A1C, S6, S10, S11, S12, S15–S16, S19, S27, S39, S40, S50-S52, S61, S67, S69, S70, S78, S87, S88, S89, S91, S92, S93, S94, S96, S97, S98, S99, S101, S102, S106, S111, S112, S113, S133, S134, S136, S140, S147, S148, S149, S150–S152, S153, S154, S155, S156, S157, S171, S176, S208, S243, S244, S247, S252, S253, S267, S268, S269, S270, S271, S274, S275
correlation with BGM and CGM, S129–S130
equivalent eAG levels, S129
glycemic assessment with, S129, S130, S131
in children and adolescents, S284, S289, S290, S292, S293, S294–S296, S298
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S40–S45
in hospitalized patients, S321, S322, S327, S329, S330
in screening and diagnosis, S28–S30, S31
in prediabetes, S34–S36
in pregnancy, S306, S307, S310–S311, S312, S315
in type 1 diabetes, S33, S64, S65, S108–S110, S182, S186
in type 2 diabetes, S36–S39, S53–S54, S60, S103, S109, S187–S189, S192, S193
serum glycated protein assays versus, S129
use and interpretation of, S29
AABBCC approach, S32
acarbose, S77, S100, S171, S176
access to care, S18–S19
access to insulin, S141, S155
ACCORD study, S65, S220, S268
Accountable care organizations, S6, S16
ACE inhibitors, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S64, S212–S213, S214, S223, S225, S226, S230, S239, S240, S242, S243, S244, S246, S248, S284–S285, S291, S292, S297, S309, S314
acellular matrix tissues, S261, S262
acute kidney injury, S172, S189, S200, S210
ADA Advocacy Statements, S13, S335–S336
ADA consensus reports, S4, S89, S102, S224, S267,
ADA evidence-grading system, S3
ADA Professional Practice Committee, S1
ADA scientific reviews, S4
ADA statements, S4, S336
ADAG study, S129
Addison disease, S33, S63, S290
adolescents. see children and adolescents.
ADOPT trial, S189
adrenal insufficiency, primary, S63, S290
adult-onset diabetes. see Type 2 diabetes.
ADVANCE trial, S69, S132, S133, S134, S136, S210
ADVANCE-ON trial, S134
advocacy statements, S13, S335–S336
care of young children with diabetes in the childcare setting, S336
diabetes and driving, S336
diabetes and employment, S336
diabetes care in the school setting, S335–336
in detention facilities, S13, S336
insulin access and affordability, S336
affordability, of insulin, S6, S10, S189, S196, S335
Affordable Care Act, S18, S19, S299
African Americans, S30, S35, S36, S101, S241
Age, S11
aspirin use and, S221
in diabetes diagnosis and classification, S30–S32, S35
risk factor for diabetes, S38
agricultural workers, migrant, S21
AIM-HIGH trial, S220
albiglutide, S226, S228
albuminuria, S11, S94, S136, S187, S191, S211, S212, S213, S214, S221, S223, S226, S228, S229, S230, S239, S240, S241–S247, S290, S292, S298
alcohol intake, S29, S62, S73, S77, S90, S93, S95, S113, S136, S139, S140, S176, S200, S212, S219, S256, S298–S299, S307
algorithms
for DKA and HHS, S329
for MASLD diagnosis and treatment, S8, S74, S76
for risk of type 2 diabetes, S37
glucose-lowering, in type 2 diabetes, S190
improving outcomes with diabetes and CKD, S245
insulin dosing, S274, S322
intensifying to injectable therapies in type 2 diabetes, S192
open-source AID, S157–S158
to predict hypoglycemia, S326
alirocumab, S217, S218
alogliptin, S191, S325
alpelisib, S198
ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), S9, S130, S132, S147, S152, S310
amputation, foot, S70, S225, S255, S258–S259, S261
analogs. see insulin analogs.
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S10, S64, S191, S211, S212, S213, S223, S226, S239, S242, S243, S245, S284–S285, S291, S292, S296–S297, S309, S314
anti-VEGF agents, S253–S255
antiepileptics, with sympathomimetic amin anorectics, S172, S174
antiplatelet agents, S220, S221–S222, S225, S229, S230, S270
antipsychotics, S35, S36, S38, S112, S140, S171
antiretroviral therapies, S35, S38
anxiety disorders, S7, S8, S20, S63, S70, S72, S106–S108, S110, S136, S155, S176, S255, S257, S288
ARRIVE trial, S221
artificial intelligence algorithms, for diabetic retinopathy, S253
ASCEND trial, S94, S221
Asian Americans, S35, S36, S53, S96, S175, S176
aspart, S196, S274
aspirin therapy, S220, S221, S254, S272, S314
ASPREE trial, S221
Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists (ADCES), S61
atenolol, S171, S258
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, S55
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), S10, S61, S65, S94, S133, S187, S188, S190, S214, S216, S217, S226, S229, S245, S246, S272, S274, S291, S314, S315
atorvastatin, S218
autoimmune diseases, S7, S30, S32, S33, S42, S62, S63–S64, S77, S186, S198, S290–S291, S314
autoimmune type 1 diabetes, S30, S32–S33, S40, S41, S42, S291
autologous blood products, S259
automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, S9, S10, S12, S13, S146, S147, S150, S152, S153, S154–S158, S183, S185, S269, S287, S289, S312–S313
autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S11, S67, S70, S71, S102, S104, S137, S209, S255–S257, S308, S327
balloons, implanted gastric, S175
bariatric surgery. see metabolic surgery.
basal insulin, S10, S99, S100, S136, S140, S149, S151, S153, S154, S156, S158, S181, S182, S183, S185, S192, S193, S194–S195, S196, S269, S274, S275, S276, S277, S278, S287, S289, S290, S309, S312, S324, S325, S326, S327, S328
becaplermin, S262
bedtime dosing
of antihypertensives, S214, S258
of insulin, S10, S184, S192, S195, S196, S274, S289, S310
behavioral therapy, S8, S90, S109, S169
behaviors, changes in, S6, S86–S114
diabetes self-management education and support, S86–S89
for diabetes prevention, S51–S53
medical nutrition therapy, S89–S100
physical activity, S100–S104
in gestational diabetes, S311
psychosocial care, S106–S114
smoking cessation, S104–S105
supporting positive health behaviors, S105–S106
bempedoic acid, S215, S216, S218, S315
beta-carotene, S90, S95
beta-cell replacement therapy, S186, S187
biguanides, S198
bioengineered allogeneic cellular therapies, S261
bladder dysfunction, S256, S308
Blood Glucose Awareness Training, S138, S139
blood glucose monitoring (BGM), S12, S60, S147–S149
in hospitalized patients, S323
continuous glucose monitoring, S147–S148
correlation with A1C, S129
during pregnancy, S309, S312
glycemic assessment by, S130
in children and adolescents, S287, S290, S295, S296
in older adults, S275, S278
optimizing device use, S148–S149
blood pressure control. see also hypertension, S12, S15, S65, S103, S209
body mass index (BMI), S9, S12, S30, S31, S32, S35, S39, S52, S53, S54, S55, S63, S101, S102, S112, S168, S171, S175, S176, S230, S243, S293, S296, S313, S314, S316
bolus insulin patch, S10, S196
bone fracture risk, S7, S64–S68, S76, S273, S276
bone health, S64–S65, S67–S68
bone-strengthening activities, S101, S288, S295
breastfeeding. see lactation.
