A1C, S5, S6, S7, S12, S20, S24, S25, S26, S27, S56, S57, S59
advantages of, S22
age and, S23
alternatives to, S112
cardiovascular disease and, S116–S117
by CGM, S112, S113–S114
confirming diagnosis with, S22
correlation with BGM, S112
diabetes distress and, S94
equivalent eAG levels, S112
for diabetes screening and diagnosis, S21–S22
glycemic assessment by, S7, S112
hemoglobinopathies and, S22
in children, S30, S263–S264, S268, S269, S270–S271
in cystic fibrosis-related disease, S31
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S34–S35
in hyperglycemia, S64
in people with HIV, S30
in preclinical type 1 diabetes, S43
in staging type 1 diabetes, S24, S25
limitations, S7, S112
microvascular complications and, S115–S116
in prediabetes, S27–S28, S43–S44
in pregnancy, S22, S285–S286
other conditions affecting, S22
periodontal disease and, S69 point-of-care assays S21, S22, S112
race/ethnicity and, S22, S79
recommendations, S21–S22
serum glycated protein assays versus, S112
setting and modifying goals for, S113–S118
sleep and, S97
AABBCC approach, S23
acarbose, S68, S154, S174
access to care, S14
access, to insulin, S308
ACCORD study, S60, S64, S116, S117, S118, S181, S182, S183, S192, S222, S236, S246
ACE inhibitors, S9, S56, S184, S185, S186, S195, S202, S205, S220, S222, S223–S224, S266, S271, S283, S289
acellular matrix tissues, S40
acute kidney injury, S151-S152, S181, S183, S186,S222
ADA consensus reports, S4, S9, S32, S54, S80, S88, S113, S147, S160, S164, S165, S179, S197, S202, S245
ADA evidence-grading system, S3
ADA Professional Practice Committee, S1, S2, S309
ADA scientific reviews, S4
ADA statements, S4
ADAG study, S112
Addison disease, S24, S59, S265
adolescents. see children and adolescents.
adrenal insufficiency, primary, S59, S265
adult-onset diabetes. see Type 2 diabetes.
ADVANCE trial, S64, S116, S117, S118, S181, S182, S183
advocacy statements, S307–S308
care of young children with diabetes in the childcare setting, S307
diabetes and driving, S308
diabetes and employment, S308
diabetes care in the school setting, S308
insulin access and affordability, S308
affordability, of insulin, S308
Affordable Care Act, S14, S274
African Americans, S15, S22, S23, S26, S27, S28, S29, S87, S221
age
aspirin use and, S193–S194
effect on A1C, S23
in diabetes diagnosis and classification, S23–S29
risk factor for diabetes, S29, S30
statin treatment and, S188
agricultural workers, migrant, S15–S16
AIM-HIGH trial, S192
albiglutide, S204, S205, S206
albuminuria, S9, S85, S87, S90, S119, S165, S180, S182, S185, S186, S193, S195, S199, S205, S207, 209–210, S219, S220, S221, S222–S227, S265, S267, S273
alcohol intake, S6, S55, S59, S65, S81, S86, S98, S119, S154, S184, S191, S235, S237, S283
algorithms
for diabetic retinopathy screening, S232
insulin dosing, S126, S133, S135, S222, S246, S288, S296
to predict hypoglycemia, S300
alirocumab, S188, S189, S190
alogliptin, S172, S196, S197, S206, S299
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, S46, S148, S172
alpha-lipoic acid, S237
ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), S113, S114, S115, S131, S286
amputation, foot, S9, S64, S202, S203, S234, S237, S238, S239, S240
analogs. see insulin analogs.
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S9, S56, S184, S222, S266, S267, S271, S284, S289
anti-VEGF agents, S233–S234
antiplatelet agents, S192–S194, S247
antipsychotics, S28, S96, S148
antiretroviral therapies, S27, S30
anxiety disorders, S15, S56, S91, S92, S93, S94, S134, S154, S234, S263
ARRIVE trial, S193
artificial intelligence algorithms, for diabetic retinopathy, S232
ASCEND trial, S85, S193
Asian Americans, S26, S27, S28, S29, S45, S149, S153
aspart, S170, S173, S250
aspirin therapy, S10, S192–S194, S233, S248, S289
ASPREE trial, S193
atenolol, S237, S289
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), S57, S165, S166, S168, S169, S179–S218
atorvastatin, S188, S190
autoimmune diseases, S23, S26, S59, S265–S266, S289
autoimmune type 1 diabetes, S23, S24, S32, S268
autologous blood products, S240
automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, S7, S8, S83, S84, S97, S116, S119, S120, S126, S127, S133–S135, S158, S159, S160, S163, S245, S246, S262, S263, S288, S297
autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S59, S89, S90, S181, S234, S235, S301
balloons, implanted gastric, S149
bariatric surgery. see metabolic surgery.
basal insulin, S10, S119, S129, S130, S131, S132, S135, S158, S159, S160, S162, S165, S169, S170, S171, S172, S173, S174, S250, S252, S253, S254, S262, S264, S285, S298, S300, S301, S302
bedtime dosing
of antihypertensives, S186
of insulin, S155, S162, S163, S248
behavioral therapy, S147–S148
behaviors, changes in, S6, S77–S110
cost considerations for medication- taking, S6, S13–S14
diabetes self-management education and support, S77–S80
for diabetes prevention, S44–S46
medical nutrition therapy, S80–S86
physical activity, S86–S90
in gestational diabetes, S287
psychosocial care, S91–S98
smoking cessation, S90–S91
supporting positive health behaviors, S91
well-being and, S13
bempedoic acid, S8, S187, S191
beta-carotene, S81, S85
beta-cell replacement therapy, S161, S164
biguanides, S172
bioengineered allogeneic cellular therapies, S240
bladder dysfunction, S235, S284
Blood Glucose Awareness Training, S121
blood glucose monitoring (BGM), S53, S127–S129, S160, S163
in hospitalized patients, S297
continuous glucose monitoring, S129–S132
correlation with A1C, S112
devices for, S126–S127
during pregnancy, S284, S285
in children and adolescents, S264, S269, S271
in intensive insulin regimens, S129
in older adults, S246, S251
in people on basal insulin, oral agents, or noninsulin injectables, S129
in schools, S127
inaccuracy of, S129
interfering substances, S129
meter standards, S128
optimizing device use, S128–S129
surveillance of, S128
blood pressure control. see also hypertension, S180–S186, S205, S219, S222
body mass index (BMI), S7, S10, S23, S25, S26, S31, S45, S46, S47, S56, S59, S87, S88, S146, S149, S223,
COVID-19 mortality and, S62
effects of metformin use in pregnancy on, S287, S288, S290
for metabolic surgery, S150, S153, S271
in obese patients, S146–S147, S148
in screening asymptomatic adults, S27
in screening asymptomatic children, S27, S268
postpartum, S290
bone fracture risk, S59–S62, S68
bone-strengthening activities, S86, S87, S261, S270
breastfeeding. see lactation.
