• A1C, S5, S6, S7, S12, S20, S24, S25, S26, S27, S56, S57, S59

    • advantages of, S22

    • age and, S23

    • alternatives to, S112

    • cardiovascular disease and, S116–S117

    • by CGM, S112, S113–S114

    • confirming diagnosis with, S22

    • correlation with BGM, S112

    • diabetes distress and, S94

    • equivalent eAG levels, S112

    • for diabetes screening and diagnosis, S21–S22

    • glycemic assessment by, S7, S112

    • hemoglobinopathies and, S22

    • in children, S30, S263–S264, S268, S269, S270–S271

    • in cystic fibrosis-related disease, S31

    • in gestational diabetes mellitus, S34–S35

    • in hyperglycemia, S64

    • in people with HIV, S30

    • in preclinical type 1 diabetes, S43

    • in staging type 1 diabetes, S24, S25

    • limitations, S7, S112

    • microvascular complications and, S115–S116

    • in prediabetes, S27–S28, S43–S44

    • in pregnancy, S22, S285–S286

    • other conditions affecting, S22

    • periodontal disease and, S69 point-of-care assays S21, S22, S112

    • race/ethnicity and, S22, S79

    • recommendations, S21–S22

    • serum glycated protein assays versus, S112

    • setting and modifying goals for, S113–S118

    • sleep and, S97

  • AABBCC approach, S23

  • acarbose, S68, S154, S174

  • access to care, S14

  • access, to insulin, S308

  • ACCORD study, S60, S64, S116, S117, S118, S181, S182, S183, S192, S222, S236, S246

  • ACE inhibitors, S9, S56, S184, S185, S186, S195, S202, S205, S220, S222, S223–S224, S266, S271, S283, S289

  • acellular matrix tissues, S40

  • acute kidney injury, S151-S152, S181, S183, S186,S222

  • ADA consensus reports, S4, S9, S32, S54, S80, S88, S113, S147, S160, S164, S165, S179, S197, S202, S245

  • ADA evidence-grading system, S3

  • ADA Professional Practice Committee, S1, S2, S309

  • ADA scientific reviews, S4

  • ADA statements, S4

  • ADAG study, S112

  • Addison disease, S24, S59, S265

  • adolescents. see children and adolescents.

  • adrenal insufficiency, primary, S59, S265

  • adult-onset diabetes. see Type 2 diabetes.

  • ADVANCE trial, S64, S116, S117, S118, S181, S182, S183

  • advocacy statements, S307–S308

    • care of young children with diabetes in the childcare setting, S307

    • diabetes and driving, S308

    • diabetes and employment, S308

    • diabetes care in the school setting, S308

    • insulin access and affordability, S308

  • affordability, of insulin, S308

  • Affordable Care Act, S14, S274

  • African Americans, S15, S22, S23, S26, S27, S28, S29, S87, S221

  • age

  • aspirin use and, S193–S194

    • effect on A1C, S23

    • in diabetes diagnosis and classification, S23–S29

    • risk factor for diabetes, S29, S30

    • statin treatment and, S188

  • agricultural workers, migrant, S15–S16

  • AIM-HIGH trial, S192

  • albiglutide, S204, S205, S206

  • albuminuria, S9, S85, S87, S90, S119, S165, S180, S182, S185, S186, S193, S195, S199, S205, S207, 209–210, S219, S220, S221, S222–S227, S265, S267, S273

  • alcohol intake, S6, S55, S59, S65, S81, S86, S98, S119, S154, S184, S191, S235, S237, S283

  • algorithms

    • for diabetic retinopathy screening, S232

    • insulin dosing, S126, S133, S135, S222, S246, S288, S296

    • to predict hypoglycemia, S300

  • alirocumab, S188, S189, S190

  • alogliptin, S172, S196, S197, S206, S299

  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, S46, S148, S172

  • alpha-lipoic acid, S237

  • ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), S113, S114, S115, S131, S286

  • amputation, foot, S9, S64, S202, S203, S234, S237, S238, S239, S240

  • analogs. see insulin analogs.

  • angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S9, S56, S184, S222, S266, S267, S271, S284, S289

  • anti-VEGF agents, S233–S234

  • antiplatelet agents, S192–S194, S247

  • antipsychotics, S28, S96, S148

  • antiretroviral therapies, S27, S30

  • anxiety disorders, S15, S56, S91, S92, S93, S94, S134, S154, S234, S263

  • ARRIVE trial, S193

  • artificial intelligence algorithms, for diabetic retinopathy, S232

  • ASCEND trial, S85, S193

  • Asian Americans, S26, S27, S28, S29, S45, S149, S153

  • aspart, S170, S173, S250

  • aspirin therapy, S10, S192–S194, S233, S248, S289

  • ASPREE trial, S193

  • atenolol, S237, S289

  • atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), S57, S165, S166, S168, S169, S179–S218

  • atorvastatin, S188, S190

  • autoimmune diseases, S23, S26, S59, S265–S266, S289

  • autoimmune type 1 diabetes, S23, S24, S32, S268

  • autologous blood products, S240

  • automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, S7, S8, S83, S84, S97, S116, S119, S120, S126, S127, S133–S135, S158, S159, S160, S163, S245, S246, S262, S263, S288, S297

  • autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S59, S89, S90, S181, S234, S235, S301

  • balloons, implanted gastric, S149

  • bariatric surgery. see metabolic surgery.

  • basal insulin, S10, S119, S129, S130, S131, S132, S135, S158, S159, S160, S162, S165, S169, S170, S171, S172, S173, S174, S250, S252, S253, S254, S262, S264, S285, S298, S300, S301, S302

  • bedtime dosing

  • of antihypertensives, S186

  • of insulin, S155, S162, S163, S248

  • behavioral therapy, S147–S148

  • behaviors, changes in, S6, S77–S110

    • cost considerations for medication- taking, S6, S13–S14

    • diabetes self-management education and support, S77–S80

    • for diabetes prevention, S44–S46

    • medical nutrition therapy, S80–S86

    • physical activity, S86–S90

    • in gestational diabetes, S287

    • psychosocial care, S91–S98

    • smoking cessation, S90–S91

    • supporting positive health behaviors, S91

    • well-being and, S13

  • bempedoic acid, S8, S187, S191

  • beta-carotene, S81, S85

  • beta-cell replacement therapy, S161, S164

  • biguanides, S172

  • bioengineered allogeneic cellular therapies, S240

  • bladder dysfunction, S235, S284

  • Blood Glucose Awareness Training, S121

  • blood glucose monitoring (BGM), S53, S127–S129, S160, S163

    • in hospitalized patients, S297

    • continuous glucose monitoring, S129–S132

    • correlation with A1C, S112

    • devices for, S126–S127

    • during pregnancy, S284, S285

    • in children and adolescents, S264, S269, S271

    • in intensive insulin regimens, S129

    • in older adults, S246, S251

    • in people on basal insulin, oral agents, or noninsulin injectables, S129

    • in schools, S127

    • inaccuracy of, S129

    • interfering substances, S129

    • meter standards, S128

    • optimizing device use, S128–S129

    • surveillance of, S128

  • blood pressure control. see also hypertension, S180–S186, S205, S219, S222

  • body mass index (BMI), S7, S10, S23, S25, S26, S31, S45, S46, S47, S56, S59, S87, S88, S146, S149, S223,

    • COVID-19 mortality and, S62

    • effects of metformin use in pregnancy on, S287, S288, S290

    • for metabolic surgery, S150, S153, S271

    • in obese patients, S146–S147, S148

    • in screening asymptomatic adults, S27

    • in screening asymptomatic children, S27, S268

    • postpartum, S290

  • bone fracture risk, S59–S62, S68

  • bone-strengthening activities, S86, S87, S261, S270

  • breastfeeding. see lactation.

