A1C, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S16–S18, S34, S73-S7
at hospital admission, S211-S212
at hospital discharge, S217
cardiovascular disease outcomes and, S77-S78, S138-S141
confirming the diagnosis, S18
differences in ethnic populations, S74
hemoglobinopathies, S16, S17-S18
HIV and, S23
in children and adolescents, S20, S23, S74, S183-S185
in hepatitis C infection, S48
in hospitalized patients, S212
in hyperglycemia, S46
in older adults, S170
limitations of, S74
mean glucose and, S74
microvascular complications and, S75-S76
other conditions affecting, S18
periodontal disease and, S49
physical activity benefits, S60
in prediabetes, S19-S21
in pregnancy, S203, S206
point-of-care assays, S4, S17
race/ethnicity, S117
sensory impairment and, S49
setting individualized goals, S78-S79
SMBG and, S74
target in CKD, S154
testing frequency, S73-S74
validity in children/adolescents, S20, S23-S24
acanthosis nigricans, S20, S188
acarbose, S118
access to care, S9, S221
ACCORD BP trial, S127-S128, S153
ACCORD MIND study, S46, S170
ACCORD study, S47, S77-S78, S80, S134, S155, S169
ACE inhibitors, S6, S129, S137, S142
In children and adolescents, S186-S187, S191
in CKD patients, S152-S156
in diabetic retinopathy, S156-S158
for hypertension, S128-s129
for hyperkalemia and AKI, S130-S131
in multiple drug therapy, S129
in pregnancy, S201, S206
acetaminophen, S87
acute kidney injury (AKI), S104, S128, S129, S130-S131, S143, S153, S215
ADA evidence-grading system, S2
ADA Insulin Access and Affordability Working Group, S9
ADA statements, S1, S221-S222
ADAG study, S74, S79, S80
adolescents. See children and adolescents.
ADVANCE BP trial, S127
advocacy statements, S6, S221–S222
aerobic exercise, S36, S57, S60-S62, S171, S181, S182
affordability, of insulin, S9
ADA Advocacy statement on, S221
Affordable Care Act (ACA), S9
aflibercept, S158
African Americans
A1C variability in, S17-S18, S74
BMI cut point in, S23
exercise targets in, S60
food insecurity in, S10
hypoglycemia risk in, S80
risk-based screening, S22, S23
age
A1C and, S17
in screening and testing, S23
aging. See Older adults
agricultural workers, migrant and seasonal, S11
AIM-HIGH trial, S134
albiglutide, S139, S144-S145, S173
albuminuria, S59, S62, S80, S126, S128, S129, S131, S136, S145, S152-S156, S185
alcohol intake, S59, S129
alogliptin, S118, S138, S145, S214
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, S37, S105, S118
Alzheimer disease, S46, S169
ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), S75, S76, S88
amputations, foot, S143, S159, S161-S163
amylin mimetic, S105, S113, S119
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S129
in acute kidney injury, S131-132
in CKD patients, S153
in diabetic retinopathy, S156, S158
for hypertension, S131, S156
in pregnancy, S201, S206
anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment, S158
antibiotic therapy, S162
antihyperglycemics, S115
cardiovascular and cardiorenal outcomes, S6, S138-S139, S141
selection of, S115
for type 2 diabetes, S115
antihypertensives, S126-S131
bedtime dosing, S129
classes of, S129
hyperkalemia and AKI, S129, S130-S131
in diabetics, S130
initial number of, S129
lifestyle intervention, S129
multiple-drug therapy, S129
in pregnancy, S128-S129, S206
resistant hypertension, S131
antiplatelet agents, S6, S135
antipsychotics, S21, S23, S66, S105
antiretroviral therapies, S19, S23
anxiety disorders, S64
ASCEND trial, S59, S136
ascorbic acid, S87
Asian Americans
BMI cut point, S19, S20, S21, S23, S101, S102, S105-S106
metabolic surgery in, S106
risk-based screening, S21, S22, S23
Aspart, S24, S112, S119, S173
aspirin
cardiovascular disease and, S6, S135-S136, S137
dosing, S136
with P2Y12 receptor antagonist, S136-S137
in people less than 50 years of age, S136
preeclampsia and, S6, S205-S206
resistance, S136
assisted living facilities, S45, S175, S217
atenolol, S160, S206
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. See cardiovascular disease
atorvastatin, S132
atypical antipsychotics, S21, S23, S65, S66
atypical diabetes, S26, S46
autoimmune conditions, S19, S45, S184-S186, S188
autoimmune diabetes, S5, S15, S16, S25, S26
autoimmune markers, S18-S19
automated insulin delivery, S88, S91, S92, S93, S112, S183, S184
autonomic neuropathy, S61, S62, S81, S126, S159-S160, S216
BARI 2D trial, S160
bariatric surgery, S191, S196
basal insulin, S87, S88, S89, S92, S111, S112, S118, S120, S121, S122, S173, S175, S176, S181, S189, S213, S214, S215, S216
basal insulin analogs, S112, S120
bedside blood glucose monitoring, S213, S216
behavior change, S4, S9, S53–S72
cardiovascular disease and, S132
DSMES, S53-S55
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S204
in hypertension management, S131
medical nutrition therapy, S55–S60
in obesity management, S101-S104
physical activity, S60–S62
psychosocial issues, S62-S66
smoking cessation, S62