bromocriptine, S148, S172
calcium channel blockers, S186, S224
canagliflozin, S62, S169, S172, S197, S200, S203, S205, S206, S207, S224, S225
cancer, risk in diabetics, S62
cannabis, S6, S90–S91,
CANVAS study, S62, S197, S200–S201, S203, S207, S224, S226
CANVAS-R study, S203
capsaicin, topical, S236
carbamazepine, S236
carbohydrate intake, S26, S81, S84, S86, S158, S162–S163, S261–S262, S286
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S235
cardiac function testing, S272–S273
cardiovascular disease, S2, S7, S179–S218
antiplatelet agents, S192–S194
cardiac testing, S195–S196
heart failure, S8, S9, S10, S54, S57, S63, S68, S87, S116, S117, S118, S146, S164, S166, S167, S179–S180, S180, S181, S182, S183, S193, S195, S196, S197, S199, S200–S208, S221, S224–S227
hypertension/blood pressure control, S180–S186
lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, S202–S205
lipid management, S186–S187
prevention of, S47
risk calculator, S180
screening, S194–S195
statin treatment, S187–S192
treatment, S196
cardiovascular risk, S14, S16, S27, S33, S47, S54, S60, S63, S65, S67, S68, S85, S87, S88, S116–S117, S146, S153, S164-S165, S168, S179, S180–S184, S187, S188, S190, S191, S193, S194, S195–S197, S202, S204, S205, S206, S208, S210, S219–S220, S222, S223, S226, S235, S236, S245, S247, S248, S259, S261, S266–S267,
care delivery systems, S5
access to care and quality improvement, S14
behaviors and well-being, S13
care teams, S13
chronic care model, S12
medication cost considerations, S13–S14
six core elements, S12
system-level improvement strategies, S12–S13
telehealth, S13
care teams, S13, S91, S92, S93, S95, S127, S136, S273
CARMELINA trial, S196, S206
CAROLINA trial, S196, S202
celiac disease, S24, S59, S61, S259, S265–S266
CHAP trial, S184, S289
Charcot neuropathy, S9, S88, S90, S237, S238, S239
childcare, S10, S120, S262, S307
children and adolescents, S7, S9, S258–S281
A1C in, S30, S263-S264, S268, S269, S270–S271
asymptomatic, risk-based screening in, S27
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in, S6, S21, S23, S31, S111, S135, S258, S268, S284
diabetes care in childcare settings, S10, S120, S262, S307
diabetes care in school setting, S127, S261, S262, S263, S268, S308
insulin pumps in, S7, S263, S270
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S22, S32–S33
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S32–S34
neonatal diabetes, S22, S32, S33
physical activity in, S45, S86, S87
screening for type 1 risk, S26, S267
screening for prediabetes and type 2, S27, S30, S268
substance abuse, S273
transition from pediatric to adult care, S273–S274
type 1 diabetes in, S14, S23, S24, S46, S261–S268
type 2 diabetes in, S268–S273
CHIPS trial, S184, S289
cholesterol lowering therapy, S9, S56, S187, S190, S191
chronic care model, S11 S12, S52, S269
chronic kidney disease, diabetic, S8, S9, S32, S53, S54, S56, S57, S66, S87, S117, S119, S120, S161, S164, S165, S166, S180, S195, S199, S209–S210, S219–S230, S244, S248, S249, S252
acute kidney injury, S151-S152, S181, S183, S186,S222
assessing albuminuria and GFR, S221
diagnosis, S221–S
epidemiology, S221
interventions for, S223–S227
referral to nephrologist, S227
risk of progression, S223, S224, S226
screening recommendations, S219
staging, S221
surveillance, S222–S223
treatment recommendations, S219–S221
chrononutrition, S83
classification, S5, S22–S23
clonidine, S237, S289
clopidogrel, S193, S194
closed-loop systems, S135
do-it-yourself, S135
hybrid, S7, S8, S135, S159, S162, S246, S297
coaching, online, S78, S136
cognitive capacity/impairment, S96-S97
colesevelam, S148, S172
collaborative care, S52–S54, S94, S95, S197–S198
collagen vascular diseases, S59
combination therapy, S8, S164, S165, S168–S169,S190–S191, S192, S193, S194, S205, S237, S252
community health workers, S14, S16, S45, S52, S79, S91, S169
community screening, S30
community support, S5, S14, S16, S97, S262, S273
comorbidities, S6, S9, S12, S23, S32, S43, S47, S52–S76
assessment of, S59–S69
autoimmune diseases, S59
bone health and fractures, S59–S62
cancer, S62
cognitive impairment/dementia, S62
COVID-19, S62–S64
disability, S64
hepatitis C, S64
hyperglycemia, S64
hypoglycemia, S64–S65
low testosterone in men, S65
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S65–S68
obstructive sleep apnea, S68–S69
pancreatitis, S69
periodontal disease, S69
prevention or delay of, S6, S43–S51
sensory impairment, S77
COMPASS trial, S194
computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE), S298
CONCEPTT study, S285, S286
connected insulin pens, S126, S127, S133, S161, S263
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S7, S8, S9, S10, S21, S31, S53, S55, S56, S78, S83, S84, S95, S111, S113–S117, S126-S127, S128, S159, S162–S163, S166
ambulatory glucose profile in, S113, S114, S115, S131, S286
assessment of glycemic status with, S113
benefits of, S130
devices for, S129–S130
in hospitalized patients, S136, S297–S298, S299–S300
in hypoglycemia prevention, S118, S121
in older adults, S246, S253
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S263–S265
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S269–S271
in pregnancy, S131–S132, S284, S286
initiation of device use, S127
interfering substances, S132
intermittently scanned devices, S7, S78, S94, S129–S130, S131, S263, S264, S269
real-time, S7, S94, S121, S129, S130, S263, S254, S269, S284, S286, S297
side effects, S132
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S126, S127, S129–S130, S133, S135, S159, S160, S161
contraception, S149, S152, S259, S260, S263, S266, S267, S271, S272, S273, S282–S283, S284, S289, S291
coronary artery disease, S88, S184, S185, S186, S194, S197, S202, S205
cost considerations, S13–S14, S149–S153, S159–S160, S165, S169, S170, S173