  • bromocriptine, S148, S172

  • calcium channel blockers, S186, S224

  • canagliflozin, S62, S169, S172, S197, S200, S203, S205, S206, S207, S224, S225

  • cancer, risk in diabetics, S62

  • cannabis, S6, S90–S91,

  • CANVAS study, S62, S197, S200–S201, S203, S207, S224, S226

  • CANVAS-R study, S203

  • capsaicin, topical, S236

  • carbamazepine, S236

  • carbohydrate intake, S26, S81, S84, S86, S158, S162–S163, S261–S262, S286

  • cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S235

  • cardiac function testing, S272–S273

  • cardiovascular disease, S2, S7, S179–S218

  • antiplatelet agents, S192–S194

  • cardiac testing, S195–S196

  • heart failure, S8, S9, S10, S54, S57, S63, S68, S87, S116, S117, S118, S146, S164, S166, S167, S179–S180, S180, S181, S182, S183, S193, S195, S196, S197, S199, S200–S208, S221, S224–S227

    • hypertension/blood pressure control, S180–S186

    • lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, S202–S205

    • lipid management, S186–S187

    • prevention of, S47

    • risk calculator, S180

    • screening, S194–S195

    • statin treatment, S187–S192

    • treatment, S196

  • cardiovascular risk, S14, S16, S27, S33, S47, S54, S60, S63, S65, S67, S68, S85, S87, S88, S116–S117, S146, S153, S164-S165, S168, S179, S180–S184, S187, S188, S190, S191, S193, S194, S195–S197, S202, S204, S205, S206, S208, S210, S219–S220, S222, S223, S226, S235, S236, S245, S247, S248, S259, S261, S266–S267,

  • care delivery systems, S5

    • access to care and quality improvement, S14

    • behaviors and well-being, S13

    • care teams, S13

    • chronic care model, S12

    • medication cost considerations, S13–S14

    • six core elements, S12

    • system-level improvement strategies, S12–S13

    • telehealth, S13

  • care teams, S13, S91, S92, S93, S95, S127, S136, S273

  • CARMELINA trial, S196, S206

  • CAROLINA trial, S196, S202

  • celiac disease, S24, S59, S61, S259, S265–S266

  • CHAP trial, S184, S289

  • Charcot neuropathy, S9, S88, S90, S237, S238, S239

  • childcare, S10, S120, S262, S307

  • children and adolescents, S7, S9, S258–S281

    • A1C in, S30, S263-S264, S268, S269, S270–S271

    • asymptomatic, risk-based screening in, S27

    • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in, S6, S21, S23, S31, S111, S135, S258, S268, S284

    • diabetes care in childcare settings, S10, S120, S262, S307

    • diabetes care in school setting, S127, S261, S262, S263, S268, S308

    • insulin pumps in, S7, S263, S270

    • maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S22, S32–S33

    • monogenic diabetes syndromes, S32–S34

    • neonatal diabetes, S22, S32, S33

    • physical activity in, S45, S86, S87

    • screening for type 1 risk, S26, S267

    • screening for prediabetes and type 2, S27, S30, S268

    • substance abuse, S273

    • transition from pediatric to adult care, S273–S274

    • type 1 diabetes in, S14, S23, S24, S46, S261–S268

    • type 2 diabetes in, S268–S273

  • CHIPS trial, S184, S289

  • cholesterol lowering therapy, S9, S56, S187, S190, S191

  • chronic care model, S11 S12, S52, S269

  • chronic kidney disease, diabetic, S8, S9, S32, S53, S54, S56, S57, S66, S87, S117, S119, S120, S161, S164, S165, S166, S180, S195, S199, S209–S210, S219–S230, S244, S248, S249, S252

    • acute kidney injury, S151-S152, S181, S183, S186,S222

    • assessing albuminuria and GFR, S221

    • diagnosis, S221–S

    • epidemiology, S221

    • interventions for, S223–S227

    • referral to nephrologist, S227

    • risk of progression, S223, S224, S226

    • screening recommendations, S219

    • staging, S221

    • surveillance, S222–S223

    • treatment recommendations, S219–S221

  • chrononutrition, S83

  • classification, S5, S22–S23

  • clonidine, S237, S289

  • clopidogrel, S193, S194

  • closed-loop systems, S135

    • do-it-yourself, S135

    • hybrid, S7, S8, S135, S159, S162, S246, S297

  • coaching, online, S78, S136

  • cognitive capacity/impairment, S96-S97

  • colesevelam, S148, S172

  • collaborative care, S52–S54, S94, S95, S197–S198

  • collagen vascular diseases, S59

  • combination therapy, S8, S164, S165, S168–S169,S190S191, S192, S193, S194, S205, S237, S252

  • community health workers, S14, S16, S45, S52, S79, S91, S169

  • community screening, S30

  • community support, S5, S14, S16, S97, S262, S273

  • comorbidities, S6, S9, S12, S23, S32, S43, S47, S52–S76

    • assessment of, S59–S69

    • autoimmune diseases, S59

    • bone health and fractures, S59–S62

    • cancer, S62

    • cognitive impairment/dementia, S62

    • COVID-19, S62–S64

    • disability, S64

    • hepatitis C, S64

    • hyperglycemia, S64

    • hypoglycemia, S64–S65

    • low testosterone in men, S65

    • nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S65–S68

    • obstructive sleep apnea, S68–S69

    • pancreatitis, S69

    • periodontal disease, S69

    • prevention or delay of, S6, S43–S51

    • sensory impairment, S77

  • COMPASS trial, S194

  • computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE), S298

  • CONCEPTT study, S285, S286

  • connected insulin pens, S126, S127, S133, S161, S263

  • continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S7, S8, S9, S10, S21, S31, S53, S55, S56, S78, S83, S84, S95, S111, S113–S117, S126-S127, S128, S159, S162–S163, S166

    • ambulatory glucose profile in, S113, S114, S115, S131, S286

    • assessment of glycemic status with, S113

    • benefits of, S130

    • devices for, S129–S130

    • in hospitalized patients, S136, S297–S298, S299–S300

    • in hypoglycemia prevention, S118, S121

    • in older adults, S246, S253

    • in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S263–S265

    • in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S269–S271

    • in pregnancy, S131–S132, S284, S286

    • initiation of device use, S127

    • interfering substances, S132

    • intermittently scanned devices, S7, S78, S94, S129–S130, S131, S263, S264, S269

    • real-time, S7, S94, S121, S129, S130, S263, S254, S269, S284, S286, S297

    • side effects, S132

  • continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S126, S127, S129–S130, S133, S135, S159, S160, S161

  • contraception, S149, S152, S259, S260, S263, S266, S267, S271, S272, S273, S282–S283, S284, S289, S291