bromocriptine, S171
calcium channel blockers, S212, S213, S214, S244, S245, S257
canagliflozin, S68, S189, S191, S194, S225, S226, S227, S228
cancer
risk in diabetics, S68–S69
therapeutic strategies when receiving treatment for, S198–S199
cannabis, S8, S12, S104, S105, S298, S299
CANVAS study, S68, S228, S246
capsaicin, topical, S258
carbamazepine, S258
carbohydrate intake, S8, S26, S34, S90, S92–S93, S95, S100, S182, S183, S184, S287, S297, S310
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S256
cardiac function testing, S297–S298
cardiovascular disease, S10–S11, S207–S238
antiplatelet agents, S220–S222
cardiac testing, S223–S224
hypertension/blood pressure management, S209–S214
lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, S225–S226
lipid management, S214–S215
prevention of heart failure, S226
screening, S222, S224–S225
statin treatment, S215–S220
treatment, S222–S223, S226–S230
cardiovascular risk, S11, S19, S22, S35, S41, S53, S54–S55, S61, S65, S71, S75, S76, S77, S94, S102, S132, S133, S168, S171, S175, S176, S187, S189, S207–S238, S241, S242, S243, S245, S246, S256, S267, S268, S270, S272, S284, S286, S287, S291, S292
care delivery systems, S15
access to care and quality improvement, S18–S19
behaviors and well-being, S18
chronic care model, S16
medication cost considerations, S18
quality improvement, S19
six core elements, S16
system-level improvement strategies, S18
telehealth, S16–S17
CARMELINA trial, S227–S228
CAROLINA trial, S225
celiac disease, S33, S34, S63–S64, S67, S290–S291
certified diabetes care and education specialist, S17, S88
CHAP trial, S211, S314 S184, S289
Charcot neuropathy, S102, S104, S258–S261
childbearing potential, individuals with, S10
care considerations for, S197, S211, S212, S240, S253, S288, S291, S292, S296, S297, S298, S307, S314, S315
lipid-lowering considerations for, S219
childcare, S138, S286, S335, S336
children and adolescents, S283–S299
A1C in, S284, S289, S290, S292, S293, S294–S296, S298
autoimmune conditions, S291
cardiovascular risk factors, S291–S292
celiac disease, S290–S291
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in, S10, S28, S39, S128, S157, S200, S283, S293
diabetes care in childcare settings, S138, S286, S335, S336
diabetes care in school setting, S13, S17, S63, S135, S138, S147, S196, S286, S287–S28, S293, S335–S336
glycemic monitoring, insulin delivery, and goals, S289–S290
insulin pumps in, S155, S157, S287, S289, S294
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S32, S40–S42
microvascular complications, S292–S293
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S7, S27, S30, S31, S40–S42
neonatal diabetes, S10, S40–S41, S200, S283
nutrition therapy, S286
physical activity in, S286–S287
psychosocial care, S287–S289
school and child care, S287
screening
for type 1, S35, S38–S39, S284, S285
for prediabetes and type 2, S35, S285
substance use, S298–S299
thyroid disease, S290
transition from pediatric to adult care, S299
type 1 diabetes in, S284, S286–S293
type 2 diabetes in, S285, S293–S98
CHIPS trial, S211, S314
cholesterol lowering therapy, S11, S64, S215–S218
chronic care model, S16, S22, S294
chronic kidney disease, diabetic, S10, S11, S60, S70, S71, S73, S94, S105, S187, S188, S190, S191, S193–S194, S208, S211, S213, S214, S221, S222, S223, S225, S226, S227, S228, S229, S230, S239–S251, S274
acute kidney injury, S242
diagnosis, S241
epidemiology, S241
interventions for, S243–S248
referral to nephrologist, S248
risk of progression, S240
screening, S239, S243
staging, S41–S242
surveillance, S242–S243
treatment, S239–S41
chrononutrition, S97
classification, S6–S7, S31–S32
clonidine, S258, S315
clopidogrel, S220, S222
closed-loop systems, S9, S88
hybrid, S156–S158, S183, S185, S269
open source, S9, S157–S158
partial, S155, S157, S312
coaching, online, S9, S88, S158
cognitive capacity/impairment, S112, S113
colesevelam, S171
collaborative care, S59–S61, S86, S107, S110, S111
collagen vascular diseases, S63
combination therapy, S7, S75, S76, S187, S188, S189, S193, S194, S217, S220, S222, S226, S273
community health workers, S19, S53, S59, S88, S106, S197
community screening, S38
community support, S19, S112, S287, S298
comorbidities, S6, S7–S8, S17, S32, S50–S58,S59–S85, S99, S135, S169, S187, S188, S194, S208, S269, S271, S275, S277, S296, S308
assessment of, S7–S8, S59–S85, S63-73
autoimmune diseases, S63–S64
bone health and fractures, S64–S65, S67–S68
cancer, S68–S69
cognitive impairment/dementia, S69
dental care, S69
disability, S70–S71
erectile dysfunction, S71–S72
female sexual dysfunction, S72–S73
hepatitis C, S71
in children, S297–S298
low testosterone in men, S71
MASH and MASLD, S73–S78
obstructive sleep apnea, S78
pancreatitis, S78
prevention or delay of, S7, S50–S58
sensory impairment, S78
COMPASS trial, S222
compounded diabetes drugs, S197
computerized provider order entry (CPOE), S322
CONCEPTT study, S310, S311
connected insulin pens, S146, S147, S150, S152, S153, S154, S185, S191, S269
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S9, S10, S11, S12, S28, S60, S62, S88, S91, S93, S98, S104, S128–S130, S146–S147, S149–S153, S185
ambulatory glucose profile in, S132
benefits of, S150–S152
BGM use with, S148
devices for, S149–S153
glycemic assessment by, S130
in children with type 1 diabetes, S287, S289–S290
in children with type 2 diabetes, S294, S295, S296
in hospitalized patients, S158–S159, S323–S324, S326, S327, S330
in hypoglycemia prevention, S138
in older adults, S268–S269, S271, S276–S277
in pregnancy, S152, S309–S310, S312
intermittent use of, S152–S153
metrics for, S131
professional devices, S152–S153
real-time, S9, S138, S149, S150, S152, S176, S276, S289, S290, S294, S309, S310
side effects, S153
substances and factors affecting accuracy, S153
with insulin pump therapy, S154, S155, S156, S157
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S147, S154, S182, S185
contraception, S10, S11, S171, S173, S197, S212, S215, S219, S240, S284, S285, S288, S291, S292, S296, S297, S298, S306, S307, S308, S314, S315