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S35–S36
β‐blockers, S45, S129, S137, S142, S161, S206
β‐cell demise/dysfunction, S16
bevacizumab, S158
biguanides. See also metformin, S118
bile acid sequestrant, S118
blood glucose monitoring, bedside, S213
blood glucose self-monitoring (SMBG), S73-S75, S79, S81, S86-S90, S190
blood pressure targets, S126-S129, S131, S156
in children/adolescents with type 1, S185–S186, S187, S191-S192
body mass index (BMI), S19, S20, S23, S24, S25, S35, S36, S37, S46, S60, S61, S101-S102, S105, S106, S188, S191, S205, S207
bolus calculators, S91
bone mineral density, S50
bromocriptine, S118
bupropion/naltrexone, S103
calcium channel blockers, S129, S131, S156, S160
canagliflozin, S118, S120, S141, S142-S143, S144, S145, S155, S156
cancer, S42, S45-S46, S106, S144, S171, S187
CANVAS trial, S141, S142-S143, S145, S155
CANVAS-R trial, S143
capsaicin, topical, S160
carbamazepine, S160
carbohydrates, S5, S56, S57, S58, S59, S89, S169, S181, S182, S203, S204, S215
cardiovascular disease, S5-S6, S125–S150
A1C and outcomes of, S78-S79
ACCORD BP study, S127-S128, S153
ADVANCE study, S127
antiplatelet agents, S135-S137
aspirin, S135-S137
blood pressure control, S126-S131
cardiac testing, S138, S142
glucose-lowering therapies and, S142-S45
hypertension, S126-S131
intensive vs. standard treatment, S127
lifestyle intervention, S129, S142
lipid management, S131
outcomes trials, S138
pharmacologic interventions, S129-S131, S142
prevention of, in prediabetes, S3
risk calculator, S126
risk management in children/adolescents, S181, S185-S187
screening, S126, S138, S142
statin treatment, S131-S135
VADT study, S77, S169
care delivery systems, S8–S9
access and quality improvement, S9
behaviors and well-being, S9
care teams, S9
chronic care model, S8
cost considerations, S9
telemedicine, S9
CARMELINA trial, S138, S145
CAROLINA trial, S6, S138, S142
Caucasians, S106. See also ethnicity
celiac disease, S19, S45, S184, S185
cerebrovascular disease. See cardiovascular disease
Charcot neuroarthropathy of foot, S62, S161, S162
childcare settings
ADA statement on diabetes care in, S221
children with type 1 diabetes, S80, S182
children and adolescents, S6, S180–S199
A1C in, S20, S23, S74, S183-S185
autoimmune conditions, S185-S186
cardiac function testing, S192
cardiovascular disease, S192
cardiovascular risk factor management, S185-S187
celiac disease, S185
complications, S191-S193
DSMES in, S181
dyslipidemia, S186-S187, S192
exercise and, S60-S61
glycemic control, S183-S184
glycemic targets, S184
hypertension, S185-S186
in childcare setting, S182, S221
in school setting, S182, S188, S221
intermittent CGM use in, S89-S90
lifestyle management, S188–S189
metabolic surgery, S191
microvascular complications, S187-S188
nephropathy, S187, S191
neuropathy, S187, S191
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S192
nutrition therapy in, S181
obstructive sleep apnea, S192
pharmacologic management, S183-S184, S189-S191
physical activity and exercise, S181-S182
polycystic ovary syndrome, S192
prediabetes in, S19
psychosocial issues, S182-S183, S192-193
real-time CGM use in, S89
retinopathy, S187, S191
screening and testing, S20, S23-S24, S189
smoking, S187
thyroid disease, S184-S185
transition from pediatric to adult care, S193
type 1 diabetes in, S181-S187
type 2 diabetes in, S188-S193
CHIPS study, S128
chronic care model, S7, S8, S40, S188
chronic kidney disease, S6, S151–S156
acute kidney injury, S153
albuminuria assessment, S152
cardiovascular disease and blood pressure, S156
complications, S155
diagnosis, S152
epidemiology, S152
estimated GFR, S152
glycemic targets, S154
interventions, S153-S157
nutrition, S153-S154
referral to nephrologist, S157
renal effects of glucose-lowering agents, S154
risk assessment, S154
screening, S151
selection of glucose-lowering agents, S154-S156
staging, S153
surveillance, S153
treatment recommendations, S151-S152
cigarettes, S62, S187, S193
classification, S4, S15–S16
clonidine, S161, S206
clopidogrel, S135, S137
closed-loop pump system, S6, S92, S93, S112, S205
cognitive impairment, S6, S10, S45, S63-S64, S103,
dementia and, S46
in hyperglycemia, S46
in hypoglycemia, S46
in older adults, S168-170, S171, S174, S175
lipid-lowering agents and, S135
statins and, S46
colesevelam, S118
community health workers, S11
community screening, S23
community support, S11
comorbidities, S7, S8, S25, S40–S42, S43
assessment of, S45-S50
computerized physician order entry (CPOE), S212
CONCEPTT study, S203
congenital diabetes. See neonatal diabetes
consensus reports, S1–S2
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S5, S6, S86, S87-S90, S183, S202
professional devices, S90
in children/adolescents, S89, S167, S184, S191
devices, S87-S90
education and training, S89
glycemic control assessment with, S73, S74, S75
in hospitals, S213