  • coronary artery disease, S88, S184, S185, S186, S194, S197, S202, S205

  • cost considerations, S13–S14, S149–S153, S159–S160, S165, S169, S170, S173

  • counterfeit test strips, S128

  • COVID-19, S5, S6, S26, S28, S54–S56,S62–S64, S80, S297

  • COVID-19 vaccines, S56, S58, S64–S65, S285

  • CREDENCE study, S62, S200–S201, S203, S207, S225, S226

  • cystatin C, S221

  • cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S6, S21, S23, S31, S111, S135, S258, S268, S284

  • Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, S44, S47, S48

  • DAPA-CKD study, S200–S201, S203, S225, S226

  • DAPA-HF study, S200–S201, S203, S206, S207

  • dapagliflozin, S62, S63, S169, S172, S200–S201, S203, S204, S206, S207, S225, S226

  • DARE-19 study, S63

  • DASH diet, S45, S82, S184, S186

  • DECLARE-TIMI 58 study, S200–S201, S203, S207, S226

  • degludec, S159, S170, S172, S174, S250, S298

  • delay, of symptomatic type 1 diabetes, S48

  • delay, of type 2 diabetes, S5-S6, S43–S51

    • lifestyle behavior change, S44–S46

    • person-centered care goals, S47–S48

    • pharmacologic interventions, S46–S47

    • recommendations, S43, S44, S46, S4, S487

    • of vascular disease and mortality, S47

  • DELIVER study, S200–S201, S204, S207

  • dementia, in diabetics, S62, S64, S65, S69, S96, S119, S192, S245–S246

  • demographics, of diabetes care, S12–S14

  • dental practices, screening in, S30, S55, S57

  • depression, S7, S15, S56, S88, S91, S92, S93, S94, S95, S97, S134, S150, S154, S234, S236, S244, S245, S248, S251, S263, S273

  • detemir, S162, S170, S173, S250

  • devices. see technology.

  • Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S21, S22, S69, S116, S159, S264, S267

  • Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC), S69, S117, S120, S246

  • diabetes distress, S6, S9, S12, S15, S56, S91, S92, S93–S94, S130, S159, S262, S263, S273, S303

  • diabetes medical management plan (DMMP), for students, S127

  • Diabetes Prevention Impact Tool Kit, S45

  • Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S27, S28, S44, S45, S46, S48, S86, S136

  • Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S28, S44, S46, S48, S47, S86, S168

  • Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S46

  • diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S6, S13, S16, S54, S77–S80, S82, S94, S172

  • diabetes technology. see technology, diabetes.

  • diabetic ketoacidosis, S10, S23, S63, S64, S88, S91, S93, S96, S121, S131, S159, S168, S203, S208, S253, S261, S270, S284, S288, S298, S301–S302

  • diabetic kidney disease. see also chronic kidney disease.

  • dietary protein and, S75

  • diagnosis, S221

  • physical activity and, S90

  • finerenone in, S202, S206,S209–S210, S225, S226–S227

  • glucose-lowering medications for, S224–S227

  • multiple drug therapy, S186

  • prevention, S222

  • screening for complications of, S223

  • Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S234

  • diagnosis, S5, S6, S20–S37

    • confirmation of, S22

    • criteria for, S21

    • cystic fibrosis-related, S22, S31

    • diabetic kidney disease, S221

    • diagnostic tests, S20–S22

    • gestational diabetes, S34–S37

    • maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S32, S33

    • monogenic diabetes syndromes, S32–S34

    • neonatal diabetes, S32

    • posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S31–S32

    • prediabetes and type 2, S26–S31

    • type 1, S24–S26,

  • diagnostic tests, S20–S22

    • A1C use as, S21–S22

    • confirmation of, S22

    • criteria for, S21

    • fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S32, S34, S35, S36, S171

    • oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S20, S21, S22, S26, S27, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S286, S290

  • plasma glucose test, 2-h, S20, S21, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S33, S35

  • diet, see Medical nutrition therapy.

  • Dietary Reference Intakes, S287

  • DIAMOND trial, S246

  • digital health technology, S136

  • dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, S62, S68, S148, S166, S167, S168, S172, S196, S202, S250, S252, S298

  • disordered eating behavior, S56, S82, S84, S91, S92, S93, S95-S96, S261, S262, S263, S273,

  • do-it-yourself systems, S135, S159

  • domperidone, S237

  • Dose Adjusted for Normal Eating (DAFNE), S121

  • DRCR Retina Network, S233

  • driving, and diabetes, S308

  • droxidopa, S237

  • dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), S8, S68, S148, S149, S165, S167, S168, S169, S170, S171, S172, S174, S252

  • dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, S8, S62, S68, S148, S149, S165, S167, S168, S169, S170, S171, S172, S174, S252

  • dulaglutide, S165, S169, S172, S198, S204, S205, S206, S232,

  • duloxetine, S236

  • dyslipidemia, S12, S13, S27, S28, S47, S56, S66, S87, S96, S97, S148, S179, S180, S191, S192, S193, S202, S231, S234, S236, S248, S259–S260, 266–S267, S270, S272

  • e-cigarettes, S6, S90-S91

  • eating disorders, S82, S95, S263

  • eating patterns, S6, S44-S45, S53, S55, S68, S80, S81, S82, S84, S85, S93, S95, S96, S269,

  • education, see also diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).

  • on device use, S127

  • patient, S7, S13, S16, S120, S121, S239, S264

  • preconception, S262, S263, S273, S282–S283, S284

  • staff, S10, S128, S253, S297

  • electrical stimulation, gastric, S237, S240

  • ELIXA trial, S198-S199, S204

  • EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S200, S201, S203, S206–S207, S224

  • empagliflozin, S10, S62, S169, S172, S200–S201, S203-S204, S205, S206, S207, S224, S226, S269, S270, S271

  • EMPEROR-Preserved trial, S200–S201, S203, S207, S226

  • EMPEROR-Reduced trial, S200–S201, S203, S207, S226

  • employment, diabetes and, S308

  • enalapril, S205, S237

  • end-of-life care, S248, S254

  • enteral/parenteral feedings, S298, S300–S301

  • erectile dysfunction, S65, S235, S237

  • ertugliflozin, S62, S172, S200, S204, S205, S299

  • erythromycin, S237

  • erythropoietin therapy, A1C and, S22, S247

  • estimated average glucose (eAG), S112

  • ETDRS study, S233, S234

  • ethnicity, S2, S12, S15, S23, S25, S27, S28, S30, S34, S45, S62, S63, S64, S79, S112, S262, S268

  • evidence-grading system, S3

  • evolocumab, S188, S189, S190–S191

  • EXAMINE trial, S196, S197, S206

  • exenatide, S172, S198, S205, S206

  • exercise. see physical activity.