counterfeit test strips, S128
COVID-19, S5, S6, S26, S28, S54–S56,S62–S64, S80, S297
COVID-19 vaccines, S56, S58, S64–S65, S285
CREDENCE study, S62, S200–S201, S203, S207, S225, S226
cystatin C, S221
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S6, S21, S23, S31, S111, S135, S258, S268, S284
Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, S44, S47, S48
DAPA-CKD study, S200–S201, S203, S225, S226
DAPA-HF study, S200–S201, S203, S206, S207
dapagliflozin, S62, S63, S169, S172, S200–S201, S203, S204, S206, S207, S225, S226
DARE-19 study, S63
DASH diet, S45, S82, S184, S186
DECLARE-TIMI 58 study, S200–S201, S203, S207, S226
degludec, S159, S170, S172, S174, S250, S298
delay, of symptomatic type 1 diabetes, S48
delay, of type 2 diabetes, S5-S6, S43–S51
lifestyle behavior change, S44–S46
person-centered care goals, S47–S48
pharmacologic interventions, S46–S47
recommendations, S43, S44, S46, S4, S487
of vascular disease and mortality, S47
DELIVER study, S200–S201, S204, S207
dementia, in diabetics, S62, S64, S65, S69, S96, S119, S192, S245–S246
demographics, of diabetes care, S12–S14
dental practices, screening in, S30, S55, S57
depression, S7, S15, S56, S88, S91, S92, S93, S94, S95, S97, S134, S150, S154, S234, S236, S244, S245, S248, S251, S263, S273
detemir, S162, S170, S173, S250
devices. see technology.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S21, S22, S69, S116, S159, S264, S267
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC), S69, S117, S120, S246
diabetes distress, S6, S9, S12, S15, S56, S91, S92, S93–S94, S130, S159, S262, S263, S273, S303
diabetes medical management plan (DMMP), for students, S127
Diabetes Prevention Impact Tool Kit, S45
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S27, S28, S44, S45, S46, S48, S86, S136
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S28, S44, S46, S48, S47, S86, S168
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S46
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S6, S13, S16, S54, S77–S80, S82, S94, S172
diabetes technology. see technology, diabetes.
diabetic ketoacidosis, S10, S23, S63, S64, S88, S91, S93, S96, S121, S131, S159, S168, S203, S208, S253, S261, S270, S284, S288, S298, S301–S302
diabetic kidney disease. see also chronic kidney disease.
dietary protein and, S75
diagnosis, S221
physical activity and, S90
finerenone in, S202, S206,S209–S210, S225, S226–S227
glucose-lowering medications for, S224–S227
multiple drug therapy, S186
prevention, S222
screening for complications of, S223
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S234
diagnosis, S5, S6, S20–S37
confirmation of, S22
criteria for, S21
cystic fibrosis-related, S22, S31
diabetic kidney disease, S221
diagnostic tests, S20–S22
gestational diabetes, S34–S37
maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S32, S33
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S32–S34
neonatal diabetes, S32
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S31–S32
prediabetes and type 2, S26–S31
type 1, S24–S26,
diagnostic tests, S20–S22
A1C use as, S21–S22
confirmation of, S22
criteria for, S21
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S32, S34, S35, S36, S171
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S20, S21, S22, S26, S27, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S286, S290
plasma glucose test, 2-h, S20, S21, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S33, S35
diet, see Medical nutrition therapy.
Dietary Reference Intakes, S287
DIAMOND trial, S246
digital health technology, S136
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, S62, S68, S148, S166, S167, S168, S172, S196, S202, S250, S252, S298
disordered eating behavior, S56, S82, S84, S91, S92, S93, S95-S96, S261, S262, S263, S273,
do-it-yourself systems, S135, S159
domperidone, S237
Dose Adjusted for Normal Eating (DAFNE), S121
DRCR Retina Network, S233
driving, and diabetes, S308
droxidopa, S237
dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), S8, S68, S148, S149, S165, S167, S168, S169, S170, S171, S172, S174, S252
dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, S8, S62, S68, S148, S149, S165, S167, S168, S169, S170, S171, S172, S174, S252
dulaglutide, S165, S169, S172, S198, S204, S205, S206, S232,
duloxetine, S236
dyslipidemia, S12, S13, S27, S28, S47, S56, S66, S87, S96, S97, S148, S179, S180, S191, S192, S193, S202, S231, S234, S236, S248, S259–S260, 266–S267, S270, S272
e-cigarettes, S6, S90-S91
eating disorders, S82, S95, S263
eating patterns, S6, S44-S45, S53, S55, S68, S80, S81, S82, S84, S85, S93, S95, S96, S269,
education, see also diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).
on device use, S127
patient, S7, S13, S16, S120, S121, S239, S264
preconception, S262, S263, S273, S282–S283, S284
staff, S10, S128, S253, S297
electrical stimulation, gastric, S237, S240
ELIXA trial, S198-S199, S204
EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S200, S201, S203, S206–S207, S224
empagliflozin, S10, S62, S169, S172, S200–S201, S203-S204, S205, S206, S207, S224, S226, S269, S270, S271
EMPEROR-Preserved trial, S200–S201, S203, S207, S226
EMPEROR-Reduced trial, S200–S201, S203, S207, S226
employment, diabetes and, S308
enalapril, S205, S237
end-of-life care, S248, S254
enteral/parenteral feedings, S298, S300–S301
erectile dysfunction, S65, S235, S237
ertugliflozin, S62, S172, S200, S204, S205, S299
erythromycin, S237
erythropoietin therapy, A1C and, S22, S247
estimated average glucose (eAG), S112
ETDRS study, S233, S234
ethnicity, S2, S12, S15, S23, S25, S27, S28, S30, S34, S45, S62, S63, S64, S79, S112, S262, S268
evidence-grading system, S3
evolocumab, S188, S189, S190–S191
EXAMINE trial, S196, S197, S206
exenatide, S172, S198, S205, S206
exercise. see physical activity.
