A1C, S4, S18–S19
advantages of, S18
and cardiovascular disease outcomes, S88–S89
confirming diagnosis with, S19
correlation with BGM, S84
in diagnosis of adults, S18–S19
in diagnosis of children, S18–S19
differences in children, S84–S85
hemoglobinopathies and, S19
limitations, S84
other conditions affecting, S19
point-of-care assays, S4, S18
in prediabetes, S23
in pregnancy, S235
race/ethnicity and, S19, S84–S85
recommendations, S19
setting and modifying goals for, S89–S90
acarbose, S121, S137
access to care, S10–S11
access, to insulin, S254–S255
ACCORD study, S54, S87–S88, S91, S146, S147, S148, S154, S178, S179, S197
ACE inhibitors, S6, S7, S51, S148, S149, S150, S158, S176, S178, S181, S182, S209, S216, S218, S222, S233, S239
acute kidney injury, S150, S178
ADA consensus report, S1–S2
ADA evidence-grading system, S2
ADA Professional Practice Committee, S1, S3
ADA statements, S1
ADAG study, S84–S85, S90, S91
Addison disease, S53
adolescents. see children and adolescents.
adrenal insufficiency, primary, S53
adult-onset diabetes. see Type 2 diabetes.
adults, prediabetes and diabetes screening in, S22, S25–S26
ADVANCE trial, S87–S88, S91, S146, S147
advocacy statements, S7, S254–S255
care of young children with diabetes in the childcare setting, S255
diabetes and driving, S255
diabetes and employment, S255
diabetes care in correctional institutions, S255
diabetes care in the school setting, S255
insulin access and affordability, S254–S255
affordability, of insulin, S254–S255
African Americans, S11, S20, S21, S22, S25, S68, S91
A1C variability in, S19, S23, S84–S85
BMI cut point in, S26
age
effect on A1C, S19–S20
risk factor for diabetes, S25
statin treatment and, S151
agricultural workers, migrant, S12
AIM-HIGH trial, S154–S155
albiglutide, S165, S166, S167
albuminuria, S66, S70, S91, S133, S145, S147, S149, S150, S156, S167, S176, S177, S178, S179, S180, S181, S182, S215, S217, S218
alcohol intake, S67
alirocumab, S153
alogliptin, S133, S137, S159, S167, S247
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, S137
ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), S85, S86, S87
amputation, foot, S190, S191
analogs. see insulin analogs.
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S6, S149, S150, S158, S178, S180, S181, S182, S209, S210
anti-VEGF agents, S187–S188
antibiotics, S192
antiplatelet agents, S155–S157
antipsychotics, atypical, S26, S74
antiretroviral therapies, S26
anxiety disorders, S72
ARRIVE trial, S156
ASCEND trial, S66, S156, S157
Asian Americans, S22, S25–S26, S119, S120
aspart, S27, S126, S138, S201
aspirin therapy, S155, S156, S239
ASPREE trial, S156
atenolol, S190
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), S144–S174
atorvastatin, S152
atypical antipsychotics, S26, S74
autoimmune diseases, S53, S215
automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, S5, S98, S104–S105, S126, S213
autonomic neuropathy, S70
autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S188
balloons, implanted gastric, S119
bariatric surgery. see metabolic surgery.