  • exocrine pancreas diseases, S6, S30, S69

  • EXSCEL trial, S198–S199, S205,

  • eye exam, S55, S57, S232, S267, S272, S283

  • ezetimibe, statins and, S187, S189, S190, S192

  • family history, S23, S25, S26, S27, S28, S32, S34, S55, S59, S62, S95, S180, S193, S268, S271

  • farmworkers, migrant and seasonal, S15–16

  • fasting, S6, S10, S20, S21, S23, S25, S35, S36, S83, S119, S127,

  • fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S32, S34, S35, S36, S171

  • fats, dietary, S6, S81, S85, S154, S266, S272, S284, S285, S287,

  • FDA standards, for glucose meters, S128

  • fear, of hypoglycemia, S56, S91, S92, S93, S94, S119, S121, S159, S244, S263

  • fenofibrate, S192, S234

  • fibrate, S260, S272

  • plus statin therapy, S192

  • fibrosis-4 index, S65, S66, S67,

  • FIDELIO-DKD trial, S206, S209, S226, S227

  • FIGARO-DKD trial, S206, S209, S227

  • finerenone, S195, S202, S206,S209–S210, S225, S226–S227

  • fish skin graft, S240

  • FLOW trial, S266

  • fluvastatin, S188

  • food insecurity, S15

  • foot care, S9, S237–S241, S268

  • footwear, S90, S237, S239

  • FOURIER trial, S189

  • fracture risk, S6, S59, S60–S62, S68,

  • gastrectomy, vertical sleeve, S153

  • gastric aspiration therapy, S149

  • gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric, S153

  • gastric electrical stimulation, S237

  • gastrointestinal neuropathies, S235

  • gastroparesis, S8, S235, S237, S252

  • gemfibrozil, S192

  • genetic testing, S25, S32–S33, S66

  • genitourinary disturbances, S235

  • gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S10, S23, S27, S34–S37, S45, S46, S47, S81, S88, S95, S97, S132, S232–S233, S286–S288

    • definition, S34

    • diagnosis, S35–S36

    • insulin, S288

    • lifestyle and behavioral management, S287

    • management of, S286–S288

    • medical nutrition therapy, S287

    • metformin, S287

    • one-step strategy, S35

    • pharmacologic therapy, S287–S28

    • physical activity, S287

    • postpartum care, S290

    • screening, S35–S36

    • sulfonylureas, S287

    • two-step strategy, S37

  • glargine, S159, S162, S169, S170, S172, S173, S174, S250, S298

  • glimepiride, S169, S172, S196, S202

  • glipizide, S172, S252

  • glomerular filtration rate, S8, S9, S56, S61, S85, S119, S161, S165, S166, S167, S168, S185, S186, S195, S196, S199, S201, S219, S220, S221, S223, S225, S250, S267, S271

  • glucagon, S7, S8, S31, S118, S120–S121, S158, S169, S170, S208, S224, S225, S231,

  • glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), S8, S28, S62, S67, S68, S116, S148, S151, S152, S160, S164, S166, S167, S171, S172, S173, S195, S196, S199, S204, S209, S220, S245, S249, S269, S270, S299

  • glucocorticoid therapy, S301

  • glucose meters, S7, S119, S127, S128–S129

    • counterfeit strips, S128

    • inaccuracy, S129

    • interfering substances, S129

    • optimizing use of, S128

    • oxygen, S129

    • standards, S128

    • temperature, S129

  • glucose monitoring. see blood glucose monitoring.

  • glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, A1C and, S22, S112,

  • glucose-lowering therapy, S33, S148, S165

  • glulisine, S173, S250,

  • glyburide, S10, S172, S252, S286, S287

  • glycemic goals, S7, S8, S9, S10, S111–S125

    • assessment of glycemic status, S111–S113

    • cardiovascular disease outcome with, S116–S117

    • continuous glucose monitoring, S113–S114

    • for nonpregnant adults, S116

    • in diabetic kidney disease, S223

    • in hospitalized patients, S296–S297

    • in pregnancy, S284–S285

    • hypoglycemia, S118–S121

    • intercurrent illness, S121

    • in older adults, S246–S249

    • in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S263–S265

    • in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S269

    • setting and modifying A1C goals, S117–S118

  • glycemic treatment, S7, S158–S178

  • for adults with type 1 diabetes, S158–S164

  • for adults with type 2 diabetes, S164–S174

  • growth factors, S240

  • guanfacine, S237

  • health literacy, S14, S15, S16, S80, S119, S247, S262, S273

  • health numeracy, S13, S14, S15, S16, S53, S79, S80, S83, S84, S162, S247, S261

  • health promotion, S11–S19

  • hearing impairment, S69

  • heart failure, S8, S9, S10, S54, S57, S63, S68, S87, S116, S117, S118, S146, S164, S166, S167, S179–S180, S180, S181, S182, S183, S193, S195, S196, S197, S199, S200–S208, S221, S224–S227

  • hemodialysis, A1C and, S22, S247

  • hemoglobinopathies, A1C and, S35, S44, S55, S268

  • hepatitis B, S222, S284

  • hepatitis B vaccines, S56, S58, S284

  • hepatitis C infection, S64, S284

  • hepatitis, autoimmune, S24, S265

  • high-intensity interval training, S6, S88

  • Hispanic/Latino population, S15, S22, S27, S28, S79, S87

  • homelessness, S5, S14, S15, S55, S119, S262, S273

  • hospital care, S10, S295–S306

    • care delivery standards, S295–S296

    • continuous glucose monitoring, S297

    • diabetes care specialists in, S296

    • diabetic ketoacidosis, S301–S302

    • enteral/parenteral feedings, S300

    • glucocorticoid therapy, S301

    • glucose-lowering treatment in, S298–S299

    • glucose monitoring, S297–S298

    • glycemic goals in, S296–S297

    • hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S301–S302

    • hypoglycemia, S299–S300

    • insulin therapy, S298–S299

    • medical nutrition therapy in, S301

    • medication reconciliation, S302

    • noninsulin therapies, S299

    • perioperative care, S301

    • preventing admissions and readmissions, S303

    • self-management in, S300

    • standards for special situations, S300–S301

    • structured discharge communication, S302

    • transition to ambulatory setting, S295, S302–S303

  • HOT trial, S182, S183

  • housing insecurity, S5, S15

  • HPS2-THRIVE trial, S192

  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), S22, S23, S26–S27, S30, S235, S284

  • human regular insulin, S170, S173, S301, S302

  • hybrid closed-loop systems. see automated insulin delivery systems.

  • hydrogel, oral, S149

  • hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S239, S240

  • hyperglycemia, S10, S15, S21, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S28, S30, S31–S32, S34, S35, S47, S63, S64, S67, S68, S69, S83, S86, S88, S95, S97, S111, S113, S115, S121, S127, S128, S131–S132, S135, S146, S153, S165, S168, S170, S171, S221, S231, S232, S246, S247, S248, S251, S253, S254, S261-S262, S264, S269, S272, S282, S284, S285, S286, S290, S295, S296, S297, S298–S299, S301–S302

  • Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S36, S285

  • hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S10, S64, S121, S247, S269, S270, S298, S301–S302

  • hypertension, S9, S12, S13, S27, S28, S45, S47, S57, S65, S66, S85, S87, S88, S97, S116, S146, S148, S159, S179, S180–S186, S193, S199, S202, S205, S221, S222, S223, S224, S225, S227, S231, S236, S244, S247, S248, S250, S254, S259, S260, S266, S270, S271, S272, S282, S284, S286, S288, S289

  • hypertriglyceridemia, S85, S159, S168, S191

  • hypoglycemia, S64-S65,S118-S125, S129, S130–S132, S134–S135, S136, S150–S154, S158–S165, S168–S169, S170, S174, S203, S208, S210, S223, S234, S235, S244, S245–S246, S249–S250, S251, S252, S253–S254, S261–S265, S269, S282, S282–S288, S291, S295, S296–S297, S298, S299–S300, S301–S302

  • hypogonadism, S65, S237

  • hypokalemia, S186, S220, S222

  • icosapent ethyl, S85, S191, S225

  • idiopathic type 1 diabetes, S27

  • illness, intercurrent, glycemic targets in, S121, S129

  • immune checkpoint inhibitors, S23, S26

  • immune-mediated diabetes, S24

  • immunizations, S54–S59

  • impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S21, S24, S27, S28, S43, S48

  • impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), S21, S24, S27, S28, S36, S43, S47, S48

  • inclisiran, S9, S187, S189–S191

  • incretin-based therapies, S31, S69, S252

  • Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S46

  • infections, S5, S26, S31-S32, S54–S59, S63, S64, S90, S134, S235, S239, S251, S252, S301

  • influenza vaccines, S56–S57, S58

  • inhaled insulin, S8, S133, S158, S160, S173

  • injection techniques, S133, S161, S160–S161

  • inpatient care. see hospital care.