exocrine pancreas diseases, S6, S30, S69
EXSCEL trial, S198–S199, S205,
eye exam, S55, S57, S232, S267, S272, S283
ezetimibe, statins and, S187, S189, S190, S192
family history, S23, S25, S26, S27, S28, S32, S34, S55, S59, S62, S95, S180, S193, S268, S271
farmworkers, migrant and seasonal, S15–16
fasting, S6, S10, S20, S21, S23, S25, S35, S36, S83, S119, S127,
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S32, S34, S35, S36, S171
fats, dietary, S6, S81, S85, S154, S266, S272, S284, S285, S287,
FDA standards, for glucose meters, S128
fear, of hypoglycemia, S56, S91, S92, S93, S94, S119, S121, S159, S244, S263
fenofibrate, S192, S234
fibrate, S260, S272
plus statin therapy, S192
fibrosis-4 index, S65, S66, S67,
FIDELIO-DKD trial, S206, S209, S226, S227
FIGARO-DKD trial, S206, S209, S227
finerenone, S195, S202, S206,S209–S210, S225, S226–S227
fish skin graft, S240
FLOW trial, S266
fluvastatin, S188
food insecurity, S15
foot care, S9, S237–S241, S268
footwear, S90, S237, S239
FOURIER trial, S189
fracture risk, S6, S59, S60–S62, S68,
gastrectomy, vertical sleeve, S153
gastric aspiration therapy, S149
gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric, S153
gastric electrical stimulation, S237
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S235
gastroparesis, S8, S235, S237, S252
gemfibrozil, S192
genetic testing, S25, S32–S33, S66
genitourinary disturbances, S235
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S10, S23, S27, S34–S37, S45, S46, S47, S81, S88, S95, S97, S132, S232–S233, S286–S288
definition, S34
diagnosis, S35–S36
insulin, S288
lifestyle and behavioral management, S287
management of, S286–S288
medical nutrition therapy, S287
metformin, S287
one-step strategy, S35
pharmacologic therapy, S287–S28
physical activity, S287
postpartum care, S290
screening, S35–S36
sulfonylureas, S287
two-step strategy, S37
glargine, S159, S162, S169, S170, S172, S173, S174, S250, S298
glimepiride, S169, S172, S196, S202
glipizide, S172, S252
glomerular filtration rate, S8, S9, S56, S61, S85, S119, S161, S165, S166, S167, S168, S185, S186, S195, S196, S199, S201, S219, S220, S221, S223, S225, S250, S267, S271
glucagon, S7, S8, S31, S118, S120–S121, S158, S169, S170, S208, S224, S225, S231,
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), S8, S28, S62, S67, S68, S116, S148, S151, S152, S160, S164, S166, S167, S171, S172, S173, S195, S196, S199, S204, S209, S220, S245, S249, S269, S270, S299
glucocorticoid therapy, S301
glucose meters, S7, S119, S127, S128–S129
counterfeit strips, S128
inaccuracy, S129
interfering substances, S129
optimizing use of, S128
oxygen, S129
standards, S128
temperature, S129
glucose monitoring. see blood glucose monitoring.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, A1C and, S22, S112,
glucose-lowering therapy, S33, S148, S165
glulisine, S173, S250,
glyburide, S10, S172, S252, S286, S287
glycemic goals, S7, S8, S9, S10, S111–S125
assessment of glycemic status, S111–S113
cardiovascular disease outcome with, S116–S117
continuous glucose monitoring, S113–S114
for nonpregnant adults, S116
in diabetic kidney disease, S223
in hospitalized patients, S296–S297
in pregnancy, S284–S285
hypoglycemia, S118–S121
intercurrent illness, S121
in older adults, S246–S249
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S263–S265
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S269
setting and modifying A1C goals, S117–S118
glycemic treatment, S7, S158–S178
for adults with type 1 diabetes, S158–S164
for adults with type 2 diabetes, S164–S174
growth factors, S240
guanfacine, S237
health literacy, S14, S15, S16, S80, S119, S247, S262, S273
health numeracy, S13, S14, S15, S16, S53, S79, S80, S83, S84, S162, S247, S261
health promotion, S11–S19
hearing impairment, S69
heart failure, S8, S9, S10, S54, S57, S63, S68, S87, S116, S117, S118, S146, S164, S166, S167, S179–S180, S180, S181, S182, S183, S193, S195, S196, S197, S199, S200–S208, S221, S224–S227
hemodialysis, A1C and, S22, S247
hemoglobinopathies, A1C and, S35, S44, S55, S268
hepatitis B, S222, S284
hepatitis B vaccines, S56, S58, S284
hepatitis C infection, S64, S284
hepatitis, autoimmune, S24, S265
high-intensity interval training, S6, S88
Hispanic/Latino population, S15, S22, S27, S28, S79, S87
homelessness, S5, S14, S15, S55, S119, S262, S273
hospital care, S10, S295–S306
care delivery standards, S295–S296
continuous glucose monitoring, S297
diabetes care specialists in, S296
diabetic ketoacidosis, S301–S302
enteral/parenteral feedings, S300
glucocorticoid therapy, S301
glucose-lowering treatment in, S298–S299
glucose monitoring, S297–S298
glycemic goals in, S296–S297
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S301–S302
hypoglycemia, S299–S300
insulin therapy, S298–S299
medical nutrition therapy in, S301
medication reconciliation, S302
noninsulin therapies, S299
perioperative care, S301
preventing admissions and readmissions, S303
self-management in, S300
standards for special situations, S300–S301
structured discharge communication, S302
transition to ambulatory setting, S295, S302–S303
HOT trial, S182, S183
housing insecurity, S5, S15
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S192
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), S22, S23, S26–S27, S30, S235, S284
human regular insulin, S170, S173, S301, S302
hybrid closed-loop systems. see automated insulin delivery systems.
hydrogel, oral, S149
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S239, S240
hyperglycemia, S10, S15, S21, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S28, S30, S31–S32, S34, S35, S47, S63, S64, S67, S68, S69, S83, S86, S88, S95, S97, S111, S113, S115, S121, S127, S128, S131–S132, S135, S146, S153, S165, S168, S170, S171, S221, S231, S232, S246, S247, S248, S251, S253, S254, S261-S262, S264, S269, S272, S282, S284, S285, S286, S290, S295, S296, S297, S298–S299, S301–S302
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S36, S285
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S10, S64, S121, S247, S269, S270, S298, S301–S302
hypertension, S9, S12, S13, S27, S28, S45, S47, S57, S65, S66, S85, S87, S88, S97, S116, S146, S148, S159, S179, S180–S186, S193, S199, S202, S205, S221, S222, S223, S224, S225, S227, S231, S236, S244, S247, S248, S250, S254, S259, S260, S266, S270, S271, S272, S282, S284, S286, S288, S289
hypertriglyceridemia, S85, S159, S168, S191
hypoglycemia, S64-S65,S118-S125, S129, S130–S132, S134–S135, S136, S150–S154, S158–S165, S168–S169, S170, S174, S203, S208, S210, S223, S234, S235, S244, S245–S246, S249–S250, S251, S252, S253–S254, S261–S265, S269, S282, S282–S288, S291, S295, S296–S297, S298, S299–S300, S301–S302
hypogonadism, S65, S237
hypokalemia, S186, S220, S222
icosapent ethyl, S85, S191, S225
idiopathic type 1 diabetes, S27
illness, intercurrent, glycemic targets in, S121, S129
immune checkpoint inhibitors, S23, S26
immune-mediated diabetes, S24
immunizations, S54–S59
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S21, S24, S27, S28, S43, S48
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), S21, S24, S27, S28, S36, S43, S47, S48
inclisiran, S9, S187, S189–S191
incretin-based therapies, S31, S69, S252
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S46
infections, S5, S26, S31-S32, S54–S59, S63, S64, S90, S134, S235, S239, S251, S252, S301
influenza vaccines, S56–S57, S58
inhaled insulin, S8, S133, S158, S160, S173
injection techniques, S133, S161, S160–S161
inpatient care. see hospital care.
