glipizide, S106
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), S102, S124, S127, S135, S136, S137, S138, S139, S140, S156, S170
glucagon, S73
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, S5, S6, S70, S100, S101, S105, S106, S126–S129, S196
cardiovascular outcome trials with, S125–S126
direct renal effects, S139
use in CKD patients, S139–S140
use in older adults, S158
glucocorticoid therapy, S198
glucose assessment
recommendations, S68
using CGM, S68
Glucose Management Indicator, S68
glucose meters. see self-monitoring of blood glucose
glucose monitoring. see also self- monitoring
in pregnancy, S186
glulisine, S107
glyburide, S106, S158, S187–S188
glycemic control
in diabetic neuropathy, S144
physical activity and, S55
real-time CGM impact on, S81
glycemic targets, S5, S66–S76
A1C goals, S68–S71
A1C testing, S66–S68
assessment of, S66–S68
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S166–S167
in chronic kidney disease, S138
in hospitalized patients, S194–S195
hypoglycemia, S71–S74
individualization of, S70–S71
intercurrent illness, S74
in pregnancy, S184, S186–S187
preprandial, S73
revisions summary, S5
summary of recommendations, S72
guanfacine, S145
HAPO study, S26, S186
Harmony Outcomes trial, S125, S128
hearing impairment. see sensory impairment
heart failure. see also cardiovascular disease
glucose-lowering therapies and, S129
hemoglobinopathies, S16
hepatitis B vaccination, S42
hepatitis C virus infection, S4, S43
hip fractures, S44
HIV, S44
homelessness, S10
hospital care, S6, S74, S193–S202
admission considerations, S193–S194
bedside blood glucose monitoring, S105
CGM, S195
delivery standards, S193–S194
diabetes care providers, S194
discharge planning, S198–S199
DKA, S198
enteral/parenteral feedings, S197
glucocorticoid therapy, S198
glucose-lowering treatment in, S195–S196
glycemic targets, S194–S195
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S198
hypoglycemia in, S196–S197
insulin therapy, S195–S196
medical nutrition therapy in, S197
noninsulin therapies, S196
perioperative care, S198
preventing admissions/readmissions, S199
revisions summary, S6
self-management in, S197
standards for special situations, S197–S198
transition to ambulatory setting, S198–S199
type 1 diabetes, S196
HOT trial, S113
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S120
Human NPH, S107
Human Regular insulin, S107
Hydralazine, S114
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S146–S147
hyperglycemia
definition in hospitalized patients, S194
effects on cognition, S43
in HIV, S44
with intercurrent illness, S74
posttransplant, S23
hyperkalemia, S115
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states, S198
hypertension, S18, S35, S112–S117
in children/adolescents, S168–S169
intensive versus standard treatment, S112–113
lifestyle interventions, S114–S115
pharmacologic interventions, S115–S117
pregnancy and antihypertensives, S114
recommendations, S116
resistant, S115–S117
screening and diagnosis, S117
treatment goals, S112–114
treatment strategies, S114–117
hypertriglyceridemia, S119–S120
hypoglycemia, S71–S74
CGM in prevention, S73–S74
classification, S72
definition in hospitalized patients, S194
effects on cognition, S43
glucagon, S73
glucose for, S71, S72
hospital management, S96–S197
in older adults, S153
postprandial after RYGB surgery, S94
predictors of, S197
prevention, S73
real-time CGM impact on, S821
recommendations, S71
risk assessment, S41
symptoms, S72
treatment, S73
triggering events, S196–S197
unawareness, S72
in young children with type 1 diabetes, S73
idiopathic diabetes, S17
illness, intercurrent, S74
immune-mediated diabetes, S17
immunizations, S39, S41–S42, S185
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S15
impaired glucose tolerance (IPG), S15
IMPROVE-IT trial, S119
incretin-based therapies, S158. see also DPP4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor antagonists
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S35
influenza vaccination, S42
inhaled insulin, S99, S107