coronary artery disease, S11, S70, S102, S208, S212, S213, S222, S224, S225, S226
cost considerations, S6, S10, S15, S18, S20, S29, S38, S43, S44, S50, S51, S52, S54, S60, S73, S74, S75, S76, S77, S90, S106, S138, S153, S154, S155, S166, S174, S175, S176, S182, S185, S188, S192, S196–S197, S199, S217, S248, S253, S270, S273, S288, S307, S313, S328, S336
counterfeit test strips, S148, S197
COVID-19, S7, S34, S36, S61–S62, S140, S323
COVID-19 vaccines, S7, S62, S66
CREDENCE study, S68, S228, S246–S247
cystatin C, S242
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S10, S28, S39, S128, S157, S200, S283, S293
Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, S51
DAPA-CKD study, S246, S247
DAPA-HF study, S228
dapagliflozin, S68, S191, S194, S225, S226, S227, S228, S246
DASH diet, S52, S90, S91, S94, S212, S214
dasiglucagon, S138
DECLARE-TIMI 58 study, S225, S227, S228, S247
degludec, S100, S182, S195–S196, S274, S324, S159, S170, S172, S174, S250, S298
delay
of symptomatic type 1 diabetes, S56
of type 2 diabetes, S7, S55–S56
DELIVER study, S228
dementia, in diabetics, S69, S112, S136, S220, S267–S268
demographics, of diabetes care, S2, S20, S88
dental care, S7, S61, S62, S69–S70
dental practices, screening in, S38
depression, S7, S8, S9, S20, S60, S63, S70, S71, S72, S102, S103, S106, S107, S108, S109, S110–S111, S113, S137, S140, S155, S172, S175, S255, S257, S266, S267, S268, S270, S271, S275, S288, S298
detemir, S183, S195, S274
detention facilities, S13, S336
devices. see technology.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S28, S29, S69, S78, S131, S133, D135, D137, S182, S243, S269, S289, S292
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC), S69, S78, S135, S137, S269
diabetes distress, S8, S16, S20, S63, S72, S106, S107–S110, S111, S151, S182, S267, S287–S288, S330
diabetes medical management plan (DMMP), for students, S147
Diabetes Prevention Impact Tool Kit, S52
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S36, S51–S55, S169, S188,
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), S38, S51, S54, S55, S95
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S53
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S8, S15, S16, S18, S21, S22, S60, S87–S89, S96, S109, S112, S188, S190, S192, S286, S294
diabetes technology. see technology, diabetes.
diabetic ketoacidosis, S8, S10, S27, S30, S32, S36, S69, S91, S93, S97, S98, S100, S104, S105, S107, S138–S139, S151, S182, S185, S186, S191, S197, S223, S228–S229, S276, S286, S290, S295, S308, S313, S324, S328–S329
diabetic kidney disease. see also chronic kidney disease. S131, S135, S292
finerenone in, S225, S227, S229–S230, S247–S248
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S255
diagnosis, S6–S7, S27–S49
confirmation of, S31
criteria for, S28
cystic fibrosis-related, S39–S40
diagnostic tests, S27–S30
gestational diabetes, S42–S44
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S41–S42
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S40
neonatal diabetes, S40–S41
pancreatic diabetes, S39
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S40
prediabetes and type 2, S34–S39
type 1, S32–S34
diagnostic tests, S27–S30
A1C use as, S28–S30
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S27–S28, S29, S30, S32, S33, S34, S35, S38, S40, S42, S43, S44, S192
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S27, S28, S29, S34, S35, S39, S40, S41, S42–S44, S51, S53, S308, S315–S316
plasma glucose test, 2-h, S27–S28, S29, S32, S33, S34, S35, S38, S41, S43, S44, S50, S55, S293, S309, S310, S316
diet, see Medical nutrition therapy.
Dietary Reference Intakes, S311
dietitian, registered nutritionist, S17, S65, S90, S175, S176, S286, S290, S295, S296, S307, S308, S330
DIAMOND trial, S269
digital health technology, S88, S106, S107, S158
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, S100, S188, S189, S191, S193, S194, S195, S198, S200, S226, S227, S273
disability, S70–S71
disordered eating behavior, S8, S63, S93, S96, S106, S107, S111, S286, S287, S288, S298
domperidone, S258
Dose Adjusted for Normal Eating (DAFNE), S121
DRCR Retina Network, S254
driving, and diabetes, S138, S147, S149, S289, S336
droxidopa, S258
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), S67
dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, S7, S10, S13, S76, S77, S78, S113, S171, S187, S188, S189, S191, S193, S194, S195, S197, S200, S328
dulaglutide, S191, S194, S226, S228, S252
duloxetine, S257
dyslipidemia, S12, S13, S27, S28, S47, S56, S66, S87, S96, S97, S148, S179, S180, S191, S192, S193, S202, S231, S234, S236, S248, S259–S260, S266–S267, S270, S272
e-cigarettes, S104–S105
EAGLES trial, S105
eating disorders, S96–S97, S111, S140, S288
eating patterns, S7, S8, S51, S52, S60, S75, S89, S90–S93, S94, S95, S96, S108, S111, S170, S243, S286, S317
education, see also diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).
patient, S8, S9, S15, S16, S22, S31, S34, S60, S62, S65, S260, S295, S299, S313, S322, S323, S328
preconception, S307–S308
staff, S21, S54, S61
education specialists, S17, S54, S65, S330
electrical stimulation, gastric, S258
EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S227, S228, S246
empagliflozin, S68, S191, S194, S225, S226, S227, S228, S246, S294, S296
EMPEROR-Preserved trial, S228, S247
EMPEROR-Reduced trial, S228, S247
employment, diabetes and, S135, S3336
enalapril, S226, S258
end-of-life care, S270, S278
enteral/parenteral feedings, S322, S324, S326–S327
erectile dysfunction, S7, S71–S72, S255, S256, S258
ertugliflozin, S68, S191, S225–S226, S325
erythromycin, S258
erythropoietin therapy, A1C and, S29, S30, S270
ESSENSE trial, S76
estimated average glucose (eAG), S129
ETDRS study, S254–S255
ethnicity, S2, S19, S20, S31, S35, S71, S129, S170
European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), S67
evidence-grading system, S3
evolocumab, S217, S218
EXAMINE trial, S227
exenatide, S191, S194, S226, S228, S257
exercise. see physical activity.