basal insulin, S99, S126, S139
bedtime dosing, of antihypertensives, S150
behavior changes, S5, S10, S60–S82
diabetes self-management education and support, S60–S62
medical nutrition therapy, S62–S67
physical activity, S67–S70
in pregnancy, S236
psychosocial issues, S70–S75
smoking cessation, S70
for weight loss, S114–S115
bempedoic acid, S153–S154
beta-cell replacement therapy, S130–S131
biguanides, S137
bladder dysfunction, S189
Blood Glucose Awareness Training, S5, S72, S92
blood glucose monitoring (BGM), S5, S83, S84, S85, S89, S90, S92, S129, S221
bedside, in hospitalized patients, S246
correlation with A1C, S84
devices for, S98–S100
in hypoglycemia, S90–S92
in intensive insulin regimens, S99
during pregnancy, S235
blood pressure control. see also hypertension., S145–S150, S181
body mass index (BMI), S5, S18, S22, S25–S26, S114, S115, S116, S119, S120, S219, S221, S222, S237, S239
bone mineral density (BMD), S55
bromocriptine, S137
calcium channel blockers, S149, S150
canagliflozin, S133, S137, S162, S164, S167, S180, S181, S616
cancer, risk in diabetes, S53
CANVAS study, S162, S163, S164, S180, S181
capsaicin, topical, S190
carbamazepine, S190
carbohydrate intake, S4, S5, S65–S66
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S188–S189
cardiac function testing, S223
cardiovascular disease, S6, S144–S174
A1C and outcomes of, S88–S89
antiplatelet agents, S155–S157
cardiac testing, S159
hypertension/blood pressure control, S145–S150
lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, S159–S169
lipid management, S151–S155
prevention of, in prediabetes, S42–S43, S223
screening, S157–S159
cardiovascular risk
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S216
risk calculator, S145
care delivery systems, S9–S11
access to care and quality improvement, S10–S11
behaviors and well-being, S10
care teams, S10
chronic care model, S9
medication cost considerations, S10
six core elements, S9
system-level improvement strategies, S9–S10
care teams, S10
CARMELINA trial, S159, S167
CAROLINA trial, S159, S161
celiac disease, S53
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S209, S215–S216
Charcot neuropathy, S69, S70, S190, S191
childcare, S212, S255
children and adolescents, S7, S208–S231
A1C in, S19–S20, S84–S85
asymptomatic, risk-based screening in, S23
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in, S27
diabetes care in childcare settings, S212, S255
diabetes care in school setting, S98, S212, S254–S255
insulin pumps in, S104
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S17, S28–S29
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S17, S28–S30
neonatal diabetes, S17, S28–S29
physical activity in, S68, S69
recommendations for screening and treatment, S209–S210
screening for prediabetes and type 2, S26
transition from pediatric to adult care, S224
type 1 diabetes in, S211–S218
type 2 diabetes in, S218–S224
China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, S42–S43
CHIPS trial, S148
cholesterol lowering, S151
chronic care model, S9
chronic kidney disease, diabetic, S6–S7, S175–S184
acute kidney injury, S178
assessing albuminuria and GFR, S176–S177
diagnosis, S177
interventions for, S179–S182
referral to nephrologist, S182
risk of progression, S177
screening recommendations, S175
staging, S177–S178
surveillance, S178–S179
treatment recommendations, S175–S176
classification, S4, S17–S18
clonidine, S190
clopidogrel, S155, S157
closed-loop systems
do-it-yourself, S105
hybrid, S126
coaching, online, S105
cognitive capacity/impairment, S5, S53–S54, S74–S75
colesevelam, S137
collaborative care, S46–S48
collagen vascular diseases, S53
community health workers, S4
community screening, S26
community support, S13
comorbidities, assessment of, S46–S59
autoimmune diseases, S53
cancer, S53
cognitive impairment/dementia, S53–S54
fractures, S55
hepatitis C infection, S54–S55
low testosterone in men, S55–S56
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S54, S55, S56
obstructive sleep apnea, S56
pancreatitis, S55
periodontal disease, S56
sensory impairment, S55
COMPASS trial, S157
CONCEPTT study, S235–S236
connected insulin pens, S5, S102–S103
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S5, S85–S87
ambulatory glucose profile in, S85, S86, S87
devices for, S100–S102
in hospitalized patients, S246
in hypoglycemia, S92
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S214
in pregnancy, S235–S236
recommendations, S85, S100–S101
standardized metrics for, S85
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S98, S125–S126
coronary artery disease, S69, S149, S150, S157, S158
correctional institutions, diabetes care in, S255
cost considerations, S4, S10, S135, S137, S254–S255
COVID-19 vaccines, S51–S52
CREDENCE study, S162, S163, S164, S167, S180, S181
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S17, S27
DAMOCLES study, S192
DAPA-CKD study, S6, S164, S180
DAPA-HF study, S6, S164
dapagliflozin, S133, S137, S162, S164, S166, S167, S180, S181
DASH diet, S148, S151
DECLARE-TIMI 58 study, S164
degludec, S126, S138, S139, S140, S201
delay, of type 2 diabetes, S4–S5, S39–S45
lifestyle behavior change, S40–S42
patient-centered care goals, S43
pharmacologic interventions, S42
prevention of vascular disease and mortality, S42–S43
dementia, in diabetics, S53–S54
hyperglycemia and, S54
hypoglycemia and, S54
nutrition and, S54
statins and, S54
dental practices, screening in, S26
depression, S72–S73
detemir, S128, S138, S139, S201
devices. see technology.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S19, S87, S88, S89, S90, S91, S105, S125, S126, S214, S218
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC), S55, S88, S89, S91, S179
diabetes distress, S71–S72
diabetes medical management plan (DMMP), for students, S98
Diabetes Prevention Impact Tool Kit, S41
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S23, S40
delivery and dissemination of, S41–S42
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S42
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S5, S10, S13, S60–S62, S63, S71, S73, S136, S211
diabetes technology. see technology, diabetes.