inherited diabetes, S23, S24
injectable therapies
injection technique, S99–S100
intensifying to, S104
site rotation, S100
inpatient care. see Hospital care
insulin, S101
access and affordability, S203
analog, S101
basal, S89–S90, S99, S105–S106
concentrated, S106–S107
human, S101
physiology in pregnancy, S186
prandial, S106
insulin delivery, S82–S85
combined pump and sensor systems, S83–S84
digital health technology, S84
future of, S84–S85
injection technique, S99–S100
inpatient care, S84
patch, S82
pumps, S82–S83
recommendations, S82, S83
syringes and pens, S82
transitioning from IV to subcutaneous, S196
insulin secretagogues, S158
insulin sensitizers, S144
insulin therapy
basal, SMBG in patents using, S78–S79
carbohydrates intake and, S53
in critical care setting, S195
intensifying to injectable, S104, S105
in noncritical care setting, S195–S196
in pregnancy, S188–S189
simplification of, for older adults, S156, S158
for type 1 diabetes, S98–S100
for type 2 diabetes, S104–S108
intensification, S108
intravenous insulin therapy, S196
intravitreal therapy, S142
islet autotransplantation, S43–S44
islet transplantation, S100
isradipine, S145
KDIGO, S137
ketoacidosis. see diabetic ketoacidosis
kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease
Kumamoto study, S69
L-dopa, S79
labetalol, S114, S189
lactation, S190
language barriers, S11
laser photocoagulation surgery, S142
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, S15
Latinos
exercise targets in, S54
food insecurity in, S10
migrant farmworkers, S4, S10-S11
risk-based screening, S18-S21
LEADER trial, S125, S126, S128, S139
lifestyle management. see behavior changes
linagliptin, S106, S124
Lipid management, S117–S121
lifestyle intervention, S117
ongoing therapy and monitoring, S117
statins, S117–S121
liraglutide, S93, S100, S105, S106, S107, S125–S126, S127, S128, S139
lixisenatide, S106, S107, S125–S126, S128
long-term care facilities, S158, S159
longer-acting insulin analogs, S99
Look AHEAD trial, S45, S90–S91
lorcaserin, S93
lorcaserin XR, S93
loss of protective sensation (LOPS), S146
lovastatin, S118
macronutrient distribution, S50–S52
macular edema, S142
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S14–S15, S23, S24–S25
meal planning, S50–S52
medical devices, for weight loss, S92
medical evaluation, S4, S37–S47
assessment and treatment plan, S41
comorbidities assessment, S42–S45
components of, S37–S40
immunizations, S41–S42
recommendations, S40
referrals, S41–S42
medical nutrition therapy, S4, S5, S50–S54. see also nutrition
alcohol, S54
carbohydrates, S52–S53
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S164
in chronic kidney disease, S138
eating patterns, S50–S52
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S187
goals for adults, S48
in the hospital, S197
macronutrient distribution, S50–S52
meal planning, S50–S52
micronutrients and supplements, S53–S54
nonnutritive sweeteners, S54
protein, S53
revisions summary, S5
sodium, S53
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S33
weight management, S52
medications. see also pharmacologic interventions
considerations in pregnancy, S189
with increased diabetes risk, S20
Mediterranean diet, S50
meglitinides, S106
mental health
anxiety disorders, S58–S59
depression, S59
disordered eating behavior, S59–S60
in metabolic surgery candidates, S94
psychosocial/emotional distress, S58
referrals for, S58
screening, S57
serious mental illness, S60
metabolic surgery, S92–S94
adverse effects, S94
in children/adolescents, S174
recommendations, S92
metformin
cardiovascular effects, S129
for CKD patients, S139
for gestational diabetes mellitus, S188, S157–S158
median monthly cost, S106
for older adults, S157–S158
to prevent/delay type 2 diabetes, S34–S35
for type 1 diabetes, S100
for type 2 diabetes, S101, S105
methyldopa, S114, S190
metoclopramide, S145
metoprolol, S145
micronutrients, S51, S53–S54
microvascular complications, S6, S135–S151
A1C and, S69
in children/adolescents with type diabetes, S170–S171