exocrine pancreas diseases, S30, S78
eye exam, S11, S12, S62, S65, S253, S292, S297, S298, S253, S309
ezetimibe, statins and, S215, S216, S217, S218, S220
family history, S7, S30, S31, S32, S34, S35, S36, S40, S62, S69, S110, S173, S221, S293, S296
farmworkers, migrant and seasonal, S21
fasting, S8, S8, S51
nonreligious, S97–S98
religious, S97, S98, S99
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S27–S28, S29, S30, S32, S33, S34, S35, S38, S40, S42, S43, S44, S192
fat bias, S9, S168
fats, dietary, S8, S89, S91, S92, S94, S176, S219, S291, S297, S311
FDA standards, for glucose meters, S148
fear, of hypoglycemia, S8, S9, S63, S72, S106, S107, S110, S111, S135, S137, S182, S266, S267, S268, S288
Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), S72
female sexual dysfunction, S7, S72–S73, S256
fenofibrate, S219, S220, S255
fibrate, S219, S285, S297
plus statin therapy, S219, S220
fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), S7, S64, S73, S74
FIDELIO-DKD trial, S227, S247, S248
FIGARO-DKD trial, S227, S229, S247, S248
finerenone, S225, S227, S229–S230, S247–S248
fish skin graft, S262
FLOW trial, S246
fluvastatin, S215
food insecurity, S19, S20–S21, S99–S100, S169, S298
foot care, S11, S255, S258–S262
footwear, S104, S259, S260–S261
Four Ms (4Ms) framework, S11, S267, S277
FOURIER trial, S218
fracture risk, S7, S64–S68, S76, S273, S276
gastrectomy, vertical sleeve, S175, S194, S296
gastric aspiration therapy, S175
gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric, S175, S194
gastric electrical stimulation, S258
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S256
gastroparesis, S191, S256, S258, S274
gemfibrozil, S220
genetic testing, S31, S40, S41, S73
genitourinary disturbances, S256
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S7, S12, S35, S42–S44, S52, S53, S54, S55, S152, S306, S307, S308, 310, S311, S312, S313, S314, S315–S316
glargine, S100, S182, S183, S189, S193, S194, S195, S196, S199, S274, S324
glibenclamide, S99
gliclazide, S99, S100
glimepiride, S99, S100, S189, S191, S193, S194, S225, S169, S172, S196, S202
glipizide, S191, S273
glomerular filtration rate, estimated, S68, S94, S100, S136, S187, S189, S190, S191, S213, S223, S229, S239, S240, S241, S242, S243, S245, S273, S274, S292, S297, S315
glucagon, S40, S70, S135, S138, S139, S171, S196–S197, S228, S330
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), S7, S32, S68, S75, S76, S77, S96, S100, S133, S170, S172, S173, S174, S186, S187, S191, S192, S193, S198, S199, S208, S222, S229, S240, S243, S245, S252, S267, S274, S294, S295, S325
glucocorticoid therapy, S194, S327
glucose meters, S9, S88, S137, S147–S149
counterfeit strips, S148
inaccuracy, S149
interfering substances, S150
optimizing use of, S148
point of care, in hospital, S323
standards, S148
glucose monitoring. see blood glucose monitoring.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, A1C and, S29, S30, S129
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). see dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).
glucose-lowering therapy, S7, S9, S10, S12, S18, S39, S40, S61, S64, S65, S68, S69, S71, S75, S76, S77, S92, S113, S134, S141, S153, S167, S170–S174, S187, S188–S189, S190, S193, S198
and cardiovascular outcomes, S225–S226
and heart failure outcome, S227–S230
direct kidney effects of, S244–S245
in hospitalized people, S324–S325
in older adults, S273–S277
with cancer treatment, S198–S199
with cardiovascular disease or risk factors, S193
with child-bearing potential, S197
with chronic kidney disease, 193–S194, S245–S247
with medication unavailability, S197
with metabolic comorbidities, S195
glulisine, S199, S274
glutamic acid decarboxylase, S30, S32, S33
glyburide, S12, S99, S100, S189, S191, S198, S273, S311, S313
glycemic goals, S9, S12, S13, S128–S145
ambulatory glucose profile, S132
assessment of glycemic status, S128–S130
based on individual health and function, S133
continuous glucose monitoring, S131, S132
for nonpregnant adults, S134
in diabetic kidney disease, S243–S244
in hospitalized patients, S322–S323
in pregnancy, S309–S310
hyperglycemic crises, S139–S141
hypoglycemia prevention and treatment, S135–S138
intercurrent illness, S138–S139
in older adults, S269–S272
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S289–S290
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S294–S296
setting and modifying, S134–S145
glycemic treatment, S10, S181–S206
for adults with type 1 diabetes, S181–S186
for adults with type 2 diabetes, S186–S197
other recommendations for all patients, S196–S197
special circumstances and populations, S197–S200
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), S61, S66–S67
GRADE trial, S189, S193, S194, S243
growth factors, S261, S262
guanfacine, S258
gut microbiome, S7, S36, S93
health literacy, S21–S22, S92, S136, S185, S194, S270, S287, S298
health numeracy, S21–S22, S92, S185, S194
health promotion, S6, S14–S26
hearing impairment, S78, S267
heart failure, S10, S11, S19, S60, S61, S65, S76, S89, S101, S134, S135, S168, S171, S186, S187, S190, S191, S208, S209, S210, S211, S221, S222–S224, S225, S246–S248, S270, S271, S273, S325
glucose-lowering medications and, S227–S230
prevention and treatment of, S226–S227
hemodialysis, A1C and, S29, S30, S71
hemoglobinopathies, A1C and, S43, S51, S62, S293
hepatitis B, S62, S66
hepatitis B vaccines, S62, S66, S242
hepatitis C infection, S71
hepatitis, autoimmune, S33, S77, S290
high-intensity interval training, S215, S216, S217, S218, S219
Hispanic/Latino population, S15, S30, S37, S88, S101
homelessness, S63
homeostatic modeling assessment (HOMA), S39, S55
hospital care, S12–S13, S321–S334
admissions, S321–S322
care delivery standards, S322–S322
continuous glucose monitoring, S323–S324
critical care setting, S324
diabetes care specialists in, S322
diabetic ketoacidosis, S328, S329
enteral/parenteral feedings, S326–S327
glucocorticoid therapy, S327
glucose abnormality definitions, S322
glucose-lowering treatment in, S324–S325
glucose monitoring, S323–S324
glycemic goals in, S322–S323
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S328, S329
hypoglycemia, S325–S326
insulin therapy, S324–S325
medical nutrition therapy in, S326
medication reconciliation, S329
noninsulin therapies, S325
perioperative care, S327–S328
preventing admissions and readmissions, S330
self-management in, S326
standards for special situations, S326
structured discharge communication, S329–S330
transition to ambulatory setting, S328–S329
type 1 diabetes, S324–S325
HOT trial, S210
housing insecurity, S19, S25
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S220
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), S29, S30, S35, S38, S256
human regular insulin, S195, S199, S327, S328
hybrid closed-loop systems. see automated insulin delivery systems.