diabetic ketoacidosis, S17–S18, S249–S250
diabetic kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease.
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S187
diagnosis, S4, S18–S26
confirmation of, S20
of diabetic kidney disease, S177
of diabetic neuropathy, S188–S189
diagnostic tests, S18–S20
type 1 diabetes, S20–S22
of type 1 vs type 2 in pediatric patients, S219
type 2 diabetes, S23–S25
diagnostic tests, S18–S20
A1C, S19–S20
age, S19–S20
confirmation of, S20
criteria for, S19
ethnicity, S20
fasting and 2-hr plasma glucose, S19
hemoglobinopathies, S20
prediabetes, S22–S23
race, S20
diet
for hypertension control, S148
for weight loss, S114–S115
Dietary Reference Intakes, S236
digital health technology, S105
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, S28, S116, S133, S134, S135, S137, S159, S161, S166, S190, S200, S247
disordered eating behavior, S73–S74
do-it-yourself systems, S105
domperidone, S190
Dose Adjusted for Normal Eating (DAFNE), S5, S92
DRCR Retina Network, S187
driving, and diabetes, S255
droxidopa, S190
dulaglutide, S133, S137, S160, S165, S166, S167, S181
duloxetine, S189
dyslipidemia, S209, S210, S216–S217, S223
e-cigarettes, S70, S217
eating disorders, S73–S74
eating patterns, S74–S75
education, on device use, S98
electrical stimulation, gastric, S190
ELIXA trial, S160–S161
EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S133, S161, S162, S163, S167, S180
empagliflozin, S133, S137, S161, S164, S166, S167, S168, S180, S181
EMPEROR-Reduced trial, S133, S162, S163, S164, S167
employment, diabetes and, S255
enalapril, S190
end-of-life care, S204
enteral/parenteral feedings, S248–S249
erectile dysfunction, S56, S190
ertugliflozin, S133, S137, S162, S164–S165, S247
Ertugliflozin Efficacy and Safety Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (VERTIS CV), S6, S164–S165
erythromycin, S190
erythropoietin therapy, A1C and, S19
estimated average glucose (eAG), S84
ETDRS study, S187
ethnicity
effect on A1C, S20, S84–S85
in screening asymptomatic adults, S25–S26
in screening asymptomatic children/adolescents, S23
evidence-grading system, S2
evolocumab, S6, S153
EXAMINE trial, S159, S167
exenatide, S133, S137, S160, S166, S167, S221
exercise. see physical activity.