chronic kidney disease, S135–S141
diabetic retinopathy, S141–S143
exercise in presence of, S56
foot care, S145–S147
neuropathy, S143–S145
revisions summary, S6
midodrine, S145
MiG TOFU study, S188
miglitol, S106
migrant farmworkers, S4, S10–S11
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, S115, S116, S140
MiTY study, S188
MOMPOD study, S188
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S14–S15, S23, S24–S25
naltrexone/bupropion, S93
nateglinide, S106
National Diabetes Education Program, S8, S9
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S44
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, S9
national policy
in diabetes prevention/delay, S34
neonatal diabetes, S14–S15, S23, S24
nephropathy. see also chronic kidney disease, S170
neurocognitive function
in older adults, S153
neuropathy, diabetic, S143–S145
autonomic, S143
cardiac autonomic, S143–S144
in children/adolescents, S170–S171
diagnosis, S143
erectile dysfunction, S145
gastrointestinal, S144
gastroparesis, S145
genitourinary, S144
glycemic control, S144
neuropathic pain, S144
orthostatic hypotension, S144–S145
peripheral, S143
screening, S143–S144
treatment, S143, S144–S145
new-onset diabetes after transplantation, S23
niacin, S120
NICE-SUGAR study, S194
nifedipine, long-acting, S114, S189
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S40
nonnutritive sweeteners, S51, S54
nursing homes, S158, S159
nutrition. see also medical nutrition therapy
effects on cognition, S43
obesity management, S5, S89–S97
approved medications, S92
assessing safety and efficacy, S92
assessment, S89–S90
behavioral therapy, S90–S91
in children/adolescents, S174
concomitant medications, S91–S92
diet, S90–S91
glucose-lowering therapy, S91
lifestyle interventions, S91
medical devices for, S92
metabolic surgery, S92–S94, S174
pharmacotherapy, S91–S92
physical activity, S90–S91
revisions summary, S5
weight management, S52, S174
obstructive sleep apnea, S45
olanzapene, S60
older adults, S6, S152–S162
deintensification/deprescribing, S155–S157
end-of-life care, S159–S160
hypoglycemia in, S73, S153
lifestyle management, S155
neurocognitive function, S153
pharmacologic therapy, S155–S158
recommendations, S152
revisions summary, S6
simplification of insulin therapy, S156, S157
in skilled nursing facilities/nursing homes, S159
treatment goals, S154–S155
with type 1 diabetes, S158–S160
one-step strategy, GDM, S26–S27
oral agents. see also specific medications
SMBG in patients using, S78–79
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S15, S16, S23, S26
organ failure, end-of-life/palliative care, S160
orlistat, S93
orthostatic hypotension, S144–S145
P2Y12 receptor antagonist, S122
pain, neuropathic, S144
palliative care, S159–S160
pancreas transplantation, S100
pancreatectomy, S43–S44
pancreatic-related diabetes, S4, S14–S15, S25
pancreatitis, S43–S44
parenteral feedings, S197
patch, insulin, S82
pathophysiology, S15
patient education, on foot care, S146
patient-centered care, collaborative model, S37–S40
PCSK9 inhibitors, S119
pens, insulin, S82
periodontal disease, S4, S22, S45
perioperative care, S198
peripheral arterial disease. see also cardiovascular disease
evaluation of foot for, S146
peripheral neuropathy
exercise in presence of, S56
foot evaluation for, S146
pharmacologic interventions, S5, S91–S92, S98–S110. see also specific medications, medication classes
approved medications, S92, S93
assessing safety and efficacy, S92
for cardiovascular disease, S123
concomitant medications, S91–S92
costs of noninsulin medications, S106
glucose-lowering therapy, S91
revisions summary, S5
for type 1 diabetes, S98–S100
for type 2 diabetes, S100–S108
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S34–S35
phentermine, S92, S93
phentermine/topiramate, S92, S93
photocoagulation surgery, S142
physical activity, S54–S56
in obesity management, S90–S91
physical activity, S54-S56
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S164–S165
exercise and children, S55