  • insulin analogs, S8, S134, S158, S159, S162, S169, S170, S174, S252, S264, S298, S302

  • insulin delivery, S7, S8, S57, S83, S132–S136

    • automated systems, S7, S8, S83, S84–S85, S97, S116, S119, S120, S126, S127, S135, S158, S159, S160, S163, S245, S246, S262, S263, S288, S297

    • do-it-yourself closed-loop systems, S135, S159

    • injection techniques, S133, S161, S160–S161

    • IV, transitioning to SC, S298–S299

    • pens and syringes, S132–S133

    • pumps, S133–S136

  • insulin pump therapy, S128, S130, S131, S133–S136, S160, S162, S264, S270

  • insulin resistance, S22, S23, S25, S27, S28, S30, S31, S47, S62, S65, S66, S67, S87, S97, S170, S172, S272, S284, S285, S286, S287, S288, S289, S298

  • insulin secretagogues, S81, S88, S89, S120, S148, S252

  • insulin therapy

    • access and affordability, S308

    • basal, S10, S119, S129, S130, S131, S132, S135, S158, S159, S160, S162, S165, S169, S170, S171, S172, S173, S174, S250, S252, S253, S254, S262, S264, S285, S298, S300, S301, S302

    • cost considerations, S173

    • dosing algorithms using machine learning, S126, S133, S135, S222, S246, S288, S296

    • in adults with type 1 diabetes, S158–S164

    • in adults with type 2 diabetes, S164–S174

    • combination injectable, S174

    • concentrated insulins, S170, S288, S299

    • in hospitalized patients, S298–S299

    • inhaled insulin, S8, S133, S158, S160, S173

    • in older adults, S250–S253

    • prandial, S128, S160, S170, S171, S174, S250, S262, S270, S298, S300

  • insulin:carbohydrate ratio (ICR), S162

  • integrated CGM devices, S130

  • intensification

  • of obesity treatment, S8, S149

  • of diabetes therapy, S8, S160, S164, S168, S169, S174, S197 S141, S143, S149, S151, S154, S176

  • intermittent fasting, S83

  • intermittently scanned CGM devices, S7, S78, S94, S129–S130, S131, S263, S264, S269

  • International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), S34–S37

  • islet transplantation, S161, S164

  • isradipine, S237

  • juvenile-onset diabetes. see immune-mediated diabetes.

  • KDIGO study, S9, S80, S221, S224

  • ketoacidosis, diabetic, S10, S23, S63, S64, S88, S91, S93, S96, S121, S131, S159, S168, S203, S208, S253, S261, S270, S284, S288, S298, S301–S302

  • kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease.

  • Kumamoto study, S116

  • lactation, S290–S291

  • language barriers, S16

  • latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), S23

  • Latino/Hispanic population, S15, S22, S27, S28, S79, S87

  • LEADER trial, S198–S199, S204, S224

  • lifestyle behavior changes, S44–S46

    • delivery and dissemination of, S45–S46

    • Diabetes Prevention Program, S44

    • for diabetes prevention, S44–S46

    • for hypertension, S184

    • for lipid management, S186–S187

    • for weight management, S147–S148

    • in older adults, S249

    • in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S259, S266–S267

    • in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S259, S268–S271

    • in pregnancy, S286

    • nutrition, S44–S45

    • physical activity, S45

    • to reduce ASCVD risk factors, S180, S184

    • type 1 diabetes progression and, S46

  • linagliptin, S172, S196, S202–S203, S206, S271

  • lipase inhibitors, S151

  • lipid management, S146, S186–S187,S236, S247, S254

  • lipid profiles, S56, S186, S187, S259-S260, S266, S267

  • liraglutide, S46, S68, S149, S151, S164, S169, S172, S173, S174, S198, S204–S205, S206, S224, S232

  • lispro, S170, S172, S173, S250

  • lixisenatide, S173, S174, S198, S204, S206

  • long-acting insulin, S159, S169, S170, S252, S264, S269, S270

  • Look AHEAD trial, S63, S69, S83, S147, S202, S249

  • loss of protective sensation, S235, S237, S238

  • lovastatin, S188

  • machine learning, insulin dosing algorithms using, S296

  • macular edema, diabetic, S232–S234, S252

  • marijuana. see cannabis.

  • maternal history, in screening children/adolescents, S27

  • maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S23, S32–S33, S268

  • meal planning, S80, S82–S83, S84, S284

  • Medicaid expansion, S14

  • medical devices, for weight loss, S149

  • medical evaluation, S2, S3, S6, S52–S76, S146, S161, S187

    • autoimmune diseases, S59

    • bone health, S59

    • cancer, S62

    • cognitive impairment/dementia, S62

    • comorbidities, S59–S62

    • comprehensive, S54, S55–S56

    • COVID-19, S62–S64

    • disability, S64

    • hepatitis C, S64

    • hyperglycemia, S64

    • hypoglycemia, S64–S65

    • immunizations, S54–S59

    • low testosterone in men, S65

    • nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S66–S68

    • nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, S66–S68

    • obstructive sleep apnea, S68–S69

    • pancreatitis, S69

    • periodontal disease, S69

    • sensory impairment, S69

    • statins, S69

  • medical nutrition therapy, S6, S45, S54, S57, S77, S80–S88, S113, S128, S154, S187, S259–S260, S261, S285

    • alcohol, S86

    • carbohydrates, S84–S85

    • eating patterns and meal planning, S82–S83

    • fats, S85

    • food insecurity and access, S82

    • goals of, S80

    • in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, S261

    • in hospitalized patients, S301–S302

    • in pregnancy. S287

    • micronutrient, and supplements, S85–S86

    • nonnutritive sweeteners, S86

    • protein, S85

    • sodium, S85

    • weight management, S80–S82

  • Mediterranean diet, S6, S45, S68, S81, S82, S85, S186

  • meglitinides, S9, S115, S117, S119, S148, S165, S172, S245, S249, S252

  • mental health. see Psychosocial care.