exocrine pancreas diseases, S17, S30
EXSCEL trial, S133, S160–S161, S166
eye exam, comprehensive, S186, S187, S218, S223
ezetimibe, S6, S151, S152, S153, S155, S156
family history, in screening children/adolescents, S23
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S18, S19, S20, S23, S26, S136
fats, dietary, S66–S67
FDA standards, for glucose meters, S99
fenofibrate, S154
fibrate + statin therapy, S154
FLOW trial, S181
fluvastatin, S152
food insecurity, S11–S12
foot care, S7, S190–S192
footwear, S191
FOURIER trial, S153
fractures, S55
gastrectomy, vertical sleeve, S119–S120
gastric aspiration therapy, S119
gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric, S119–S120
gastric electrical stimulation, S190
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S189
gastroparesis, S189, S190
gemfibrozil, S154
genetic testing, S4, S28, S29
genitourinary disturbances, S189
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S4, S17, S22, S23, S25, S30–S33, S41, S42, S232, S235, S236, S237, S239–S240
definition, S30–S31
initial testing, S239
insulin, S237
management of, S236–S237
medical nutrition therapy, S236–S237
metformin, S237
one-step strategy, S32
physical activity, S237
postpartum care, S239–S240
recommendations, S30
screening and diagnosis, S31–S33
sulfonylureas, S237
two-step strategy, S32–S33
glargine, S126, S128, S138, S139, S140, S201
glimepiride, S133, S137, S159, S161, S200
glipizide, S133, S137, S200
glomerular filtration rate, S176
glucagon, S90, S91–S92
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), S118, S130, S135, S136, S137, S139–S140, S168, S179, S180, S181, S186, S190
glucocorticoid therapy, S26, S249
glucose, for hypoglycemia, S90, S91
glucose meters
counterfeit strips, S99
inaccuracy, S100
interfering substances, S100
oxygen, S100
standards, S99
temperature, S100
glucose monitoring. see blood glucose monitoring.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, A1C and, S19, S20
glucose-lowering therapy, S116, S127, S131
in chronic kidney disease, S179–S182
in hospitalized patients, S246–S247
glulisine, S138, S201
glyburide, S134, S137, S200, S236, S237
glycemic control
assessment of, S83–S90
physical activity and, S69
glycemic goals. see also glycemic targets., S87–S90
glycemic targets, S5, S83–S96
A1c and BGM correlation, S84
A1C and cardiovascular disease outcomes, S87
A1c differences in ethnic groups and children, S84–S85
A1c limitations, S84
continuous glucose monitoring, S85–S87
in diabetic kidney disease, S179
goals, S87–S90
in hospitalized patients, S245–S246
hypoglycemia, S90–S92
individualization of, S89
intercurrent illness, S92
in older adults, S197–S198
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S213–S215
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S219–S220
recommendations, S83
setting and modifying A1C goals, S89–S90
glycemic treatment, S6, S125–S143
guanfacine, S190
health literacy, S12–S13
health numeracy, S4, S12–S13
hearing impairment, S55
heart failure, S144–S145, S166
hemodialysis, A1C and, S20
hemoglobinopathies, A1C on, S20
hepatitis B vaccines, S51
hepatitis C infection, S54–S55
hepatitis, autoimmune, S53
hip fractures, S55
homelessness, S12
hospital care, S7, S92, S106, S244–S253
bedside glucose monitoring, S246
care delivery standards, S245–S246
glucose-lowering treatment in, S246–S247
glycemic targets in, S245–S246
hypoglycemia, S247–S248
medical nutrition therapy in, S248
medication reconciliation, S250
perioperative care, S249
preventing admissions and readmissions, S250–S251
self-management in, S248
standards for special situations, S248–S250
structured discharge communication, S250
transition to ambulatory setting, S250
HOT trial, S146, S147
housing insecurity, S12
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S155
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), S20, S22, S26
human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine, S52
human regular insulin, S138, S139, S249, S250
hybrid closed-loop systems, S126
Hydrogel, oral, S119
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S192
hyperglycemia, S54
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S31
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S249–S250
hypertension, S145–S150
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S209, S216
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S210, S223
hypertriglyceridemia, S154
hypoglycemia, S5, S54, S90–S92
classification, S91
in hospitalized patients, S247–S248
in older adults, S196–S197
prevention, S92
recommendations, S901
treatment, S91–S92
hypoglycemia risk, S51
hypoglycemia, postbariatric, S120–S121
hypogonadism, S55
hypokalemia, S150
icosapent ethyl, S154
idiopathic type 1 diabetes, S21
Illness, intercurrent, glycemic targets in, S92
immune checkpoint inhibitors, S4
immune-mediated diabetes, S21
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S18, S22, S23
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), S18, S19, S22, S23, S27, S32
incretin-based therapies, S200
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S42
infections, diabetic foot, S191–S192
influenza, S5
influenza vaccines, S5, S48, S50–S54
inhaled insulin, S103, S126, S127, S138, S139