insulin analogs, S8, S134, S158, S159, S162, S169, S170, S174, S252, S264, S298, S302
insulin delivery, S7, S8, S57, S83, S132–S136
automated systems, S7, S8, S83, S84–S85, S97, S116, S119, S120, S126, S127, S135, S158, S159, S160, S163, S245, S246, S262, S263, S288, S297
do-it-yourself closed-loop systems, S135, S159
injection techniques, S133, S161, S160–S161
IV, transitioning to SC, S298–S299
pens and syringes, S132–S133
pumps, S133–S136
insulin pump therapy, S128, S130, S131, S133–S136, S160, S162, S264, S270
insulin resistance, S22, S23, S25, S27, S28, S30, S31, S47, S62, S65, S66, S67, S87, S97, S170, S172, S272, S284, S285, S286, S287, S288, S289, S298
insulin secretagogues, S81, S88, S89, S120, S148, S252
insulin therapy
access and affordability, S308
basal, S10, S119, S129, S130, S131, S132, S135, S158, S159, S160, S162, S165, S169, S170, S171, S172, S173, S174, S250, S252, S253, S254, S262, S264, S285, S298, S300, S301, S302
cost considerations, S173
dosing algorithms using machine learning, S126, S133, S135, S222, S246, S288, S296
in adults with type 1 diabetes, S158–S164
in adults with type 2 diabetes, S164–S174
combination injectable, S174
concentrated insulins, S170, S288, S299
in hospitalized patients, S298–S299
inhaled insulin, S8, S133, S158, S160, S173
in older adults, S250–S253
prandial, S128, S160, S170, S171, S174, S250, S262, S270, S298, S300
insulin:carbohydrate ratio (ICR), S162
integrated CGM devices, S130
intensification
of obesity treatment, S8, S149
of diabetes therapy, S8, S160, S164, S168, S169, S174, S197 S141, S143, S149, S151, S154, S176
intermittent fasting, S83
intermittently scanned CGM devices, S7, S78, S94, S129–S130, S131, S263, S264, S269
International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), S34–S37
islet transplantation, S161, S164
isradipine, S237
juvenile-onset diabetes. see immune-mediated diabetes.
KDIGO study, S9, S80, S221, S224
ketoacidosis, diabetic, S10, S23, S63, S64, S88, S91, S93, S96, S121, S131, S159, S168, S203, S208, S253, S261, S270, S284, S288, S298, S301–S302
kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease.
Kumamoto study, S116
lactation, S290–S291
language barriers, S16
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), S23
Latino/Hispanic population, S15, S22, S27, S28, S79, S87
LEADER trial, S198–S199, S204, S224
lifestyle behavior changes, S44–S46
delivery and dissemination of, S45–S46
Diabetes Prevention Program, S44
for diabetes prevention, S44–S46
for hypertension, S184
for lipid management, S186–S187
for weight management, S147–S148
in older adults, S249
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S259, S266–S267
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S259, S268–S271
in pregnancy, S286
nutrition, S44–S45
physical activity, S45
to reduce ASCVD risk factors, S180, S184
type 1 diabetes progression and, S46
linagliptin, S172, S196, S202–S203, S206, S271
lipase inhibitors, S151
lipid management, S146, S186–S187,S236, S247, S254
lipid profiles, S56, S186, S187, S259-S260, S266, S267
liraglutide, S46, S68, S149, S151, S164, S169, S172, S173, S174, S198, S204–S205, S206, S224, S232
lispro, S170, S172, S173, S250
lixisenatide, S173, S174, S198, S204, S206
long-acting insulin, S159, S169, S170, S252, S264, S269, S270
Look AHEAD trial, S63, S69, S83, S147, S202, S249
loss of protective sensation, S235, S237, S238
lovastatin, S188
machine learning, insulin dosing algorithms using, S296
macular edema, diabetic, S232–S234, S252
marijuana. see cannabis.
maternal history, in screening children/adolescents, S27
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S23, S32–S33, S268
meal planning, S80, S82–S83, S84, S284
Medicaid expansion, S14
medical devices, for weight loss, S149
medical evaluation, S2, S3, S6, S52–S76, S146, S161, S187
autoimmune diseases, S59
bone health, S59
cancer, S62
cognitive impairment/dementia, S62
comorbidities, S59–S62
comprehensive, S54, S55–S56
COVID-19, S62–S64
disability, S64
hepatitis C, S64
hyperglycemia, S64
hypoglycemia, S64–S65
immunizations, S54–S59
low testosterone in men, S65
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S66–S68
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, S66–S68
obstructive sleep apnea, S68–S69
pancreatitis, S69
periodontal disease, S69
sensory impairment, S69
statins, S69
medical nutrition therapy, S6, S45, S54, S57, S77, S80–S88, S113, S128, S154, S187, S259–S260, S261, S285
alcohol, S86
carbohydrates, S84–S85
eating patterns and meal planning, S82–S83
fats, S85
food insecurity and access, S82
goals of, S80
in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S261
in hospitalized patients, S301–S302
in pregnancy. S287
micronutrient, and supplements, S85–S86
nonnutritive sweeteners, S86
protein, S85
sodium, S85
weight management, S80–S82
Mediterranean diet, S6, S45, S68, S81, S82, S85, S186
meglitinides, S9, S115, S117, S119, S148, S165, S172, S245, S249, S252
mental health. see Psychosocial care.