in hypoglycemia prevention, S80–S81
intermittent, S89-S90
in older adults, S170, S175
in pregnancy, S203
real-time, S89
recommendations, S87-S89
side effects, S90
standardized metrics for clinical care, S76
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S89, S91, S92, S111, S183, S205, S215. See also pumps, insulin
contraception, S104, S105, S183, S187, S200, S201, S202, S206, S207
coronary heart disease. See cardiovascular disease
Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), S4, S42, S44, S55, S93
correctional institutions, ADA statement on diabetes care in, S222
cost considerations, S4, S9, S29, S106, S119
cost-related medication nonadherence, S4, S9
counseling, preconception, S182, S183, S193, S200-S201
COVID-19, S4, S42, S44, S55, S93
CREDENCE trial, S6, S141, S143, S145, S155
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), S4, S15, S24
dapagliflozin, S118, S120, S141, S143, S145, S156
DASH diet, S35, S129, S131
DECLARE-TMI trial, S141, S143, S145
degludec, S112, S119, S120, S121, S174
degludec/liraglutide, S119, S121
deintensification of regimens, S171-S172, S174
delay, type 2 diabetes, S4, S20, S21 S34–S37
cardiovascular disease prevention, S37
lifestyle interventions, S34–S36
pharmacologic interventions, S36–S37
dementia, S46, S80, S135, S169. See also cognitive impairment/dementia
dental practices, screening in, S23
DEPS-R study, S182, S183
Detemir, S119, S120, S173
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S16-S17, S49, S75-S80, S92, S111, S112, S154, S183, S187
diabetes distress, S5, S63-S65, S182, S192
diabetes plate method, S67
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S20, S35, S36, S37
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S21, S35, S37, S59, S115
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S5, S9
education and support for, S53-S55
evidence for benefits, S54
reimbursement, S55
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), S15-S16
in children with type 1, S181, S184
in children with type 2, S188, S190
in hospitalized patients, S216
in pregnancy, S205
in type 1 diabetes, S18–S19
diabetic kidney disease (DKD). See also chronic kidney disease.
exercise in presence of, S62
protein intake, S59
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S158
diabetic retinopathy. See retinopathy
diagnosis, S4, S15–S31
A1C, S16–S18
chronic kidney disease, S152-S153
confirming, S18
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S24
fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose, S16
gestational diabetes mellitus, S27–S29
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S25–S27
oral glucose tolerance test, S16
pancreatic, S27-
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S24–S25
type 1 diabetes, S18–S19
type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, S19–S24
diet, S5, S6, S35, S46. See also medical nutrition therapy
for children and adolescents, S181, S185
for chronic kidney disease, S154-S155
for hypertension, S129
for lipid management, S131
for older adults, S175-176
for pregnancy, S204
for weight loss, S101-S102
digital health technology, S93
dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, S129, S130, S131, S156
diltiazem, S206
discharge planning, S212, S217
diuretics, S23, S128, S129, S130, S152, S153
DKA. See diabetic ketoacidosis.
domperidone, S161
dopamine-2 agonist, S118
DPP-4 inhibitors, S6, S114, S115, S116, S118, S121, S138, S142, S144-S145, S172-S173
driving, S81, S86, S183
ADA statement on diabetes and, S222
droxidopa, S160
dulaglutide, S118, S120, S139, S144-S145
duloxetine, S159, S160
dying patients, end-of-life/palliative care, S171, S176
dyslipidemia, S20, S21, S37, S46, S61, S105, S125, S126, S133, S136, S157, S171
prevention and management, S192
testing, S186
treatment, S186
e-cigarettes, S62, S170
eating disorders, S65, S166 S181, S182, S183, S193
eating patterns, S35, S41, S55-S57, S58, S59, S63, S189, S207
EDIC study, S49, S76, S77, S78, S80, S154
electrocardiogram, S137, S138, S192, S202
ELIXA trial, S139, S140, S144
EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S141, S142, S145
empagliflozin, S118, S120, S141, S142, S144, S145, S155, S156
employment, ADA statement on diabetes and, S222
enalapril, S160
end-of-life care, S170-S171, S176
end-stage renal disease, S74, S78, S138, S140, S143, S152, S171, S174
enteral/parenteral feedings, S6, S215-S216
epidemiology, of diabetes and CKD, S152
eplerenone, S157
erectile dysfunction, S49, S159, S161
ertugliflozin, S118
erythromycin, S161
ETDRS study, S158
ethnicity, S17, S18, S23. See also specific ethnicities
evidence-grading system, S2, S20
EXAMINE trial, S138, S145
exenatide, S113, S118, S139, S144-S145
exercise. See physical activity
exocrine pancreas disease, S15–S16, S26, S27, S48
EXSCEL trial, S139, S140, S144
ezetimibe, S132, S133, S135, S141
family planning, S46, S200, S201, S207