injection techniques, S127
insulin analogs, in type 1 diabetics, S127–S130
insulin delivery, S102–S106
automated systems, S104–105
do-it-yourself closed-loop systems, S105
injection techniques, S127
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S213–S215
pens and syringes, S5, S102–103
pumps, S103–S104
insulin pump therapy, S99, S214
insulin resistance, S17, S18, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27, S68, S139, S224, S234, S235, S236, S237, S238, S239
insulin secretagogues, S200
insulin therapy, S28
access and affordability, S254–S255
in adults with type 1 diabetes, S125–S130
in adults with type 2 diabetes, S131–S141, S140–S141
basal, S99, S126, S139
combination injectable, S139–S140
concentrated insulins, S139
in hospitalized patients, S246
inhaled insulin, S103, S126, S127, S138, S139
monitoring for intensive regimens, S99
in older adults, S201
prandial, S126–S127, S139
insulin:carbohydrate ratio (ICR), S128–S129
integrated CGM devices, S101–S102
intensification, of therapy, S136
intermittently scanned CGM devices, S101–S102
International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), S31, S32
International Diabetes Closed Loop (iDCL) trial, S126
islet autotransplantation, S30, S55, S130–S131
isradipine, S190
juvenile-onset diabetes. see immune-mediated diabetes.
KDIGO study, S177
kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease
Kumamoto study, S88
language barriers, S12
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), S18
LEADER trial, S160–S161, S165, S180
lifestyle behavior changes
for diabetes prevention, S40–S42
for hypertension, S148
for lipid management, S151
in older adults, S198–S199
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S219
in pregnancy, S236
to reduce ASCVD risk factors, S151
linagliptin, S133, S137, S159, S161, S167
lipase inhibitors, S117
lipid management, S151–S155
lipid profiles, S151
liraglutide, S42, S54, S116, S118, S133, S137, S140, S160, S165, S166, S167, S180, S181, S221, S222
lispro, S138, S139, S201
lixisenatide, S133, S137, S138, S140, S160, S166, S167
long-acting insulin analog, in type 1 diabetics, S126, S128–S130, S135, S138, S139, S201, S202, S212, S214, S249
Look AHEAD trial, S116
loss of protective sensation, S188, S191
lovastatin, S152
macular edema, diabetic, S186
maternal history, in screening children/adolescents, S23
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S18, S28–S29, S208, S219
meal planning, S74–S75
medical devices, for weight loss, S119
medical evaluation, S5, S46–S59
autoimmune diseases, S53
cancer, S53
cognitive impairment/dementia, S53–S54
comprehensive, S48–S51
fractures, S55
hepatitis C infection, S54–S55
immunizations, S48, S50–S54
low testosterone in men, S55–S56
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S54, S55, S56
obstructive sleep apnea, S56
pancreatitis, S55
periodontal disease, S56
recommendations, S48
medical nutrition therapy, S62–S67
alcohol, S67
carbohydrates, S65–S66
eating patterns and meal planning, S64–S65
fats, S66–S67
goals of, S64
in hospitalized patients, S248
micronutrients and supplements, S67
protein, S66
recommendations, S63
sodium, S67
weight management, S64
medications
considerations in pregnancy, S239–S240
cost considerations, S4, S10
in diabetes screening, S26
glucose-lowering, impact on weight, S116
for weight loss, S116–S119
Mediterranean diet, S151
meglitinides, S51, S137
mental health referrals, S72, S73
mental illness, serious, S74
metabolic surgery, S119–S121, S221–S222
metformin, S5, S6, S7, S28, S30, S42, S67, S88, S89, S116, S130, S131, S132, S133, S135, S137, S139, S140, S158, S159, S160, S162, S165, S166, S168, S179, S180, S196, S200, S201, S210, S220, S221, S223, S236, S237, S238, S239, S249
metoclopramide, S190
metoprolol, S190
micronutrients, S67
microvascular complications, S69–S70
A1C and, S87–S88
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S217–S218
midodrine, S190
miglitol, S137
migrant farmworkers, S12
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy, S150–S151, S181
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S17, S28–S30
multiple daily injections (MDI), S99
myasthenia gravis, S53
naltrexone/bupropion ER, S116, S117
nateglinide, S42, S137
National Diabetes Data Group, S33
National Diabetes Prevention Program, S41
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S9, S19, S55, S219
neonatal diabetes, S17, S28
nephrologist, referral to, S182
nephropathy
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S209, S217
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S210, S222
neurocognitive function, S196
neuropathy, S7, S70, S188–S190
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S209, S218
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S210, S223
new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), S27
niacin + statin therapy, S154–S155
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), S5, S54, S55, S56
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S210, S223
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), S5, S54
noninsulin treatments
in type 1 diabetes, S127, S130
noninsulin-dependent diabetes. see type 2 diabetes.