mental health referrals, S93, S95, S96
mental illness, serious, S97
metabolic surgery, S7, S8, S10, S58, S67, S68, S80, S93, S145, S146, S148, S149, S153–S154, S164, S168, S271
metformin, S10, S46-S47, S56, S61–S62, S63, S68, S86, S116, S117, S148, S161, S165, S168, S169, S170, S172, S195, S196, S198, S200, S206, S210, S224, S225, S245, S250–S252, S260, S269, S270-S271, S272, S286, S287–S288, S290, S301,
metoclopramide, S237
metoprolol, S206, S237
micronutrients, S80, S81, S83, S85–S86
microvascular complications, S2, S7, S12, S28, S31, S33, S48, S55, S90, S96, S113, S115–S116, S117, S159, S164, S189, S181, S234, S267–S268, S270, S283,
midodrine, S237
miglitol, S172
migrant farmworkers, S15–S16
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy, S8, S185, S186, S220, S222, S223, S225, S226–S227
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S22, S32–S34
multiple daily injections (MDI), S55, S128, S129, S130, S131, S132, S133–S134, S135, S160, S162–S163, S270
myasthenia gravis, S24, S59, S256
naltrexone/bupropion ER, S150
nateglinide, S46, S172, S252
National Diabetes Data Group, S36
National Diabetes Prevention Program, S45
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S12, S35, S69, S268
neonatal diabetes, S22, S32, S33, S258
nephrologist, referral to, S220, S221, S227
nephropathy, diabetic, S10, S28, S59, S60, S62, S97, S115, S164, S186, S196, S199, S201, S203, S224–S225, S231, S238, S259, S260, S267, S270, S271, S284
neurocognitive function, S245
neuropathic pain, S64, S235, S236–S237, S268
neuropathy, diabetic, S9, S46, S54, S57, S59, S60, S64, S69, S86, S88, S97, S115, S116, S119, S120, S134, S169, S180, S202, S234–S237, S239, S259, S267–S268,S272, S284, S301
auditory, S69
autonomic, S59, S88, S90, S181, S234, S235, S301
cardiac autonomic, S235
gastrointestinal, S235
genitourinary disturbances due to, S235
peripheral, S46, S59, S64, S78, S86, S90,S235, S238
new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), S31–S32
niacin + statin therapy, S192
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), S55, S57, S65–S68, S284
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), S57, S65–S68, S167
noninsulin treatments, S23, S25, S32, S68, S127, S129, S131, S132, S161–S164, S168, S169, S170, S172, S249, S250, S251, S269, S286, S295, S298, S299, S300, S302, S308
noninsulin-dependent diabetes. see type 2 diabetes.
nonnutritive sweeteners, S6, S81, S86
NPH insulin, S159, S160, S163, S169, S170, S171, S172, S173, S174, S250, S252, S298, S300–S301
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, S32
nursing homes, S253–S254
nutrition, S6, S11, S13, S16, S22, S30, S35,
for diabetes prevention/delay, S44–S45
nutrition therapy. see medical nutrition therapy.
obesity, S7–S8, S9, S10, S26, S27, S28, S30, S34, S44, S48, S55, S62, S65, S66, S67–S69, S80–S81, S145–S157
assessment and monitoring, S145–S147
medical devices for weight loss, S149
metabolic surgery, S149, S153–S154
nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral therapy, S147–S148
pharmacotherapy, S148–S149, S150–S152
obstructive sleep apnea, S55, S56, S68–S69, S97, S173, S186, S199, S260, S272
ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, S189
older adults, S9, S15, S57, S58, S244–S257
bone health in, S59–S62
end-of-life care, S254
hypoglycemia, S245–S246
lifestyle management, S249
neurocognitive function, S245
pharmacologic therapy, S250–S253
in skilled nursing facilities and nursing homes, S253–S254
special considerations for, S253
treatment goals, S246–S249
with type 1 diabetes, S245, 246
one-step strategy, for GDM, S35–S36
opioid antagonist/antidepressant combination, S150
opioids, S236, S237
ophthalmologist, referral to, S90, S232, S233
oral agents. see also specific drugs. S129, S253, S254, S288
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S20, S21, S22, S26, S27, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S286, S290
organ transplantation, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S23, S31–S32
orlistat, S46, S150
orthostatic hypotension, S182, S234, S235, S237
overweight people, S9, S10, S27, S28, S30, S44, S45, S48, S67, S80, S81, S86, S87, S116, S146–S147, S148, S149, S180, S249,
children and adolescents, S9–S10, S26, S27, S268–270,
during pregnancy, S284, S288, S290
oxygen, glucose monitors and, S129
oxygen therapy, S240
for advanced wound care, S240
hyperbaric, S239, S240
topical, S237, S239, S240–S241
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S193, S195
palliative care, S248, S253, S254
pancreas transplantation, S161, S164
pancreatectomy, S31, S69, S135
pancreatic diabetes, S6, S30–S31
pancreatitis, S6, S23, S27, S30, S31, S69, S151–S152, S191, S205, S272
paramedics, S14, S16, S45, S52, S79, S91, S169
pens, insulin, S7, S126, S127, S132–S133
periodontal disease, S30, S69
perioperative care, S10, S301
peripheral arterial disease, S238–S239
peripheral neuropathy, S46, S59, S64, S78, S86, S90,S235, S238
pernicious anemia, S24, S59
person-centered care goals, S12, S47–S48, S12
pharmacologic approaches. see also specific medications, medication classes.