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S16, S17, S19, S21, S79, S188, S201, S206
fats, dietary, S5, S56, S59, S186, S192, S204
fenofibrate, S134
fibrates, S134, S192
finerenone, S156
first-degree relatives, with diabetes, S16, S21
fluvastatin, S132
food insecurity, S10
foot care, S6, S161–S167
evaluating for loss of protective sensation, S161-162
evaluating for peripheral arterial disease, S162
patient education, S162
recommendations, S161
revisions summary, S6
treatment, S162
ulcers, S61, S62, S162
fractures, S49, S143, S173, S174
FRAX score, S49
GAD autoantibodies, S18
galactose, S87
gastroparesis, S159, S160-S161
gemfibrozil, S134
genetic carrier status, S202
genetic counseling, S25, S26
genetic disorders, S27, S45
genetic factors, S16, S17, S18, S19, S21, S74
genetic testing, S25, S26
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S27–S29, S36, S37, S203, S204-S205, S206-S207
definition, S27
diagnosis, S27–S28
future considerations, S29
glucose monitoring, S203-S204
initial testing, S206
lifestyle management, S36, S204
lifelong testing after, S20
management of, S204-S205
medical nutrition therapy, S204
one-step strategy, S28
pharmacologic therapy, S37, S204
postpartum follow-up, S206
postpartum conversion to type 2, S206-S207
risks in women with prior, S21
screening, S86
two-step strategy, S28-S29
GI surgery. See metabolic surgery
glargine, S112, S119, S120, S121, S173
glargine/lixisenatide, S119
glimepiride, S118, S138, S142, S172
glinides, S118
glipizide, S118, S172
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), S25, S59, S114, S115, S116, S129, S131, S137, S138, S140, S141, S143, S151, S152-S153, S154, S172, S173, S187, S191
glucagon, S27, S79, S80, S81
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, S5, S48, S65, S77, S104, S105, S113, S115, S116, S117, S118, S137, S138, S140, S143-S144, S152, S169, S189, S214
glucocorticoid therapy, S6, S15, S216
glucose assessment, using CGM, S75
glucose management indicator, S75, S76, S203
glucose meters. See self-monitoring of blood glucose
glucose monitoring. See also self-monitoring
in pregnancy, S203
glulisine, S119, S173
glyburide, S118, S172, S204
glycemic control, S1, S6, S8, S9, S10, S17, S25, S42, S46, S49, S56, S57, S78
assessment of, S73-S75
in diabetic neuropathy, S160
physical activity and, S61
real-time CGM impact on, S89
glycemic targets, S5, S73-S84
A1C and microvascular complications, S75-S76
A1C and SMBG correlations, S74
A1C differences in ethnic groups, S74
A1C in children, S74
A1C limitations, S74
assessment of, S73–S75
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S184
in chronic kidney disease, S154
in hospitalized patients, S212-S213
hypoglycemia, S79–S81
individualization of, S77, S78, S128
intercurrent illness, S81
in pregnancy, S201-S203
preprandial, S79
guanfacine, S160
HAPO study, S27, S28, S203
Harmony Outcomes trial, S139, S140, S144, S173
Hawaiians, native, S22
health literacy, S11
hearing impairment. See sensory impairment
heart failure. See also cardiovascular disease
glucose-lowering therapies and, S137, S144-S145
hemoglobinopathies, S16, S17, S24, S34, S188
hepatitis B vaccination, S45, S47, S202
hepatitis C virus infection, S49, S202
hip fractures, S49
Hispanic Americans, S21, S22
HIV, S4, S15, S23
HLA-DQ/DR alleles, S18
homelessness, S10-S11
hospital care, S6, S211–S220
admission considerations, S211-S212
bedside blood glucose monitoring, S213
CGM, S213
critical care settings. S213
delivery standards, S211-S212
diabetes care providers, S212
discharge planning, S216-S217
DKA, S216
enteral/parenteral feedings, S215
glucocorticoid therapy, S216
glucose-lowering treatment in, S213-S214
glycemic targets, S212–S213
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S216
hypoglycemia in, S214-S215
insulin therapy, S213-S214
medical nutrition therapy in, S215
medication reconciliation, S217
noninsulin therapies, S214
perioperative care, S216
preventing admissions/readmissions, S217
self-management in, S215
standards for special situations, S215–S216
transition to ambulatory setting, S216-S217
transitioning IV to SC insulin, S214
type 1 diabetes, S214
HOT trial, S127
housing insecurity, S10-S11
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S135
human NPH, S119, S120, S173
human papillomavirus vaccination, S47
human regular insulin, S119, S120, S121, S215-S216
hydralzine, S128
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S163
hyperglycemia, S6, S46
definition in hospitalized patients, S212
effects on cognition, S169
in children and adolescents, S182, S183, S189
in diabetes diagnosis, S18
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S27
in pancreatic diabetes, S27
with intercurrent illness, S81
posttransplant, S24-S25
hyperkalemia, S130-S131, S143, S153, S156
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states, S81, S170, S189, S190, S216
hypertension, SS6, S20, S37, S126–S131