  • mental health referrals, S93, S95, S96

  • mental illness, serious, S97

  • metabolic surgery, S7, S8, S10, S58, S67, S68, S80, S93, S145, S146, S148, S149, S153–S154, S164, S168, S271

  • metformin, S10, S46-S47, S56, S61–S62, S63, S68, S86, S116, S117, S148, S161, S165, S168, S169, S170, S172, S195, S196, S198, S200, S206, S210, S224, S225, S245, S250–S252, S260, S269, S270-S271, S272, S286, S287–S288, S290, S301,

  • metoclopramide, S237

  • metoprolol, S206, S237

  • micronutrients, S80, S81, S83, S85–S86

  • microvascular complications, S2, S7, S12, S28, S31, S33, S48, S55, S90, S96, S113, S115–S116, S117, S159, S164, S189, S181, S234, S267–S268, S270, S283,

  • midodrine, S237

  • miglitol, S172

  • migrant farmworkers, S15–S16

  • mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy, S8, S185, S186, S220, S222, S223, S225, S226–S227

  • monogenic diabetes syndromes, S22, S32–S34

  • multiple daily injections (MDI), S55, S128, S129, S130, S131, S132, S133–S134, S135, S160, S162–S163, S270

  • myasthenia gravis, S24, S59, S256

  • naltrexone/bupropion ER, S150

  • nateglinide, S46, S172, S252

  • National Diabetes Data Group, S36

  • National Diabetes Prevention Program, S45

  • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S12, S35, S69, S268

  • neonatal diabetes, S22, S32, S33, S258

  • nephrologist, referral to, S220, S221, S227

  • nephropathy, diabetic, S10, S28, S59, S60, S62, S97, S115, S164, S186, S196, S199, S201, S203, S224–S225, S231, S238, S259, S260, S267, S270, S271, S284

  • neurocognitive function, S245

  • neuropathic pain, S64, S235, S236–S237, S268

  • neuropathy, diabetic, S9, S46, S54, S57, S59, S60, S64, S69, S86, S88, S97, S115, S116, S119, S120, S134, S169, S180, S202, S234–S237, S239, S259, S267–S268,S272, S284, S301

  • auditory, S69

  • autonomic, S59, S88, S90, S181, S234, S235, S301

  • cardiac autonomic, S235

  • gastrointestinal, S235

  • genitourinary disturbances due to, S235

  • peripheral, S46, S59, S64, S78, S86, S90,S235, S238

  • new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), S31–S32

  • niacin + statin therapy, S192

  • nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), S55, S57, S65–S68, S284

  • nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), S57, S65–S68, S167

  • noninsulin treatments, S23, S25, S32, S68, S127, S129, S131, S132, S161–S164, S168, S169, S170, S172, S249, S250, S251, S269, S286, S295, S298, S299, S300, S302, S308

  • noninsulin-dependent diabetes. see type 2 diabetes.

  • nonnutritive sweeteners, S6, S81, S86

  • NPH insulin, S159, S160, S163, S169, S170, S171, S172, S173, S174, S250, S252, S298, S300–S301

  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, S32

  • nursing homes, S253–S254

  • nutrition, S6, S11, S13, S16, S22, S30, S35,

  • for diabetes prevention/delay, S44–S45

  • nutrition therapy. see medical nutrition therapy.

  • obesity, S7–S8, S9, S10, S26, S27, S28, S30, S34, S44, S48, S55, S62, S65, S66, S67–S69, S80–S81, S145–S157

    • assessment and monitoring, S145–S147

    • medical devices for weight loss, S149

    • metabolic surgery, S149, S153–S154

    • nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral therapy, S147–S148

    • pharmacotherapy, S148–S149, S150–S152

  • obstructive sleep apnea, S55, S56, S68–S69, S97, S173, S186, S199, S260, S272

  • ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, S189

  • older adults, S9, S15, S57, S58, S244–S257

    • bone health in, S59–S62

    • end-of-life care, S254

    • hypoglycemia, S245–S246

    • lifestyle management, S249

    • neurocognitive function, S245

    • pharmacologic therapy, S250–S253

    • in skilled nursing facilities and nursing homes, S253–S254

    • special considerations for, S253

    • treatment goals, S246–S249

    • with type 1 diabetes, S245, 246

  • one-step strategy, for GDM, S35–S36

  • opioid antagonist/antidepressant combination, S150

  • opioids, S236, S237

  • ophthalmologist, referral to, S90, S232, S233

  • oral agents. see also specific drugs. S129, S253, S254, S288

  • oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S20, S21, S22, S26, S27, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S286, S290

  • organ transplantation, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S23, S31–S32

  • orlistat, S46, S150

  • orthostatic hypotension, S182, S234, S235, S237

  • overweight people, S9, S10, S27, S28, S30, S44, S45, S48, S67, S80, S81, S86, S87, S116, S146–S147, S148, S149, S180, S249,

  • children and adolescents, S9–S10, S26, S27, S268–270,

  • during pregnancy, S284, S288, S290

  • oxygen, glucose monitors and, S129

  • oxygen therapy, S240

  • for advanced wound care, S240

  • hyperbaric, S239, S240

  • topical, S237, S239, S240–S241

  • P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S193, S195

  • palliative care, S248, S253, S254

  • pancreas transplantation, S161, S164

  • pancreatectomy, S31, S69, S135

  • pancreatic diabetes, S6, S30–S31

  • pancreatitis, S6, S23, S27, S30, S31, S69, S151–S152, S191, S205, S272

  • paramedics, S14, S16, S45, S52, S79, S91, S169

  • pens, insulin, S7, S126, S127, S132–S133

  • periodontal disease, S30, S69

  • perioperative care, S10, S301

  • peripheral arterial disease, S238–S239

  • peripheral neuropathy, S46, S59, S64, S78, S86, S90,S235, S238

  • pernicious anemia, S24, S59

  • person-centered care goals, S12, S47–S48, S12

  • pharmacologic approaches. see also specific medications, medication classes.

    • for adults with type 1 diabetes, S158–S164

    • for adults with type 2 diabetes, S164–S174

    • for cardiovascular and renal disease, S7 S202–S205, S209–S210, S227

    • for comorbidities, S57

    • for hypertension, S184–S186

    • for lipid management, S188–S192

    • for neuropathic pain, S64, S235, S236–S237, S268

    • for obesity, S7, S148–S149, S150–S153

    • for pediatric type 2 diabetes, S269–S271

    • for smoking cessation, S90

    • in older adults, S249–S253

    • in pregnancy, S287–S288, S289

    • interfering substances for glucose meter readings, S129

    • to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes, S46–S47

    • to delay type 1 progression, S48

    • to glycemic treatment, S8, S158–S178

  • phentermine, S46, S149, S150, S152, S271

  • phentermine/topiramate ER, S150

  • phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, S237

  • photocoagulation surgery, S233–S234

  • physical activity, S6, S10, S11, S28, S55, S57, S61, S64, S111, S127, S128, S135, S202

    • exercise and youth, S87

    • for diabetes prevention, S44, S45–S46

    • frequency and type of, S87

    • glycemic control and, S88

    • high-intensity interval training, S88

    • in children with type 1 diabetes, S261–S262

    • in children with type 2 diabetes, S269

    • in DSMES, S86–S90

    • in obesity management, S147–S148

    • in older adults, S249

    • in pregnancy, S287

    • with diabetic kidney disease, S90

    • with microvascular complications, S90

    • pre-exercise evaluation, S88

  • pioglitazone, S47, S62, S67, S68, S172

  • PIONEER-6 trial, S198–S199

  • pitavastatin, S188

  • plasma glucose test, 2-h, S20, S21, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S33, S35

  • pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine, S57, S58

  • point-of-care assays

    • A1c, S21, S22, S112

    • blood glucose monitoring, S136, S297

  • polycystic ovary syndrome, S27, S28, S260, S272, S273, S284, S286, S287

  • population health, S5, S11–S19

    • access to care, S14

    • behaviors and well-being, S13

    • care teams, S13

    • chronic care model, S12–S13

    • cost considerations, S13–S14

    • quality improvement, S14

    • recommendations, S11

    • tailoring treatment for social context, S14–S16

    • status and demographics, S12

    • telehealth, S13

  • postbariatric hypoglycemia, S154

  • postpartum care, in diabetic women, S289–S291

  • posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S23, S31–S32

  • pramlintide, S161, S172, S237

  • prandial insulin, S128, S160, S170, S171, S174, S250, S262, S270, S298, S300

  • pravastatin, S188

  • prediabetes, S5, S10, S21

    • criteria defining, S22

    • diagnosis, S27–S28

    • lifestyle changes for prevention of diabetes, S44–S46

    • prevention of vascular disease and mortality, S47

    • screening in adults, S26, S27, S28–S30

    • screening in children and adolescents, S30

  • preeclampsia, in women with diabetes, S34, S35, S184, S282, S284, S285–S286, 288

  • aspirin and, S289

  • pregabalin, S148, S236

  • pregnancy, S10, S282–S294

    • A1C and, S22, S285–S286

    • continuous glucose monitoring in, S286

    • drug considerations in, S89

    • gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S23, S34–S37, S287–S288

    • glucose monitoring in, S285

    • glycemic goals in, S284–S286

    • insulin physiology in, S288

    • lactation, S290

    • lifestyle and behavior management, S287

    • medical nutrition therapy, S287

    • metformin in, S287

    • pharmacologic therapy, S287–S288

    • physical activity in, S287

    • postpartum care, S289–S291

    • pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes in, S288–S289

    • preconception care, S283–S284

    • preconception counseling, S282–S283

    • preeclampsia and aspirin, S289

    • real-time CGM device use in, S131–S132

    • retinopathy during, S232–S233

    • sulfonylureas, S287

  • prevention, type 2 diabetes, S6, S7, S9, S14, S27, S28, S43–S51

    • lifestyle behavior change for, S44–S43

    • person-centered care goals, S47–S48

    • pharmacologic interventions, S46–S47

    • of vascular disease and mortality, S47

  • proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S90, S233

  • proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, S8, S30, S187, S188, S189,S190, S192

  • protease inhibitors, A1C and, S30

  • protein intake, S9, S10, S85, S158, S220, S223, S249, S270, S271

  • psychosocial care, S6, S9, S77, S91–S98

    • anxiety disorders, S94

    • assessment and treatment, S92–S93

    • cognitive capacity/impairment, S96–S97

    • depression, S95

    • diabetes distress, S93–S94

    • disordered eating behavior, S95–S96

    • in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S261, S262–S263

    • in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S273

    • referral to mental health specialist, S93, S95, S96

    • screening, S92

    • serious mental illness, S96

    • sleep health, S97

  • pumps, insulin, S133–S136

  • do-it-yourself closed-loop system, S135, S159

  • in youth, S7, S134, S263, S270

  • sensor augmented, S134

  • quality improvement, S5, S14, S295, S299

  • RAAS inhibitors, S163

  • race, S22, S27, S63, S64, S79, S112, S148, S196, S198, S200, S221

  • rapid-acting insulin analog, S134, S135, S159, S160, S163, S170, S173, S250, S254, S262, S285, S298, S299, S301, S302

  • real-time CGM devices, S7, S94, S121, S129, S130, S263, S254, S269, S284, S286, S297

  • REDUCE-IT trial, S85, S191

  • referrals, S6, S14, S16, S66, S78

    • for behavioral health professionals, S92

    • for community screening, S30

    • for comprehensive eye exam, S57, S267

    • for food insecurity, S82

    • for initial care management, S57

    • for local community resources, S16

    • for DSME, S54, S57, S78, S79

    • for tobacco cessation, S54

    • from dentist to primary care, S57

    • to behavioral health provider, S92, S93

    • to foot care specialist, S239

    • to gastroenterologist, S65, S69

    • to mental health professional, S93, S95, S96

    • to nephrologist, S220, S221, S227

    • to neurologist, S235

    • to sleep specialist, S98, S260

    • to registered dietitian nutritionist, S45, S57, S149, S261, S265, S283, S302

  • registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN), S45, S57, S80, S82, S282, S285, S287, S288 43, S255, S257, S274

  • reimbursement, S14, S45

  • for CGM in adults with type 2 diabetes, S9

  • for DSMES, S6, S78, S79

  • religious fasting, S83

  • repaglinide, S172, S252

  • resistance training, S45, S68, S88, S249

  • respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, S57–S58

  • retinopathy, diabetic, S66, S90, S115, S227, S231–S234, S267, S272, S283

  • screening, S232–S233

  • treatment, S233–S234

  • visual rehabilitation, S234

  • REWIND trial, S198–S199, S204

  • risk calculator, for ASCVD, S180

  • risk management

    • cardiovascular disease, S8, S179–S218

    • chronic kidney disease, S9, S219–S230

  • risk, screening for

  • type 1 diabetes, S26

  • prediabetes and type 2, S27, S29

  • rivaroxaban, S193, S194

  • rosiglitazone, S148

  • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S153

  • SAVOR-TIMI trial, S196, S206

  • saxagliptin, S172, S196, S206, S299

  • schizophrenia, S96

  • schools, diabetes care in, S127, S261, S262, S263, S268, S308

  • screening, S5, S6, S7, S9

    • after acute pancreatitis, S31

    • by age, S30,

    • community, S30

    • for cystic fibrosis -related diabetes, S31

    • for gestational diabetes mellitus, S34, S36

    • for neuropathy, S235–S236

    • for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, S26–S30

    • for type 1 diabetes, S26

    • for type 2 diabetes, S27 S240

    • in children/adolescents, S30

    • in dental practices, S30, S55, S57

    • in people with HIV, S30

    • medications, S30

    • testing interval, S30

    • use of A1C for, S21–S22

    • use of FPG or 2-h PG for, S21

  • seasonal farmworkers, S15–S16

  • self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). see blood glucose monitoring (BGM)

  • semaglutide, S8, S46, S68, S148, S149, S150, S165, S168, S169, S172, S198–S199, S204, S205, S206, S224–S225, S226, S232, S252

  • sensor-augmented pumps, S134

  • sensory impairment, S69

  • setmelanotide, S149

  • sexual dysfunction, S235

  • sickle cell disease, A1C and, S22, S112, S284

  • simvastatin, S188, S189, S192

  • sitagliptin, S169, S172, S196, S206

  • skilled nursing facilities, S251, S253–S254

  • sleep health, S7, S97–S98

  • smart pens. see connected insulin pens

  • smoking cessation, S6, S10, S47, S55, S59, S77, S90–S91,S273

  • social capital, S5, S14, S15

  • social context, S14–S16

  • social determinants of health (SDOH), S12, S13, S14–S15, S16, S79, S92, S166

  • sodium channel blockers, S235, S236

  • sodium intake, S81, S84, S85, S184, S223

  • sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, S8, S28, S62, S68, S84, S116, S148, S164, S166, S167, S172, S180, S195, S201, S209, S220, S222, S225, S246, S250, S252, S270, S299