for adults with type 1 diabetes, S158–S164
for adults with type 2 diabetes, S164–S174
for cardiovascular and renal disease, S7 S202–S205, S209–S210, S227
for comorbidities, S57
for hypertension, S184–S186
for lipid management, S188–S192
for neuropathic pain, S64, S235, S236–S237, S268
for obesity, S7, S148–S149, S150–S153
for pediatric type 2 diabetes, S269–S271
for smoking cessation, S90
in older adults, S249–S253
in pregnancy, S287–S288, S289
interfering substances for glucose meter readings, S129
to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes, S46–S47
to delay type 1 progression, S48
to glycemic treatment, S8, S158–S178
phentermine, S46, S149, S150, S152, S271
phentermine/topiramate ER, S150
phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, S237
photocoagulation surgery, S233–S234
physical activity, S6, S10, S11, S28, S55, S57, S61, S64, S111, S127, S128, S135, S202
exercise and youth, S87
for diabetes prevention, S44, S45–S46
frequency and type of, S87
glycemic control and, S88
high-intensity interval training, S88
in children with type 1 diabetes, S261–S262
in children with type 2 diabetes, S269
in DSMES, S86–S90
in obesity management, S147–S148
in older adults, S249
in pregnancy, S287
with diabetic kidney disease, S90
with microvascular complications, S90
pre-exercise evaluation, S88
pioglitazone, S47, S62, S67, S68, S172
PIONEER-6 trial, S198–S199
pitavastatin, S188
plasma glucose test, 2-h, S20, S21, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S33, S35
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine, S57, S58
point-of-care assays
A1c, S21, S22, S112
blood glucose monitoring, S136, S297
polycystic ovary syndrome, S27, S28, S260, S272, S273, S284, S286, S287
population health, S5, S11–S19
access to care, S14
behaviors and well-being, S13
care teams, S13
chronic care model, S12–S13
cost considerations, S13–S14
quality improvement, S14
recommendations, S11
tailoring treatment for social context, S14–S16
status and demographics, S12
telehealth, S13
postbariatric hypoglycemia, S154
postpartum care, in diabetic women, S289–S291
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S23, S31–S32
pramlintide, S161, S172, S237
prandial insulin, S128, S160, S170, S171, S174, S250, S262, S270, S298, S300
pravastatin, S188
prediabetes, S5, S10, S21
criteria defining, S22
diagnosis, S27–S28
lifestyle changes for prevention of diabetes, S44–S46
prevention of vascular disease and mortality, S47
screening in adults, S26, S27, S28–S30
screening in children and adolescents, S30
preeclampsia, in women with diabetes, S34, S35, S184, S282, S284, S285–S286, 288
aspirin and, S289
pregabalin, S148, S236
pregnancy, S10, S282–S294
A1C and, S22, S285–S286
continuous glucose monitoring in, S286
drug considerations in, S89
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S23, S34–S37, S287–S288
glucose monitoring in, S285
glycemic goals in, S284–S286
insulin physiology in, S288
lactation, S290
lifestyle and behavior management, S287
medical nutrition therapy, S287
metformin in, S287
pharmacologic therapy, S287–S288
physical activity in, S287
postpartum care, S289–S291
pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes in, S288–S289
preconception care, S283–S284
preconception counseling, S282–S283
preeclampsia and aspirin, S289
real-time CGM device use in, S131–S132
retinopathy during, S232–S233
sulfonylureas, S287
prevention, type 2 diabetes, S6, S7, S9, S14, S27, S28, S43–S51
lifestyle behavior change for, S44–S43
person-centered care goals, S47–S48
pharmacologic interventions, S46–S47
of vascular disease and mortality, S47
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S90, S233
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, S8, S30, S187, S188, S189,S190, S192
protease inhibitors, A1C and, S30
protein intake, S9, S10, S85, S158, S220, S223, S249, S270, S271
psychosocial care, S6, S9, S77, S91–S98
anxiety disorders, S94
assessment and treatment, S92–S93
cognitive capacity/impairment, S96–S97
depression, S95
diabetes distress, S93–S94
disordered eating behavior, S95–S96
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S261, S262–S263
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S273
referral to mental health specialist, S93, S95, S96
screening, S92
serious mental illness, S96
sleep health, S97
pumps, insulin, S133–S136
do-it-yourself closed-loop system, S135, S159
in youth, S7, S134, S263, S270
sensor augmented, S134
quality improvement, S5, S14, S295, S299
RAAS inhibitors, S163
race, S22, S27, S63, S64, S79, S112, S148, S196, S198, S200, S221
rapid-acting insulin analog, S134, S135, S159, S160, S163, S170, S173, S250, S254, S262, S285, S298, S299, S301, S302
real-time CGM devices, S7, S94, S121, S129, S130, S263, S254, S269, S284, S286, S297
REDUCE-IT trial, S85, S191
referrals, S6, S14, S16, S66, S78
for behavioral health professionals, S92
for community screening, S30
for comprehensive eye exam, S57, S267
for food insecurity, S82
for initial care management, S57
for local community resources, S16
for DSME, S54, S57, S78, S79
for tobacco cessation, S54
from dentist to primary care, S57
to behavioral health provider, S92, S93
to foot care specialist, S239
to gastroenterologist, S65, S69
to mental health professional, S93, S95, S96
to nephrologist, S220, S221, S227
to neurologist, S235
to sleep specialist, S98, S260
to registered dietitian nutritionist, S45, S57, S149, S261, S265, S283, S302
registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN), S45, S57, S80, S82, S282, S285, S287, S288 43, S255, S257, S274
reimbursement, S14, S45
for CGM in adults with type 2 diabetes, S9
for DSMES, S6, S78, S79
religious fasting, S83
repaglinide, S172, S252
resistance training, S45, S68, S88, S249
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, S57–S58
retinopathy, diabetic, S66, S90, S115, S227, S231–S234, S267, S272, S283
screening, S232–S233
treatment, S233–S234
visual rehabilitation, S234
REWIND trial, S198–S199, S204
risk calculator, for ASCVD, S180
risk management
cardiovascular disease, S8, S179–S218
chronic kidney disease, S9, S219–S230
risk, screening for
type 1 diabetes, S26
prediabetes and type 2, S27, S29
rivaroxaban, S193, S194
rosiglitazone, S148
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S153
SAVOR-TIMI trial, S196, S206
saxagliptin, S172, S196, S206, S299
schizophrenia, S96
schools, diabetes care in, S127, S261, S262, S263, S268, S308
screening, S5, S6, S7, S9
after acute pancreatitis, S31
by age, S30,
community, S30
for cystic fibrosis -related diabetes, S31
for gestational diabetes mellitus, S34, S36
for neuropathy, S235–S236
for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, S26–S30
for type 1 diabetes, S26
for type 2 diabetes, S27 S240
in children/adolescents, S30
in dental practices, S30, S55, S57
in people with HIV, S30
medications, S30
testing interval, S30
use of A1C for, S21–S22
use of FPG or 2-h PG for, S21
seasonal farmworkers, S15–S16