in children/adolescents, S185-S186
intensive versus standard treatment, S127-S128
lifestyle interventions, S129-
pharmacologic interventions, S129-S132
pregnancy and antihypertensives, S128
resistant, S131
screening and diagnosis, S126
treatment strategies, S129-S131
hypertriglyceridemia, S59, S112, S114, S134
hypoglycemia, S79-S81
CGM in prevention, S81
classification, S80
effects on cognition, S46
glucagon for, S79, S80
glucose for, S79, S80
hospital management, S214-S215
in older adults, S169-S170
postprandial after RYGB surgery, S107-S108
predictors of, S215
prevention, S80-SS81
real-time CGM impact on, S81
risk assessment, S45
symptoms, S79-S80
treatment, S80
triggering events, S215-S216
unawareness, S79
in young children with type 1 diabetes, S80
idiopathic type 1 diabetes, S19
illness, intercurrent, S81
immune-mediated diabetes, S18-S20
immunizations, S5, S42-S45, S47, S202
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S16, S17, S20, S21
impaired glucose tolerance (IPG), S17, S20, S21, S34, S104, S204
IMPROVE-IT trial, S133,
incretin-based therapies, S6, S48, S144, S172-S173. See also DPP4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor antagonists
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S37
influenza vaccination, S42, S44, S47
inhaled insulin, S91, S112, S119, S121
inherited diabetes, S19, S25
injectable therapies, S119-S120, S156, S173, S204
combination, S121
for type 1 diabetes, S112
intensifying to, S117
inpatient care. See Hospital care
insulin, S101, S118
access and affordability, S221
analog, S118, S119-S121
basal, S87, S88, S89, S92, S111, S112, S118, S120, S121, S122, S173, S175, S176, S181, S189, S213, S214, S215, S216
concentrated, S121
human, S119, S120, S121, S215-S216
median cost of, S119
physiology in pregnancy, S203
prandial, S86, S111, S112, S120-S121, S181, S182, S214, S215
insulin delivery, S90–S93
automated systems, S93
combined pump and sensor systems, S92-S93
digital health technology, S93
future of, S93-S94
inpatient care, S90
pumps, S91-S93
syringes and pens, S90-S91
transitioning from IV to subcutaneous, S214
insulin secretagogues, S45, S56, S61, S80, S105, S172
insulin sensitizers, S160
insulin therapy, S111-113
basal, SMBG in patents using, S87
carbohydrates intake and, S56, S57
in critical care setting, S213
injection technique, s113
intensifying to injectable, S9, S113, S118, S21
in noncritical care setting, S213-S214
in pregnancy, S205
simplification of, for older adults, S174
for type 1 diabetes, S214
for type 2 diabetes, S113–S114
intensification, of insulin treatment, S9, S113, S118, S21
interval, testing, S23
intravenous insulin therapy, S189, S212, S213-S214, S216
intravitreal therapy, S158
islet autoantibody testing, S18, S21
islet autotransplantation, S27, S49
islet transplantation, S5, S80, S113
isradipine, S160
Japanese Americans, S23
juvenile-onset diabetes. See Type 1 diabetes.
KDIGO, S153
ketoacidosis. See diabetic ketoacidosis
kidney disease. See chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease
Kumamoto study, S76
L-dopa, S87
labetalol, S128, S206
lactation, S207
language barriers, S11
laser photocoagulation surgery, S157, S158
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, S4, S16
Latinos
food insecurity in, S10
migrant farmworkers, S11
risk-based screening, S20
LEADER trial, S143, S173
lifestyle management. See behavior changes
linagliptin, S118, S138, S142, S145
lipid management, S131
lifestyle intervention, S131
ongoing therapy and monitoring, S131
statins, S132–S134
liraglutide, S37, S46, S104, S113, S118, S120, S139, S143-S145, S155, S173, S189, S190
Lispro, S119, S121, S174
lixisenatide, S118, S119, S121, S131, S144, S145
long-term care facilities, S174, S175, S211
longer-acting insulin analogs, S112, S120
Look AHEAD trial, S49, S102, S142, S172
loss of protective sensation (LOPS), S159, S161-S162
lovastatin, S132
macronutrient distribution, S35, S55, S56, S58, S59
macular edema, S157, S158, S172
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S16, S25-S26, S180, S188
meal planning, S56-S57, S58, S202
medical devices, for weight loss, S105
medical evaluation, S4-S5, S19, S40-S52
comorbidities assessment, S45–S50
components of, S41, S43, S45
immunizations, S42–S45
in patient-centered collaborative care, S40-S41
recommendations, S42
referrals, S42, S46
Medicaid expansion, S9
medical nutrition therapy, S55-S60
alcohol, S59
carbohydrates, S58
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S181
in chronic kidney disease, S153-S154
eating patterns, S55-S56
fats, S60
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S204
goals for adults, S55
in the hospital, S215
macronutrient distribution, S55
meal planning, S55-S56
micronutrients and supplements, S59
nonnutritive sweeteners, S59-S60
protein, S58-S59
recommendations for, S56
sodium, S59