frequency and types of, S55
hypoglycemia and, S56
with microvascular complications, S56
pre-exercise evaluation, S55–S56
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S33–S34
physical inactivity, S18
pioglitazone, S106
PIONEER trial, S128
pitavastatin, S118
plant-based diet, S50
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination, S42
polycystic ovary syndrome, S18
population health, S4, S7–S13
care delivery systems, S8–S9
recommendations, S7
revisions summary, S4, S9–S11
social context, S9–S11
postpartum care, S189–190
postsurgical diabetes, S44
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S22–S24
pramlintide, S100, S106
prandial insulin, S106
prasugrel, S122
pravastatin, S118
prazosin, S189
preconception counseling, S166, S183–S184
prediabetes
children and adolescents, S22
criteria, S19
diagnosis, S18–S19
nutrition and, S4
screening/testing, S19, S21
preeclampsia, S189
pregabalin, S144
pregnancy, S6, S183–S192
antihypertensive medications in, S114-S116
CHIPS study, S114
drug considerations, S189
gestational diabetes, S187–S188
glycemic targets in, S184, S186–S187
postpartum care, S189–S190
preconception care, S184, S185
preconception counseling, S183–S184
preeclampsia and aspirin, S189
with preexisting type 1 diabetes, S188
with preexisting type 2 diabetes, S188–S189
real-time CGM in, S81
revisions summary, S6
prevention, type 2 diabetes, S4, S32–S36
cardiovascular disease, S35
lifestyle interventions, S32–S34
pharmacologic interventions, S34–S35
revisions summary, S4
self-management education/support, S36
Professional Practice Committee, S3
protein, S51, S53
psychosocial/emotional disorders, S4, S57–S60
anxiety disorders, S58–S59
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S165–166
depression, S59
diabetes distress, S57–S58
disordered eating behavior, S59–S60
screening, S57
serious mental illness, S60
pumps, insulin, S82–S84
combined with sensor systems, S83–S84
do-it-yourself systems, S84
in older adults, S83
in pediatric patients, S83
subcutaneous insulin infusion, S98, S99
in type 2 diabetes, S83
quality improvement, 59
race, S16, S18
ranibizumab, S142
rapid-acting insulin analogs, S99, S107
real-time CGM
in adults, S80–S81
in children/adolescents, S81
in pregnancy, S81
in type 1 diabetes, S80–S81
in type 2 diabetes, S81
REDUCE-IT, S5, S120
referrals
for initial care management, S42
to nephrologist for CKD, S140–S141
reimbursement, for DSMES, S50
repaglinide, S106
resistance exercise, S55
retinopathy, S141–S143
adjunctive therapy, S143
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S170
exercise in presence of, S56
focal laser photocoagulation surgery, S142
macular edema in, S141S6
in pregnancy, S141, S142
retinal photography, S142
revisions summary, S6
screening, S141–S142
treatment, S141, S142–S143
in type 1 diabetes, S141, S142
in type 2 diabetes, S142
REWIND trial, S125, S128
rosiglitazone, S106
rosuvastatin, S118
roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S92, S94
SAVOR-TIMI trial, S124
saxagliptin, S106, S124, S129, S196
schizophrenia, S60
school settings
ADA statement on diabetes care in, S203
children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S165
scientific evidence-grading system, S2
scientific review, S2
screening
asymptomatic adults, S20–S22
for cardiovascular disease, S123
children and adolescents, S22
community, S20, S22
in dental practices, S22
SEARCH study, S169
second-generation antipsychotics, S60
self-management. see DSMES
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S5, S68, S77–S79
with basal insulin and/or oral agents, S78–S79
glucose meter accuracy, S79, S80
hypoglycemia prevention with, S73
with intensive insulin regimens, S78
interfering substances for, S79
meter standards, S79
optimizing monitor use, S78
preprandial versus postprandial, S71
recommendations, S77–S78
semaglutide, S5, S105, S106, S125–S126, S128, S139, S158
sensory impairment, S4, S44
SGLT2 inhibitors
AKI and, S137
cardiovascular outcomes trials, S105, S111, S123–S129
costs of, S106