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). see blood glucose monitoring (BGM)
semaglutide, S8, S46, S68, S148, S149, S150, S165, S168, S169, S172, S198–S199, S204, S205, S206, S224–S225, S226, S232, S252
sensor-augmented pumps, S134
sensory impairment, S69
setmelanotide, S149
sexual dysfunction, S235
sickle cell disease, A1C and, S22, S112, S284
simvastatin, S188, S189, S192
sitagliptin, S169, S172, S196, S206
skilled nursing facilities, S251, S253–S254
sleep health, S7, S97–S98
smart pens. see connected insulin pens
smoking cessation, S6, S10, S47, S55, S59, S77, S90–S91,S273
social capital, S5, S14, S15
social context, S14–S16
social determinants of health (SDOH), S12, S13, S14–S15, S16, S79, S92, S166
sodium channel blockers, S235, S236
sodium intake, S81, S84, S85, S184, S223
sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, S8, S28, S62, S68, S84, S116, S148, S164, S166, S167, S172, S180, S195, S201, S209, S220, S222, S225, S246, S250, S252, S270, S299
SOLOIST-WHF trial, S208
sotagliflozin, S206, S207, S208
SPRINT trial, S181, S182, S183, S205
staging
of diabetic kidney disease, S57, S221–S222
of type 1 diabetes, S24
statin therapy, S8, S9, S47, S67–S68, S116, S180, S187, S187–S192,
combination therapy with, S190–S191
diabetes risk with, S192
high- and moderate intensity, S188
intolerance to, S190
primary prevention, S187, S188
secondary prevention, S188–S189
with bempedoic acid, S8, S187, S191
with ezetimibe, S189
with fibrate, S169, S170,S192
with niacin, S169, S170
with PCSK9 inhibitors, S189–S190
statins, S26, S30, S57, S69, S85, S192, S197, S198, S202
stem cell therapies, for wounds, S240
strength training, S44, S269
sulfonylureas, S9, S15, S32, S33, S62, S68, S113, S115, S116, S117, S119, S120, S148, S165, S168, S172, S174, S245, S249, S250, S252, S287
supplements, dietary, S61, S81, S85–S86, S141, S148, S154, S283, S284
surveillance
behavioral risk factor surveillance system, S79, S94
BGM system, S128
for foot problems, S237, S238–S239
of chronic kidney disease, S222–S223
of NAFLD patients, S66
SUSTAIN-6 trial, S198–S199, S204, S224
sweeteners, nonnutritive, S6, S81, S86
sympathomimetic amine anorectics, S150
in combination with antiepileptic, S150
syringes, insulin, S132–S133
tapentadol, S236
technology, diabetes, S7, S8, S13, S126–S144
blood glucose monitoring, S127–S129
continuous glucose monitoring devices, S129–S132
general device principles, S126–S127
insulin delivery, S132–S137
technology-assisted prevention programs, S44, S45-S46, S79, S94
TECOS trial, S196, S206
TEDDY study, S26, S46
telehealth, S6, S13, S15, S45, S78–S80, S286
temperature
of glucose monitor, S129
perception of, S56, S234, S235, S237, S238
teplizumab, S48
testing interval, S30
testosterone
in diabetes prevention, S46
low, in men, S65
tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (TDAP) vaccine, S58, S284
thiazide-like diuretics, S185, S186, S224
thiazolidinediones, S46, S59, S60, S148, S165, S206, S245, S252
thyroid disease
autoimmune, S33, S59, S266
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S259, S265
time-restricted eating, S83
tirzepatide, S46, S62, S68, S148, S149, S152, S165, S168, S169, S172, S252
tobacco use/cessation, S6, S10, S47, S55, S59, S77, S90–S91,S273
training
blood glucose awareness, S121
health professionals/staff, S10, S13, S16, S79
high-intensity interval, S6, S88
on device use, S10
resistance, S6, S44, S45, S68, S79, S88
self-care, S16
strength, S44, S269
tramadol, S236
transfusion, A1C and, S22, S112, S247
transition
from hospital to ambulatory setting, S295, S302–S303
from IV to SC insulin, S298–S299
from pediatric to adult care, S258, S273–S274
transplantation
islet, S161, S164
liver, S65, S66
organ, post-transplant diabetes mellitus after, S23, S31–S32
pancreas, S161, S164
renal, S161, S164, S196, S201, S207, S208, S221, S225
tricyclic antidepressants, S148, S235, S236
TWILIGHT trial, S194
two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) test, S20, S21, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S33, S35
two-step strategy, for GDM, S36
type 1 diabetes, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S13, S14
beta-cell replacement therapy, S161, S164
in children/adolescents, S233–S240
classification, S22–S23
diagnosis, S24–S26
idiopathic, S27
immune-mediated, S24, S26
in hospitalized patients, S296, S298, S300
lifestyle and progression of, S46
insulin therapy, S158, S159–S160
noninsulin treatments, S161, S164
in older adults, S245, 246
peripheral neuropathy in, S234–S236
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S283, S284, S285, S286, S288, S290
retinopathy in, S232
screening, S26
staging, S24
subcutaneous insulin regimens, S159–S161, S163–S164
surgical treatment, S164
teplizumab to delay symptoms. S48
type 2 diabetes, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S12, S13, S15, S22–S23
in children/adolescents, S268–S273
classification, S20–S22
combination therapy, S8, S164, S165, S168–S169,S190–S191, S192, S193, S194, S205, S237, S252
diagnosis, S26-S31
insulin pump use in, S135
obesity and weight management, S29, S67, S145–S157, S165, S168
pharmacologic treatment in adults, S164–S174
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S288–S289
prevention or delay, S6, S7, S9, S14, S27, S28, S43–S51
retinopathy in, S233
risk test for, S29
screening in asymptomatic adults, S27, S28, S29
screening in children/adolescents, S28, S30
surgical treatment for, S164
type 3c diabetes, S30
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S116, S117, S197, S205
ulcers, foot, S9, S56, S88, S90, S234, S237–S241
ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs, S159, S160, S163
ultrasound wound debridement, S240
vaccines. see immunizations.
vagus nerve stimulator, S149
vascular disease, S90, S116, S117, S181, S183, S192, S194, S202, S237
prevention of, in prediabetes, S47
VERIFY trial, S168
vertical sleeve gastrectomy, S153
VERTIS CV trial, S200, S201, S204
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S64, S116, S246
vildagliptin, S168
vitamin D supplementation, S46, S56, S60, S61, S81, S85–S86, S148
VOYAGER-PAD trial, S194
weight loss surgery. see metabolic surgery.
weight loss/management, S7, S8, S31, S31, S80–S82, S83, S86, S87, S93, S96, S117, S136, S145–S154, S184, S186, S202, S236,
in diabetes prevention, S44–S46, S47, S48
in children/adolescents, S269, S271, S272
in older adults, S249, S251, S252
in pregnancy, S290
in type 1 diabetes, S46, S61, S161
in type 2 diabetes, S29, S67, S165, S168
medical devices for, S150
metabolic surgery for, S149,S153–S154
pharmacotherapy for, S148–S149, S150–S152
with NAFLD, S67–S68
unexpected, S21, S23, S20, S24, S28, S62, S95, S253
well-being, S6, S13, S35, S53, S65, S77–S110, S146, S234, S263
whites, non-Hispanic, S22, S25, S27, S60, S63, S112, S196, S198, S200,
WISDM trial, S246
Wound therapy, advanced, S239–S241
Youth. see Children and adolescents.
zoster vaccine, S59