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S35
weight management, S57-S58
medications. See also pharmacologic interventions
considerations in pregnancy, S206
with increased diabetes risk, S23
Mediterranean diet, S46, S56, S57, S59, S131
meglitinides, S45, S118
mental health
anxiety disorders, S64-S65
depression, S65
diabetes distress, S65-S66
disordered eating behavior, S65
in metabolic surgery candidates, S64
psychosocial/emotional distress, S64
referrals for, S64
screening, S63
serious mental illness, S65-S66
metabolic surgery, S57, S64, S101, S102, S105-S107
adverse effects, S106-S107
in children/adolescents, S191
metformin, S25, S27, S59
cardiovascular outcomes, S138
for CKD patients, S155
for gestational diabetes mellitus, S204
median monthly cost, S119
for older adults, S172
to prevent/delay type 2 diabetes, S36–S37
for type 1 diabetes, S113
for type 2 diabetes, S113-S121
methyldopa, S128, S206
metoclopramide, S161
metoprolol, S160
micronutrients, S55, S56, S59
microvascular complications, S5, S6, S8 S151–S167
A1C and, S75-S76
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S187
chronic kidney disease, S151-S156
diabetic retinopathy, S156–S158
exercise in presence of, S62
foot care, S161–S162
neuropathy, S158-S161
midodrine, S160
MiG TOFU study, S204
miglitol, S118
migrant farmworkers, S11
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, S131, S156
MiTY study, S205
MOMPOD study, S205
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S15–S16, S25–S26
naltrexone/bupropion, S103
nateglinide, S37, S118
National CLAS Standards, S11
National Diabetes Education Program, S8S224
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S17, S49, S188
National Health Interview Survey, S10
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, S9
native Americans, S22
neonatal diabetes, S15–S16, S180 S200, S202, S203
nephropathy. See also chronic kidney disease. S21, S138, S140, S141, S143, S155, S157, S202
prevention and management, S191
screening, S186
treatment, S187
neurocognitive function
in older adults, S169
neuropathy, diabetic, S158-S161
autonomic, S159
cardiac autonomic, S159
in children/adolescents, S189, S191
diagnosis, S159
erectile dysfunction, S159
gastrointestinal, S159
gastroparesis, S160-S161
genitourinary, S159-S160
glycemic control, S160
neuropathic pain, S160
orthostatic hypotension, S160
peripheral, S159
screening, S158–S159
treatment, S160
new-onset diabetes after transplantation, S24
niacin and statin combination, S134, S135
NICE-SUGAR study, S212
nifedipine, long-acting, S128, S206
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S46, S48, S115, S192, S202, S225
nonnutritive sweeteners, S56, S59-S60
nursing homes, S175-S176
nutrition. See medical nutrition therapy
obesity management, S5, S100–S110
approved medications for treatment of, S103-S104, S105
assessment, S100-S101
behavioral therapy, S101-103
in children/adolescents, S188-S191
concomitant medications, S105
diet, S101-103
glucose-lowering therapy, S105
in diabetes screening, S24
lifestyle interventions, S103
medical devices for, S105
metabolic surgery, S105-S107, S191
pharmacotherapy, S105
physical activity, S101-S103
weight loss medication safety and efficacy, S105
weight management, S57, S60, S188
obstructive sleep apnea, S49, S192
olanzapene, S66, S109
older adults, S6, S10, S168–S179
deintensification/deprescribing, S172, S174
end-of-life care, S176
hypoglycemia in, S169-170
lifestyle management, S171-S172
neurocognitive function, S169
pharmacologic therapy, S172-175
simplification of insulin therapy, S174
in skilled nursing facilities/nursing homes, S175-S176
treatment goals, S170-S171
with type 1 diabetes, S175
one-step strategy, GDM, S28-S29
oral agents. See also specific medications
SMBG in patients using, S87
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S16, S17, S19, S21, S24, S26, S27, S28, S79, S188, S204, S206
organ failure, end-of-life/palliative care, S171, S176
orlistat, S37, S103
orthostatic hypotension, S126, S128, S159, S160
P2Y12 receptor antagonist, S135, S136
Pacific Islanders, S22
pain, neuropathic, S159, S160, S187
palliative care, S170, S175-S176
pancreas transplantation, S113
pancreatectomy, S27, S49, S92
pancreatic-related diabetes, S4, S15–S16, S27, S212
pancreatitis, S4, S15, S27, S48-S49, S104, S134, S144, S192
parenteral feedings, S6, S215, S216
patch, insulin, S90
pathophysiology, S16, S180, S186
patient education, S9, S11, S41, S81, S184
on foot care, S162
patient-centered care, collaborative model, S40-S42, S53, S62, S217
Patient-Centered Medical Home, S9, S217
PCSK9 inhibitors, S132, S133-S134
pens, insulin, S90-S91
periodontal disease, S23, S49
perioperative care, S216
peripheral arterial disease. S125, S137, S61, S162
peripheral neuropathy, S36, S45, S49, S62, S92, S158-S161
pharmacologic interventions, S5, S111–S124. See also specific medications, medication classes.