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S261
hyperglycemia, S7, S12, S20, S27, S28, S29, S30, S31, S32, S33, S36, S38, S40, S41, S52, S55, S70, S72, S75, S93, S95, S98, S102, S113, S129, S130, S131, S133, S139–S140, S148, S151, S152, S155, S168, S175, S181, S189, S192, S194–S195, S197–S199, S208, S209, S227, S241, S252, S253, S277
in children, S286, S287, S288, S289, S294, S298
in gestational diabetes mellitus, S42–S44, S309, S316
in hospitalized patients, S321–S325, S327, S328, S329, S330
in MASH and MASLD, S75–S77, S188, S194
in pregnancy, S306, S307, S308–S310, S316
in older adults, S269, S270, S271, S272, S273, S275, S277, S278
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S43, S44, S309
hyperglycemic crises, S9, S139–S141
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, S9, S12, S27, S69, S100, S138, S139, S294, S295, S324, S328, S329
hypertension, S10, S11, S12, S15, S16, S35, S36, S52, S54, S65, S71, S72, S73, S89, S90, S100, S102, S113, S134, S168, S172, S207, S225, S226, S240, S41, S243, S244, S245, S248, S253, S257, S266, S269, S270, S271, S272, S273, S278, S284, S286, S291, S295, S296–S297, S306, S308, S314
blood pressure management and, S209–S214
hypertriglyceridemia, S29, S94, S182, S189, S219
hypoglycemia, S8, S9, S10, S12, S13, S19, S20, S41, S60, S61, S63, S64, S65, S68, S69, S70, S72, S90, S91, S93, S95, S97, S98–S100, S101, S102, S103–S104, S106–S107, S110, S112, S147–S149, S150–S153, S154–S157, S158, S172, S175–S176, S182–S185, S186, S188–S189, S191, S193–S195, S196, S225, S244, S245, S256
classification, S136
definitions and event rates, S135–S136
glycemic goals and, S128–S145
in children, S286–S290, S294, S298
in hospitalized patients, S322–S326, S327–S328, S330
in older adults, S266, S268–S270, S271, S272–S275, S276, S277, S278
in pregnancy, S306, S308, S309–S310, S311, S313, S315
prevention, S138–S139
risk assessment, S136–S137
treatment, S137–S138
hypogonadism, S7, S71, S77, S258
hypokalemia, S10, S11, S212, S214, S240, S242
icosapent ethyl, S219
idiopathic type 1 diabetes, S34
illness, intercurrent, glycemic targets in, S138, S139, S149
immune checkpoint inhibitors, S7, S23, S32, S33, S26
immune-mediated diabetes, S32–S34
immunizations, S12, S61–S63, S66, S283
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S28, S33, S35, S51, S55
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), S28, S33, S35, S36, S39, S44, S51, S53, S55
inclisiran, S215, S217, S218
incretin-based therapies, S8, S53, S78, S98, S111, S197, S200
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S54
infections, S7, S33, S34, S36, S39, S40, S62, S66, S71, S72, S104, S140, S155, S158, S183, S185, S191, S200, S241, S257, S261, S275, S276, S315, S327, S328
influenza vaccines, S62, S66
inhaled insulin, S10, S153, S154, S181, S184, S185, S192, S196
injection techniques, S153–S154, S186, S191, S290
inpatient care. see hospital care.
Ipswich touch test, S11, S258
islet transplantation, S186
insulin analogs, S155, S181-184, S195, S276, S289, S324, S327, S328
insulin delivery, S153–S158
automated systems, S155–S158
injection techniques, S153–S154, S186, S191, S290
IV, transitioning to SC, S13, S325, S328
pens and syringes, S153–S154
pumps, S154–S155
insulin physiology, S309
insulin pump therapy, S15, S17, S148, S154–S155, S183, S200, S289, S295
insulin resistance, S30, S31, S32, S35, S36, S38, S39, S40, S54, S55, S70, S73, S75, S101, S113, S195, S198, S199, S294, S298, S308, S309, S311, S312, S313, S315, S324,
insulin secretagogues, S90, S98, S103, S104, S137, S171, S273
insulin therapy, S9, S17, S39, S40, S41, S75, S91, S129, S136, S140, S149, S157, S181–S186, S189, S193, S194–S196
access to, S141, S155
alternative routes, S196
basal, S10, S99, S100, S136, S140, S149, S151, S153, S154, S156, S158, S181, S182, S183, S185, S192, S193, S194–S195, S196, S269, S274, S275, S276, S277, S278, S287, S289, S290, S309, S312, S324, S325, S326, S327, S328
cost considerations, S196, S198, S199
dosing algorithms using machine learning, S322
combination injectable, S195
concentrated insulins, S196–S195
inhaled insulin, S10, S153, S154, S181, S184, S185, S192, S196
prandial, S10, S100, S148, S156, S181, S182, S185, S192, S195, S196, S274, S287, S295, S312, S324, S325, S325, S327
insulin:carbohydrate ratio (ICR), S183–S184
simplification of, in older adults, S274
integrated CGM devices, S150
intensification
of behavior change, S16, S223
of diabetes therapy, S185, S188, S189, S192, S193, S195
intermittent fasting, S8, S51, S97–S98
intermittently scanned CGM devices, S9, S88, S129, S149, S150, S153, S289, S290, S294, S310
International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), S42–S44
INTERPRET-DD trial, S258
IRIS trial, S55
islet transplantation, S137, S186
isradipine, S258
juvenile-onset diabetes. see immune-mediated diabetes.