  • SOLOIST-WHF trial, S208

  • sotagliflozin, S206, S207, S208

  • SPRINT trial, S181, S182, S183, S205

  • staging

    • of diabetic kidney disease, S57, S221–S222

    • of type 1 diabetes, S24

  • statin therapy, S8, S9, S47, S67–S68, S116, S180, S187, S187–S192,

  • combination therapy with, S190–S191

  • diabetes risk with, S192

  • high- and moderate intensity, S188

  • intolerance to, S190

  • primary prevention, S187, S188

  • secondary prevention, S188–S189

  • with bempedoic acid, S8, S187, S191

  • with ezetimibe, S189

  • with fibrate, S169, S170,S192

  • with niacin, S169, S170

  • with PCSK9 inhibitors, S189–S190

  • statins, S26, S30, S57, S69, S85, S192, S197, S198, S202

  • stem cell therapies, for wounds, S240

  • strength training, S44, S269

  • sulfonylureas, S9, S15, S32, S33, S62, S68, S113, S115, S116, S117, S119, S120, S148, S165, S168, S172, S174, S245, S249, S250, S252, S287

  • supplements, dietary, S61, S81, S85–S86, S141, S148, S154, S283, S284

  • surveillance

  • behavioral risk factor surveillance system, S79, S94

  • BGM system, S128

  • for foot problems, S237, S238–S239

  • of chronic kidney disease, S222–S223

  • of NAFLD patients, S66

  • SUSTAIN-6 trial, S198–S199, S204, S224

  • sweeteners, nonnutritive, S6, S81, S86

  • sympathomimetic amine anorectics, S150

  • in combination with antiepileptic, S150

  • syringes, insulin, S132–S133

  • tapentadol, S236

  • technology, diabetes, S7, S8, S13, S126–S144

    • blood glucose monitoring, S127–S129

    • continuous glucose monitoring devices, S129–S132

    • general device principles, S126–S127

    • insulin delivery, S132–S137

  • technology-assisted prevention programs, S44, S45-S46, S79, S94

  • TECOS trial, S196, S206

  • TEDDY study, S26, S46

  • telehealth, S6, S13, S15, S45, S78–S80, S286

  • temperature

  • of glucose monitor, S129

  • perception of, S56, S234, S235, S237, S238

  • teplizumab, S48

  • testing interval, S30

  • testosterone

  • in diabetes prevention, S46

  • low, in men, S65

  • tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (TDAP) vaccine, S58, S284

  • thiazide-like diuretics, S185, S186, S224

  • thiazolidinediones, S46, S59, S60, S148, S165, S206, S245, S252

  • thyroid disease

  • autoimmune, S33, S59, S266

  • in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S259, S265

  • time-restricted eating, S83

  • tirzepatide, S46, S62, S68, S148, S149, S152, S165, S168, S169, S172, S252

  • tobacco use/cessation, S6, S10, S47, S55, S59, S77, S90–S91,S273

  • training

  • blood glucose awareness, S121

  • health professionals/staff, S10, S13, S16, S79

  • high-intensity interval, S6, S88

  • on device use, S10

  • resistance, S6, S44, S45, S68, S79, S88

  • self-care, S16

  • strength, S44, S269

  • tramadol, S236

  • transfusion, A1C and, S22, S112, S247

  • transition

    • from hospital to ambulatory setting, S295, S302–S303

    • from IV to SC insulin, S298–S299

    • from pediatric to adult care, S258, S273–S274

  • transplantation

    • islet, S161, S164

    • liver, S65, S66

    • organ, post-transplant diabetes mellitus after, S23, S31–S32

    • pancreas, S161, S164

    • renal, S161, S164, S196, S201, S207, S208, S221, S225

  • tricyclic antidepressants, S148, S235, S236

  • TWILIGHT trial, S194

  • two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) test, S20, S21, S23, S24, S26, S27, S30, S33, S35

  • two-step strategy, for GDM, S36

  • type 1 diabetes, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S13, S14

    • beta-cell replacement therapy, S161, S164

    • in children/adolescents, S233–S240

    • classification, S22–S23

    • diagnosis, S24–S26

    • idiopathic, S27

    • immune-mediated, S24, S26

    • in hospitalized patients, S296, S298, S300

    • lifestyle and progression of, S46

    • insulin therapy, S158, S159–S160

    • noninsulin treatments, S161, S164

    • in older adults, S245, 246

    • peripheral neuropathy in, S234–S236

    • pregnancy in women with preexisting, S283, S284, S285, S286, S288, S290

    • retinopathy in, S232

    • screening, S26

    • staging, S24

    • subcutaneous insulin regimens, S159–S161, S163–S164

    • surgical treatment, S164

    • teplizumab to delay symptoms. S48

  • type 2 diabetes, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S12, S13, S15, S22–S23

    • in children/adolescents, S268–S273

    • classification, S20–S22

    • combination therapy, S8, S164, S165, S168–S169,S190S191, S192, S193, S194, S205, S237, S252

    • diagnosis, S26-S31

    • insulin pump use in, S135

    • obesity and weight management, S29, S67, S145–S157, S165, S168

    • pharmacologic treatment in adults, S164–S174

    • pregnancy in women with preexisting, S288–S289

    • prevention or delay, S6, S7, S9, S14, S27, S28, S43–S51

    • retinopathy in, S233

    • risk test for, S29

    • screening in asymptomatic adults, S27, S28, S29

    • screening in children/adolescents, S28, S30

    • surgical treatment for, S164

  • type 3c diabetes, S30

  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S116, S117, S197, S205

  • ulcers, foot, S9, S56, S88, S90, S234, S237–S241

  • ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs, S159, S160, S163

  • ultrasound wound debridement, S240

  • vaccines. see immunizations.

  • vagus nerve stimulator, S149

  • vascular disease, S90, S116, S117, S181, S183, S192, S194, S202, S237

  • prevention of, in prediabetes, S47

  • VERIFY trial, S168

  • vertical sleeve gastrectomy, S153

  • VERTIS CV trial, S200, S201, S204

  • Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S64, S116, S246

  • vildagliptin, S168

  • vitamin D supplementation, S46, S56, S60, S61, S81, S85–S86, S148

  • VOYAGER-PAD trial, S194

  • weight loss surgery. see metabolic surgery.

  • weight loss/management, S7, S8, S31, S31, S80–S82, S83, S86, S87, S93, S96, S117, S136, S145–S154, S184, S186, S202, S236,

    • in diabetes prevention, S44–S46, S47, S48

    • in children/adolescents, S269, S271, S272

    • in older adults, S249, S251, S252

    • in pregnancy, S290

    • in type 1 diabetes, S46, S61, S161

    • in type 2 diabetes, S29, S67, S165, S168

    • medical devices for, S150

    • metabolic surgery for, S149,S153–S154

    • pharmacotherapy for, S148–S149, S150–S152

    • with NAFLD, S67–S68

    • unexpected, S21, S23, S20, S24, S28, S62, S95, S253

  • well-being, S6, S13, S35, S53, S65, S77–S110, S146, S234, S263

  • whites, non-Hispanic, S22, S25, S27, S60, S63, S112, S196, S198, S200,

  • WISDM trial, S246

  • Wound therapy, advanced, S239–S241

  • Youth. see Children and adolescents.

  • zoster vaccine, S59

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. More information is available at https://www.diabetesjournals.org/journals/pages/license.