approved medications, S113, S115
assessing safety and efficacy, S115
for cardiovascular disease, S137-S139
concomitant medications, S105
costs of noninsulin medications, S118
glucose-lowering therapy, S105
for type 1 diabetes, S111-S113
for type 2 diabetes, S113-S121
for weight loss, S105
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S36-S37
selecting drugs for, S115
phentermine, S103, S105
phentermine/topiramate, S37, S103
photocoagulation surgery, S157, S158
physical activity, S6, S21, S23, S35, S41, S60-S62
exercise and children, S60-S61
frequency and types of, S61
glycemic control and, S61
hypoglycemia and, S61-S62
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S181-S182
in obesity management, S101-S102
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S35-S36
pre-exercise evaluation, S61
with microvascular complications, S62
physical inactivity, S20, S46
pioglitazone, S46, S118
PIONEER trial, S6, S139-S140, S143
pitavastatin, S132
plant-based diet, S35, S57
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination, S45, S47
point-of-care A1c assays, S4, S17
polycystic ovary syndrome, S20, S21, S192, S202, S204, S205
population health, S4, S7–S14
care delivery systems, S8–S9
recommendations, S7
revisions summary, S4
social context, S10–S11
postpartum care, S206-S207
postsurgical diabetes, S49
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S4, S15, S24–S25
pramlintide, S113, S118, S161
prandial insulin, S86, S111, S112, S120-S121, S181, S182, S214, S215
prasugrel, S137
pravastatin, S132
prazosin, S206
preconception counseling, S166, S183–S184 S182-S183, S193, S200-S201
prediabetes
children and adolescents, S20
criteria, S20, S21
diagnosis, S19–S20
screening/testing, S20, S21-S24
preeclampsia, S200, S201, S203
aspirin and, S205-S206
pregabalin, S105, S159, S160
pregnancy, S6, S200–S210
A1C in, S203
antihypertensive medications in, S128-S129, S206
CHIPS study, S128
continuous glucose monitoring in, S203-S204
contraception after, S207
drug considerations, S206
gestational diabetes, S27–S29, S36, S37, S203, S204-S205, S206-S207
glucose monitoring in, S203
glycemic targets in, S201-S203
insulin physiology in, S203
lactation, S207
postpartum care, S206-S207
preconception care, S201
preconception counseling, S166, S183–S184 S182-S183, S193, S200-S201
preeclampsia and aspirin, S205-S206
with preexisting type 1 diabetes, S205
with preexisting type 2 diabetes, S205
real-time CGM in, S90
preprandial glycemic targets, S79
prevention, type 2 diabetes, S4, S34–S39
Diabetes Prevention Program, S35
lifestyle interventions, S34-S36
of vascular disease and mortality, S37
pharmacologic interventions, S36–S37
Professional Practice Committee, S3
protein, dietary, S35, S55, S56, S57, S58-S59, S80, S102, S112, S152, S153, S171, S191
psychosocial/emotional disorders, S4, S63-S66
anxiety disorders, S65-S66
in children/adolescents, S182-S183, S192-193
depression, S66
diabetes distress, S63-S65
disordered eating behavior, S66
referral to mental health specialist, S64
screening, S63
serious mental illness, S65-S66
pumps, insulin, S5, S91-S93
automated systems, S93
combined with sensor systems, S92–S93
do-it-yourself systems, S92
in older adults, S92
sensor-augmented, S92
in type 2 diabetes, S92
in youth, S92
quality improvement, S9
race, S17-S18, S20, S36, S60, S81, S92, S102, S126, S138, S139, S141. See also specific races
ranibizumab, S158
rapid-acting insulin analogs, S111, S112, S119, S121, S215, S216
real-time CGM
in adults, S89
in children/adolescents, S6, S89, S184
in pregnancy, S90
in type 1 diabetes, S170
in type 2 diabetes, S89
REDUCE-IT, S59, S134
referrals
for eye care, S187
for initial care management, S4, S46
for mental health care, S65
to nephrologist for CKD, S152, S153, S156
reimbursement issues, S37, S54, S55
repaglinide, S24, S118
resistance exercise, S57, S60, S61
retinopathy, S21, S43, S156–S158
adjunctive therapy, S158
anti-VEGF treatment, S158
in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S187, S191-S192
exercise in presence of, S61, S62
photocoagulation surgery, S158
macular edema in, S157, S158
in pregnancy, S201, S202, S205
retinal photography, S157-S158
treatment, S157, S158
in type 1 diabetes, S58
in type 2 diabetes, S158
with chronic kidney disease, S152-S153
REWIND trial, S144
risk management, cardiovascular disease, S5-S6, S125-S150
rosiglitazone, S118
rosuvastatin, S132, S135
roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S106
SARS-CoV-2, S4, S42, S44, S55, S93
SAVOR-TIMI trial, S138, S144
saxagliptin, S118, S138, S144-S145, S214
schizophrenia, S66
school settings, S80, S181-S183, S188
ADA statement on diabetes care in, S2221
scientific evidence-grading system, S2, S55
scientific review, S2, S4, S5
screening
asymptomatic adults, S21–S23