nonnutritive sweeteners, S67
NPH insulin, S126, S127, S128–S130, S133, S135, S138, S139, S140, S201, S247, S249
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
A1C and, S20
nursing homes, S203–S204
nutrition therapy
and dementia, S54
for diabetes prevention, S40–S41
with diabetic kidney disease, S179
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S211
obesity, S5, S113–S124
assessment, S113–S114
diet, physical activity, and behavioral therapy, S114–S119
medical devices for weight loss, S119
metabolic surgery, S119–S121
pharmacotherapy, S116–S119
screening asymptomatic children/adolescents, S23
obstructive sleep apnea, S56
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S210
ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, S153
older adults, S7, S195–S207
end-of-life care, S204
hypoglycemia, S196–S197
lifestyle management, S198–S199
neurocognitive function, S196
pharmacologic therapy, S199–S203
in skilled nursing facilities and nursing homes, S203–S204
treatment goals, S197–S198
with type 1 diabetes, S203
one-step strategy, for GDM, S32
opioid antagonist/antidepressant combination, S117
ophthalmologist, referral to, S186, S218, S224, S234
oral agents, BGM for patients using, S99
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S18, S19, S23, S26, S27, S28, S29, S31, S32, S33, S236
organ transplantation, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S17, S27–S28
orlistat, S116, S117
orthostatic hypotension, S190
overweight, screening asymptomatic children/adolescents, S23
oxygen, glucose monitors and, S100
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S155, S157
palliative care, S204
pancreas transplantation, S130–S131
pancreatectomy, S30
pancreatic diabetes, S17, S30
pancreatitis, S55
pancreoprivic diabetes, S30
patient-centered care goals, S43
patient-centered collaborative care, S46–S48
pens, insulin, S102–S103
periodontal disease, S26, S56
perioperative care, S249
peripheral arterial disease, S191
peripheral neuropathy, S70
peripheral neuropathy, diabetic, S188
pernicious anemia, S53
pharmacologic approaches. see also specific medications, medication classes., S6, S125–S143
for adults with type 1 diabetes, S125–S130
for adults with type 2 diabetes, S131–S141
for hypertension, S149–S151
in older adults, S199–S203
for pediatric type 2 diabetes, S220–S221
in prediabetes, S42
for weight loss, S116–S119
phentermine, S116, S117
phentermine/topiramate ER, S116, S117
phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, S190
photocoagulation surgery, S187
physical activity, S41, S67–S70
for diabetes prevention, S41, S114–S115
for diabetes treatment, S114–S115
frequency and type, S67–S68
glycemic control and, S68
with microvascular complications, S68–S70
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S211
pre-exercise evaluation, S68
pioglitazone, S55, S133, S137, S154
PIONEER-6 trial, S160–S161, S165
pitavastatin, S152
Plenity, S119
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccines, S51, S52
polycystic ovarian syndrome, S210
population health, S4, S8–S16
care delivery systems, S9–S11
recommendations, S8
social context, S11–S13
postbariatric hypoglycemia, S120–S121
postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM), S30
postpartum care, in diabetic women, S239–S240
postpartum state, A1C in, S20
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S17, S27–S28
pramlintide, S127, S130, S137, S190
prandial insulin, S126–S127, S139
pravastatin, S152
pre-eclampsia, in pregnant women with diabetes, S239
prediabetes
criteria defining, S23
diagnosis, S23
prevention of vascular disease and mortality, S42–S43
screening, S4, S22–S23
pregabalin, S116, S189
pregnancy, S7, S232–S243
A1C and, S20, S235
continuous glucose monitoring in, S235–S236