KDIGO study, S89, S242, S245
ketoacidosis, diabetic, S8, S10, S27, S30, S31, S32, S36, S69, S91, S93, S97, S98, S100, S104, S105, S106, S138, S139–S141, S151, S182, S185, S191, S197, S223, S228, S229, S276, S286, S290, S294, S295, S309, S313, S324, S328–S329
ketogenic eating pattern, S10, S91, S92, S93, S197, S223, S311
kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease.
kidney transplantation, S186, S187, S200, S241, S246
Kumamoto study, S132
lactation, S17, S315
language, S8, S59, S60–S61, S87, S167, S168
language barriers, S21
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), S32
Latino/Hispanic population, S15, S30, S37, S88, S101
LEADER trial, S226, S246
lifestyle behavior changes, S7, S44, S60, S61, S65, S72, S74, S75, S78, S96, S101, S158, S208
delivery and dissemination of, S52
Diabetes Prevention Program, S51
for cardiovascular disease risk management, S212, S213, S215, S217, S225
for diabetes prevention, S51–S53, S54
for lipid management, S214
for weight management, S169–S170, S257
in older adults, S272
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S284, S286–S287, S291
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S285, S294–S296
in pregnancy, S308, S311–S312, S316
nutrition, S52
physical activity, S52
sleep, S52
type 1 diabetes progression and, S55
linagliptin, S191, S225, S273, S296
lipid management, S168, S207, S208, S214–S215, S216, S217, S256, S257, S270, S277
lipid profiles, S63, S71, S214–S215, S284, S285, S291–S292
liraglutide, S54, S53, S77, S171, S172, S174, S186, S189, S191, S193, S194, S198, S199, S226, S228, S246, S252
lispro, S196, S199, S274
lixisenatide, S191, S199, S226, S228
long-acting insulin, S182, S184, S185, S192, S193, S195, S199, S213, S276, S287, S289, S294, S295, S306, S307, S315, S327
long-term care settings, S277
Look AHEAD trial, S72, S78, S97, S169, S225, S257, S272
loss of protective sensation, S11, S256, S259, S260
lovastatin, S215
machine learning, insulin dosing algorithms using, S322
macular edema, diabetic, S253, S254–S255, S273
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), S99, S174
marijuana. see cannabis.
maternal history, in screening children/adolescents, S35
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S32, S40–S42
meal planning, S89, S90, S91–S92, S93, S97, S326
Medicaid expansion, S18, S52–S53, S89
medical devices, for weight loss, S175
medical evaluation, S6, S59–S86
autoimmune diseases, S63
bone health, S64–S65, S67–S68
cancer, S68–S69
cognitive impairment/dementia, S70
comorbidities, S63–S78
components of comprehensive exam, S62–S63
dental care, S69–S70
disability, S71
erectile dysfunction, S71
female sexual dysfunction, S72–S73
immunizations, S61–S63, S66
low testosterone in men, S71
metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), S7, S10, S65, S73–S77, S169, S171, S175, S187–S188, S189, S190, S191, S194
metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), S7, S10, S65, S73–S77, S169, S171, S189, S190, S191, S194
obstructive sleep apnea, S78
pancreatitis, S78
periodontal disease, S70
sensory impairment, S78
medical nutrition therapy, S8, S53, S61, S65, S86, S89–S100, S130, S148, S175, S176, S214, S284, S285, S308
in children and adolescents, S287
in the hospital, S326
in pregnancy, S311
Mediterranean style eating, S51, S52, S75, S90, S91, S92, S94, S214
meglitinides, S10, S70, S130, S135, S136, S171, S188, S195, S268, S272, S273, S275
mental health. see Psychosocial care.
mental illness, serious, S108, S111–S112
metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), S7, S10, S65, S73–S77, S169, S171, S175, S187–S188, S189, S190, S191, S194,
metabolic dysfunction–associated liver disease (MASLD), S7, S10, S65, S73–S77, S169, S171, S189, S190, S191, S194
metabolic surgery, S8, S10, S62, S65, S67, S75, S77, S90, S96, S99–S100, S102, S107, S167, S168, S171, S175–S177, S188, S194, S257, S296
metformin, S7, S12, S53, S54, S64, S68, S69, S76, S77, S95, S101, S134, S171, S186, S189, S191, S193, S194, S195, S196, S197, S198, S199, S200, S223, S227, S229, S230, S245, S273–S274, S285, S294–S295, S297, S311, S313, S315, S316, S327
metoclopramide, S258
metoprolol, S258, S171, S227
microbiome, gut, S7, S36, S93
micronutrients, S89, S90, S92, S95, S97
microvascular complications, S36, S39, S41, S55, S64, S104, S108–S109, S112, S132–S135, S182, S186, S189, S209, S255, S292, S293, S295, S309
midodrine, S258
miglitol, S198
migrant farmworkers, S21
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy, S10, S11, S211, S212, S213, S240, S242, S243, S245, S247, S314
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S7, S27, S30, S31, S40–S42
multiple daily injections (MDI), S62, S64, S148, S150, S151, S152, S153, S154, S155, S157, S182, S183, S184, S295
myasthenia gravis, S33, S63, S290
naltrexone/bupropion ER, S171, S172, S174
nateglinide, S9, S53, S273
National Diabetes Data Group, S44
National Diabetes Prevention Program, S52
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S15, S78, S293
National Kidney Foundation KDOQI, S243
neonatal diabetes, S10, S40–S41, S200, S283
nephrologist, referral to, S17, S240–S241, S248
nephropathy, diabetic, S38, S65, S67, S68, S113, S131–S132, S186, S214, S246, S252, S259, S284, S285, S292, S296, S308
neurocognitive function, S267–S268, S286, S289
neuropathic pain, S11, S70, S257–S258, S293
neuropathy, diabetic, S11, S53, S54, S61, S64, S65, S67, S104, S132, S136, S137, S189, S225, S256–S258, S267, S284, S285, S293, S297, S298, S308, S327
auditory, S78
autonomic, S70, S71, S102, S104, S209, S256,
cardiac autonomic, S256
gastrointestinal, S256
genitourinary disturbances due to, S256
peripheral, S70, S71, S95, S102, S104, S155, S256, S259
new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), S40
niacin + statin therapy, S220
NICE-SUGAR trial, S323
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), S7, S73
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), S7, S73
noninsulin treatments, S31, S32, S40, S77, S107, S147, S149, S151, S153, S187, S189, S193, S194, S196–S198, S200, S219, S273, S274, S294, S295, S311, S324, S325, S330
noninsulin-dependent diabetes. see type 2 diabetes.