for cardiovascular disease, S137
children and adolescents, S23-S24
community, S23
for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, S23-S24
for type 1 diabetes risk, S19
in dental practices, S23
in HIV patients, S5
SEARCH study, S186
seasonal agricultural workers, S11
second-generation antipsychotics, S66
self-management. See DSMES
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), S73-S74, S85-S87
counterfeit strips, S86
glucose meter accuracy, S87
with intensive insulin regimens, S86
interfering substances for, S87
meter standards, S86
optimizing monitor use, S86
with basal insulin and/or oral agents, S87
semaglutide, S118, S120, S139-S140, S143-S144, S155-S156, S173
sensory impairment, S4, S49
SGLT2 inhibitors, S6, S77, S78, S113, S115, S118, S120, S121, S125, S141, S142, S144-S145, S153, S154-S156, S169, S173-S175, S214, S216
short-acting insulins, S112, S119, S173, S213
simvastatin, S132, S133, S134
sitagliptin, S118, S138, S145
skilled nursing facilities, S174, S175, S217
sleep, obstructive sleep apnea, S49, S192
smoking cessation, S5, S62
e-cigarettes, S62
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S36
in those predisposed to diabetes, S37
in youth, S187
tobacco, S62
social capital, S11
social context, S10–S11
social determinants of health (SDOH), S8, S10-S11
sodium, S56, S59, S129, S154
spironolactone, S128, S156
SPRINT trial, S127-S128
staging,
of CKD, S45, S153
of type 1 diabetes, S17
statins, S46, S132-S135
in children, S187, S192
cognition, effects on, S46, S135
in combination treatment, S133
ezetimibe and, S133
fibrates and, S134
high intensity and moderate therapy, S132
niacin and, S134
PCSK9 inhibitors and, S133
in pregnancy, S187, S201, S206
primary prevention with, S131-S132
randomized trials, S119
risk-based therapy, S132
secondary prevention with, s132, S133
in type 1 diabetes, S133
stroke, S77, S127, S128, S133-S136, S138, S140-S144
subcutaneous insulin infusion, continuous (CSII), S89, S91, S92, S111, S183, S189, S205, S215
sulfonylureas, S10, S25, S26, S76, S114, S121, S172, S204
second-generation, S118
supplements, S56, S59, S202
surgical treatment, S214
for type 1 diabetes, S113, S137
metabolic, S100, S105-S106, S191
SUSTAIN trial, S139, S140, S143, S155
sweeteners, nonnutritive, S56, S59-S60
syringes, insulin, S90-S91
tai chi, S60, S61
tapentadol, S160
technology, S5, S85–S99
for CGM, S81, S87-S90
in diabetes prevention/delay, S36
for insulin delivery, S90–S93
for SMBG, S85-S87
TECOS trial, S138, S145
TEDDY study, S19
telemedicine, S9
temperature, effect on SMBG, S87
testosterone, low, S5, S49
tetanus vaccination, S48
thiazide-like diuretics, S129-S131
thiazolidinediones, S25, S37, S49, S105, S118, S144, S172
thought disorders, S66
thyroid disease, S26, S45, S184-S185, S201
ticagrelor, S137
tobacco use
smoking cessation, S5, S62
in children/adolescents, S187
in type 2 diabetes prevention/delay, S36
topiramate/phentermine, S37, S103
tricyclic antidepressants, S105, S160, S161
triglycerides
elevated, S20, S131, S134, S192
REDUCE-IT trial, S59, S134
two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG), S16, S17, S18, S26, S28
in prediabetes, S20, S21
two-step strategy, GDM, S28-S29
type 1 diabetes, S6
A1C and cardiovascular disease in, S77
in children and adolescents, S181-S187
classification, S15–S16
daily insulin requirements, S112
diagnosis, S18-S20
idiopathic, S19
immune-mediated, S18-S19
in older adults, S175
insulin therapy, S112-S113
intermittent CGM in, S90
noninsulin treatments, S113
pharmacologic therapy, S111-S113
preexisting, in pregnancy, S205
real-time CGM in children/adolescents, S183, S184
screening for risk, S20
staging, S17
surgical treatment, S113
type 2 diabetes, S4, S5
A1C and cardiovascular disease in, S77-S78
classification, S15–S16
combination therapy, S114
diagnosis, S19-S24
in children and adolescents, S188-S193
initial therapy, S114
insulin therapy, S113-
intensifying to injectable therapies, S9, S113, S118, S21
lifestyle management, S171–S172
metabolic surgery, S105-S107
pharmacologic therapy, S113-S121
postpartum conversion of GDM to, S206-S207
preexisting, in pregnancy, S205
prevention/delay, S34–S39
screening/testing, S20–S22, S171
tyrosine phosphatases, S18
U-300 glargine, S113, S119, S120, S121, S173, S214
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S76-S79 S142
uric acid, S87
vaccinations, S4, S42-S46, S201
vascular dementia, S46, S169
vegetarian diet, S35, S57
venlafaxine, S160
VERIFY trial, S114
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S77, S169
water intake, S56, S60
weight loss. See obesity management
well-being, S9, S53-S72
whites. See Caucasians
wound care, for diabetic foot infections, S162
xylose, S87
yoga, S60-S61
zinc transporter 8, S18
zoster vaccination, S48