diabetes in, S232
drug considerations in, S238–S239
eye exams during, S186
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S4, S17, S22, S23, S25, S30–S33, S41, S42, S232, S235, S236, S237, S239–S240
glucose monitoring in, S235
glycemic targets in, S234–S236
insulin in, S237
metformin in, S237
pharmacologic therapy, S237
physical activity in, S237
postpartum care, S239–S240
pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes in, 240, S237–S238
preconception counseling, S233–S234
preeclampsia and aspirin, S238
real-time CGM device use in, S102
retinopathy during, S187
sulfonylureas, S237
prevention, type 2 diabetes, S4–S5, S39–S45
lifestyle behavior change, S40–S42
patient-centered care goals, S43
pharmacologic interventions, S42
recommendations, S39, S40, S42, S43
of vascular disease and mortality, S42–S43
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S186
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, S151, S153, S155
protease inhibitors, A1C and, S20
protein intake, S66
psychosocial issues, S70–S75
anxiety disorders, S71
cognitive capacity/impairment, S74–S75
depression, S71–S72
diabetes distress, S70–S71
disordered eating behavior, S73–S74
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S212–S213
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S224
referral to mental health specialist, S72, S73
serious mental illness, S74
pumps, insulin, S99, S103–S104
quality improvement, S10–S11
race
effect on A1C, S20
in screening asymptomatic children/adolescents, S23
rapid-acting insulin analog, S103, S105, S125, S127–S130, S138, S139, S201, S212, S235, S248, S249, S250
real-time CGM devices, S101, S213, S214
REDUCE-IT trial, S154
referrals, S5
to behavioral health provider, S196
for comprehensive eye exam, S186, S218, S224, S234
for DSME, S196
to gastroenterologist, S223
to nephrologist, S182, S223
to neurologist, S188
to pediatric sleep specialist, S223
to registered dietitian, S233, S235, S250
reimbursement, for DSMES, S62
repaglinide, S137
retinopathy, diabetic, S6, S7, S25, S51, S68, S69, S70, S87, S104, S147, S177, S181 S185–S188, S190, S209, S210, S215, S218, S223, S233, S234, S238
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S209, S218
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S210, S223
REWIND trial, S160–S161, S165
risk calculator, for ASCVD, S145
risk management
cardiovascular disease, S6, S144–S174
chronic kidney disease, S6–S7, S175–S184
risk, determination of, S24
rivaroxaban, S155, S157
rosiglitazone, S133, S137
rotuvastatin, S152
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S119–S120
SAVOR-TIMI trial, S159, S167
saxagliptin, S133, S137, S159, S167, S247
schizophrenia, S74
schools
device use in, S98
diabetes care in, S255
pediatric type 1 diabetes and, S212
screening
for cardiovascular disease, S157–S158
in children/adolescents, S26
community, S26
in dental practices, S26
for gestational diabetes mellitus, S30–S33
HIV, S26
medications, S26
for neuropathy, S188
for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, S22–S26
testing interval, S26
for type 1 diabetes, S20–S22
seasonal farmworkers, S12
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). see blood glucose monitoring (BGM)
semaglutide, S5–S6, S54, S55, S116, S118, S133, S137, S160, S161, S165, S167, S180, S181, S200
sensor-augmented pumps, S104–S105
sensory impairment, S55
setmelanotide, S116
sexual dysfunction, S189
sickle cell disease, A1C and, S20
simvastatin, S152
sitagliptin, S133, S137, S159, S167
skilled nursing facilities, S203–S204
smart pens. see connected insulin pens
smoking cessation, S70, S218
social capital, S13
social context, S11–S13
social determinants of health (SDOH), S9, S11–S13
sodium intake, S67
sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, S6, S7, S88, S89, S130, S133, S135, S137, S140, S145, S161, S162, S163, S165, S166, S167, S168, S178, S179, S180, S181, S197, S200, S247, S249
SOLOIST-WHF trial, S167
sotagliflozin, S167
SPRINT trial, S146, S147
staging
of diabetic kidney disease, S177–S178
of type 1 diabetes, S18
statin treatment, S151–S155
statins, S54
sulfonylureas, S12, S28, S29, S85, S133, S137, S140, S200, S237
supplements, S67
surveillance, of chronic kidney disease, S178–S179
SUSTAIN-6 trial, A160–S161, S180
sweeteners, nonnutritive, S67
sympathomimetic amine anorectic/antiepileptic combination, S117
sympathomimetic amine anorectics, S117
syringes, insulin, S102–S103
tapentadol, S189–S190
technology, diabetes, S5, S97–S112
blood glucose monitoring, S98–S100
continuous glucose monitoring devices, S100–S102
general device principles, S97–S98
insulin delivery, S102–S106
TECOS trial, S159, S167
TEDDY study, S22
telemedicine, S10
temperature, of glucose monitor, S100
testing interval, S26
testosterone, low, in men, S55–S56
tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (TDAP) vaccine, S52
thiazide-like diuretics, S26, S150, S182
thiazolidinediones, S28, S42, S55, S116, S133, S137, S166, S200
thyroid disease, autoimmune, S53
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S209, S215
tobacco, S70
training, on device use, S98
transfusion, A1C and, S20
transition
from hospital to ambulatory setting, S250
from pediatric to adult care, S224
transplantation
islet, S91, S130–S131
organ, post-transplant diabetes mellitus after, S17, S27, S28
pancreas, S130–S131
simultaneous renal, S130, S131, S165, S167, S177, S180
tricyclic antidepressants, S190
TWILIGHT trial, S157
two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) test, S18, S19
two-step strategy, for GDM, S32–S33
type 1 diabetes, S4
A1C and cardiovascular disease outcomes in, S88
beta-cell replacement therapy, S130–S131
in children/adolescents, S211–S218
classification, S17–S18
diagnosis, S4, S20–S22
examples of subcutaneous insulin regimens, S128–S130
idiopathic, 21
immune-mediated, 21
insulin therapy in hospitalized patients, S247
noninsulin treatments, S127, S130
in older adults, S203
pharmacologic treatment in adults, S125–S130
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S239
retinopathy in, S186
screening, S4, S21–S22
staging, S18
surgical treatment, S130–S131
type 2 diabetes, S4
A1C and cardiovascular disease outcomes in, S88–S89
in children/adolescents, S218–S224
classification, S4, S17–S18
combination therapy, S132, S135
drug-specific and patient factors to consider, S133
initial therapy, S132
insulin pump use in, S105
obesity and weight management, S5, S113–S124
pharmacologic treatment in adults, S131–S141
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S238
prevention or delay, S4–S5, S39–S45
retinopathy in, S186–S187
risk test for, S24
screening in asymptomatic adults, S4, S25–S26
screening in children/adolescents, S4, S26
type 3c diabetes, S30
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S87, S88, S89, S90, S158
ulcers, foot, S190, S191, S192
ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs, S127–S130, S249
vagus nerve stimulator, S119
vascular disease, prevention of, in prediabetes, S42–S43
venalfaxine, S190
VERIFY trial, S135
vertical sleeve gastrectomy, S119–S120
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S87–S88, S179
vildagliptin, S135
vitamin D supplementation, S5
VOYAGER-PAD trial, S157
weight loss surgery. see metabolic surgery.
weight loss/management
in diabetes prevention, S40, S41, S42, S43, S113–S124
in type 2 diabetes, S5, S64, S113–S124
well-being, S5, S10, S60–S82
whites, non-Hispanic, A1C differences in, S84–S84
zoster vaccine, S53