nonnutritive sweeteners, S8, S90, S95–S96
NPH insulin, S182, S184, S195, S276, S327
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, S38
nursing homes, S276, 277
nutrition, S7, S8, S11, S12, S15, S29, S42, S51, S65, S71, S75, S137, S214, S272
for diabetes prevention/delay, S52, S53
in CKD management, S243
in children and adolescents, S286, S293, S294, S295
in hospital, S322, S324, S326–S327
in older adults, S277
in pregnancy, S308, S310, S311, 326
in weight management, S169–S170
medical nutrition therapy, S89–S100, S130
nutritionist, registered dietitian, S17, S65, S90, S175, S176, S286, S290, S295, S296, S307, S308, S330
obesity, S7, S8, S9–S10, S11, S32, S33, S34–S36, S38, S40, S42, S43, S44, S51, S55, S62, S67, S69, S71, S72, S73, S74, S75–S77, S78, S90, S94, S95, S96–S97, S98, S99, S102, S103, S110, S113, S167–S180, S186, S187, S194, S208, S214, S219, S223, S229, S230, S256, S257, S270, S272, S293, S294, S295, S296, S298, S306, S307, S308, S313, S315
assessment and monitoring, S167–S169
medical devices for weight loss, S175
metabolic surgery, S8, S10, S62, S65, S67, S75, S77, S90, S96, S99–S100, S102, S107, S167, S168, S171, S175–S177, S188, S194, S257, S286, S287
nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral therapy, S169–S170
pharmacotherapy, S170–S174
obstructive sleep apnea, S64, S78, S103, S113, S214, S171, S224, S285, S297
ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, S217–S218
older adults, S11, S15, S57, S58, S266–S282
4Ms framework, S11, S267, S277
bone health in, S64–S69
end-of-life care, S277–S288
hypoglycemia, S268–S269
lifestyle management, S272
neurocognitive function, S267–S268
pharmacologic therapy, S272–S275
in post-acute and long-term care settings, S277
treatment goals, S269–S272
with type 1 diabetes, S276–S277
one-step strategy, for GDM, S43–S44
open source automated insulin dosing, S9, S157–S158
opioid antagonist/antidepressant combination, S172, S174
opioids, S71, S257, S258
ophthalmologist, referral to, S11, S104, S253, S254
oral agents. see also specific drugs. S77, S149, S277, S278, S313
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S27, S28, S29, S34, S35, S39, S40, S41, S42–S44, S51, S53, S308, S315–S316
organ transplantation, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S28, S40, S200
orlistat, S53, S172, S174
orthostatic hypotension, S102, S209, S211, S255, S256, S258
overweight, S7, S8, S34, S35, S36, S38, S51, S52, S55, S75, S77, S90, S94, S95, S96, S101, S102, S134, S167–S180, S187, S214, S272, S293, S294, S295, S307, S308, S314
oxygen, glucose monitors and, S149
oxygen therapy, S150
hyperbaric, S261, S262
topical, S259, S261, S262
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S220, S221–S222
palliative care, S270, S276, S277–S278
pancreas transplantation, S186, S187
pancreatectomy, S39, S78, S157
pancreatic diabetes, S39–S40
pancreatitis, S35, S39, S69, S78, S172, S191, S200, S219, S297
paramedics, S22, S59, S197
patch, bolus insulin, S10, S196
patient-centered medical home model, S16
pens, insulin, S146, S147, S150, S152, S153–S154, S183, S185, S191, S196, S199, S268, S276, S289, S324,
parenteral feeding, S322, S324, S326–S327
periodontal disease, S35, S38, S69
perioperative care, S327–S328
peripheral arterial disease, S11, S259–S260
peripheral neuropathy, S70, S71, S95, S102, S104, S155, S256, S259
pernicious anemia, S33, S63
person-centered care goals, S6, S14, S15, S17, S37, S54, S55, S59–S61, S86, S87, S96, S106, S110, S130, S167, S168, S174, S187, S188, S193, S197, S260, S278, S330
pharmacologic approaches. see also specific medications, medication classes.
for adults with type 1 diabetes, S181–S186
for adults with type 2 diabetes, S186–S196
for cardiovascular and renal disease, S212–S214, S225
for neuropathy, S257–S258
for obesity, S170–S174
for pediatric type 2 diabetes, S294–S296
for retinopathy, S255–S256
for smoking cessation, S105
in older adults, S272–S275
in pregnancy, S312–S314
interfering substances for glucose meter readings, S150
medication costs and affordability, S196–S197, S198–S199
to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes, S7, S53–S54
to delay type 1 progression, S53
to glycemic treatment, S10, S181–S206
phentermine, S53, S171, S172–S173, S174
phentermine/topiramate ER, S171, S172, S174, S296
phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, S71, S258
photocoagulation surgery, S254, S255
physical activity, S7, S8, S12, S15, S16, S28, S36, S62, S65, S67, S70, S75, S90, S96, S100–S104, S158, S212, S214, S225, S226, S258
for type 1 diabetes prevention or delay, S55–S56
for type 2 diabetes prevention, S51–S52, S53
frequency and type of, S101–S102
glycemic management and, S102, S130, S137, S147, S148–S149
high-intensity interval training, S102–S013
hypoglycemia and, S103–S104
in children with type 1 diabetes, S101–S102, S286–S287
in children with type 2 diabetes, S101–S102, S293–S295
in obesity management, S168–S170
in older adults, S272
in pregnancy, S307, S311, S312
pre-exercise evaluation, S102
with microvascular complications, S104
pioglitazone, S7, S10, S54, S55, S69, S75–S77, S100, S168, S187, S188, S191, S194, S195, S198, S200, S273
pitavastatin, S215
plasma glucose test, 2-h, S27–S28, S29, S32, S33, S34, S35, S38, S41, S43, S44, S50, S55, S293, S309, S310, S316
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine, S7, S62
point-of-care assays
A1c, S29, S129
blood glucose monitoring, S9, S158, S323
polycystic ovary syndrome, S35, S36, S285, S297, S298, S308, S311, S313
population health, S6, S14–S26
access to care, S18–S19
chronic care model, S16
cost considerations, S18
evidence care-based models to improve, S16
person-centered diabetes care team, S17–S18
quality improvement, S19
tailoring treatment for social context, S19–S22
state of diabetes care, S15–S16
system level improvement strategies, S18
telehealth, S16
post-acute settings, S277
postpartum care, in diabetic women, S12, S17, S29, S42, S157, S212, S253, S307, S308, S312, S315–S316
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S28, S40, S200
pramlintide, S186, S198, S258
prandial insulin, S10, S100, S148, S156, S181, S182, S185, S192, S195, S196, S274, S287, S295, S312, S324, S325, S325, S327
pravastatin, S12, S215, S219, S315