direct renal effects, S139
hospital care, S196
revisions, S5–S6
use in CKD patients, S139–S140
use in older adults, S158
short-acting insulins, S107
simvastatin, S118
sitagliptin, S106, S124
skilled nursing facilities, S158, S159
hypoglycemia, S159
nutritional considerations, S159
resources, S159
sleep, obstructive sleep apnea, S45
smoking cessation, S56–S57
e-cigarettes, S57
tobacco, S56
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S34
in youth, S170
social context, S9–S11
sodium, S51, S53
spironolactone, S114, S140
SPRINT trial, S113
staging, of CKD, S136–S137
statins
in children, S169
cognition, effects on, S43
cognitive function and, S11
in combination treatment, S119
diabetes risk with use of, S120–S21
ezetimibe and, S119
fibrates and, S120
niacin and, S120
PCSK9 inhibitors and, S119
in pregnancy, S184, S189
primary prevention with, S117, S118–S119
randomized trials, S119
revisions summary, S5
risk-based therapy, S118
secondary prevention with, S117–S118, S119
in type 1 diabetes, S118–S119
stroke
GLP-1 receptor agonists and, S125–S126, S127–S129
risk reduction, S113, S114, S118, S119, S120, S121, S122
SGLT2 inhibitors and, S123–S124, S126, S127
subcutaneous insulin infusion, continuous (CSII), S98, S99
sulfonylureas, 2nd generation, S100, S106, S158, S187–S188
supplements, S51, S53–S54
surgical treatment, for type 1 diabetes, S100
SUSTAIN trial, S126, S128, S139
sweeteners, nonnutritive, S51, S54
syringes, insulin, S82
tai chi, S55
tapentadol, S144
technology, S5, S77–S88
for CGM, S79–S82
in diabetes prevention/delay, S34
for insulin delivery, S82–S85
overall recommendations, S77
revisions summary, S5
for SMBG, S77–S79
TECOS trial, S124, S129
TEDDY study, S18
telemedicine, S9
temperature, effect on SMBG, S79
testosterone, low, S44–S45
thiazide-like diuretics, S115–S117
thiazolidinediones, S44, S100, S106, S129, S158
thought disorders, S60
thyroid disease, S167–S168
ticagrelor, S122
tobacco use
smoking cessation, S56–S57
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S34
topiramate/phentremine, S93
tricyclic antidepressants, S144
triglycerides
elevated, S119–S120
REDUCE-IT trial, S5, S120
two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG), S15
in prediabetes, S18
two-step strategy, GDM, S27
type 1 diabetes
A1C and cardiovascular disease in, S69
in children and adolescents, S163–S171
classification, S14–S15
daily insulin requirements, S99
hospitalized, insulin therapy in, S196
hypoglycemia in young children with, S73
idiopathic, S17
immune-mediated, S17
insulin therapy, S98–S100
intermittent CGM in adults, S81
intermittent CGM in children/adolescents, S81
pharmacologic therapy, S98–S100
preexisting, in pregnancy, S188
real-time CGM in children/adolescents, S81
screening for risk, S17–S18, S21
staging, S15
surgical treatment, S100
type 2 diabetes
A1C and cardiovascular disease in, S69–S71
cardiovascular outcomes trials, S105
children and adolescents, S22
in children and adolescents, S171–S176
classification, S14–S15
combination therapy, S102
diagnosis, S19–S22, S171
DPP-4 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcome trials, S124
GLP1 receptor agonists and cardiovascular outcome trials, S125–S126
initial therapy, S102
intensifying to injectable therapies, S104
intermittent CGM in adults, S81
lifestyle management, S171–S172
metabolic surgery, S174
metabolic surgery in, S92, S94
overall approach, S103
pharmacologic therapy, S100–S108
postpartum conversion of GDM to, S190
preexisting, in pregnancy, S188–S189
prevention/delay, S32–S36
real-time CGM in adults, S81
screening/testing, S20–S22, S171
U-300 glargine, S99
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S69, S71, S123
uric acid, S79
vaccinations, S39, S41–S42
vascular dementia, S153
Vegetarian diet, S50
venlafaxine, S144
VERIFY trial, S5
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S69, S70
water intake, S54
weight loss. see obesity management
well-being, S9
whites. see Caucasians
wound care, for diabetic foot infections, S144
xylose, S79
yoga, S55