prediabetes, S7, S8, S9, S12, S22, S28, S34–S39, S42, S43, S44, S71, S72, S79
criteria defining, S28
diagnosis, S35–S36
lifestyle changes for prevention of diabetes, S52–S53
nutrition therapy recommendations for, S90
person-centered care goals in, S55
pharmacologic interventions, S53–S54
prevention of vascular disease and mortality, S54–S55
prevention or delay of diabetes in, S50–S51
risk of MASH and MASLD in, S73–S75
screening in adults, S35
screening in children and adolescents, S38–S39
predictive low-glucose suspend (PGLS) technology, S312
preeclampsia, S12, S42, S43, S211, S212, S219, S306, S307, S309, S310, S313, S315,
aspirin and, S314
pregabalin, S171, S257
pregnancy, S12, S283–S305
A1C and, S29, S309–S310
continuous glucose monitoring in, S311
contraception after, S315
drug considerations in, S314
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S7, S12, S35, S42–S44, S52, S53, S54, S55, S152, S306, S307, S308, 310, S311, S312, S313, S314, S315–S316
glucose monitoring in, S309
glycemic goals in, S309–S310
insulin, S309, S312
lactation, S315
lifestyle and behavior management, S311
medical nutrition therapy, S311
metformin in, S313
pharmacologic therapy, S312–S314
physical activity in, S312
postpartum care, S315–S316
pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes in, S307–S314
preconception care, S307–S309
preconception counseling, S306–S307
preeclampsia and aspirin, S314
real-time CGM device use in, S152, S309, S311
retinopathy during, S307, S308, S309, S313–S314
sulfonylureas, S313
prevention, type 2 diabetes, S7, S8, S9, S11, S50–S58
lifestyle behavior change for, S51–S53
person-centered care goals, S55
pharmacologic interventions, S53–S54
of vascular disease and mortality, S54–S55
weight management for, S9–S10, S167–S180
prevention, type 1 diabetes, S55–S56
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S19, S102, S104, S254,
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, S215, S216–S218, S220, S315
protease inhibitors, S38
protein intake, S93–S94, S99, S138, S171, S181, S240, S243, S272
psychosocial care, S8, S19, S86, S106–S114
anxiety disorders, S110
assessment and treatment, S107
cognitive capacity/impairment, S112–S113
depression, S110–S111
diabetes distress, S107–S110
disordered eating behavior, S111
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S287–S289
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S298
referral to mental health specialist, S107–S108, S110, S268, S288, S299
screening, S106–S107
serious mental illness, S111–S112
sleep health, S113_S114
pumps, insulin, S13, S15, S17, S63, S88, S93, S99, S104, S146, S148, S151, S152, S154–S158, S182, S183, S185, S196, S200, S228, S269, S276
automated systems, S155
in pregnancy, S311–S313
in youth, S155, S289–S290, S295
in hospitalized patients, S158–S159, S323, S325, S326, S328
open-source automated dosing with, S157
sensor augmented, S155–S157
quality improvement, S6, S14, S15, S19, S321, S326
RAAS inhibitors, S184
race, S19, S20, S30, S35, S71, S129, S170, S242
Ramadan, fasting during, S8, S98, S99
rapid-acting insulin analog, S154, S157, S182, S184, S192, S195, S199, S274, S310, S324, S326, S327
real-time CGM devices, S9, S138, S149, S150, S152, S176, S276, S289, S290, S294, S309, S310
REDUCE-IT trial, S94, S219
referrals, S7, S11
for behavioral health professionals, S107–S108, S110, S268, S288, S299
for cognitive assessment, S270
for community screening, S39
for comprehensive eye exam, S53, S292, S297, S309
for dental care, A70
for disability, S70
for DSME, S88, S89, S267
for initial care management, S65
for local community resources, S19
for medical nutrition therapy, S89
for tobacco cessation, S54
from dentist to primary care, S38
to a liver specialist, S74
to a specialized center, S32, S34, S73, S308
to foot care specialist, S261
to gastroenterologist, S297
to nephrologist, S40, S241, S242, S248, S297
to neurologist, S256, S284, S285
to ophthalmologist, S11, S104, S253, S254
to sleep specialist, S114, S297
to registered dietitian nutritionist, S17, S65, S90, S175, S176, S286, S290, S295, S296, S307, S308, S330
refugees, S21
registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN), S17, S65, S90, S175, S176, S286, S295, S296, S307, S308, S330
reimbursement, S20, S52
for DSMES, S8, S87, S88–S89
religious fasting, S8, S97, S98, S136
repaglinide, S99, S198, S273
resistance training, S52, S75, S99, S102, S171, S272
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, S63, S66
retinopathy, diabetic, S11, S65, S67, S70, S71, S72, S73, S101, S102, S104, S113, S131, S136, S155, S186, S191, S229, S241, S247, S252–S255, S259, S284, S285,
in children and adolescents, S290, S292–S293, S297
in pregnancy, S307, S308, S309, S313–S314
screening, S253–S254
treatment, S254–S255
visual rehabilitation, S255
risk calculators, S34, S98
for diabetics fasting during Ramadan, S99
risk management
cardiovascular disease, S10–S11, S207–S238
chronic kidney disease, S11, S239–S251
risk, screening for
type 1 diabetes, S32–S34, S284
prediabetes and type 2, S27–S30, S34, S35–S38, S293
rivaroxaban, S220, S222
rosiglitazone, S189
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S175, S194
sarcopenic obesity, S8, S102
SAVOR-TIMI trial, S227, S228
saxagliptin, S191, S198, S227, S325
schizophrenia, S108, S109, S112
schools, diabetes care in, S13, S17, S63, S135, S138, S147, S196, S286, S287–S28, S293, S335–S336
SCORED trial, S227
screening, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S15
after organ transplantation, S40
by age, S38
community, S38
for cardiovascular risk factors, S35, S54, S209, S222–S225, S291–S292, S297
for celiac disease, S64, S290–S291
for chronic kidney disease, S239–S241, S242–S243
for cystic fibrosis -related diabetes, S39–S40
for disordered eating behavior, S112
for food insecurity, S20, S99
for fracture risk, S65, S67
for gestational diabetes mellitus, S42–S44, S315–S316
for MASLD and MASH, S73–S74
for nephropathy, S292
for neuropathy, S255–S256
for peripheral arterial disease, S259–S260
for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, S27–S30, S34, S35–S38, S293
for psychosocial concerns, S18, S19, S106–S107, S110, S288
for retinopathy, S253, S292–S293, S297
for sleep health, S113
for sexual dysfunction, S71, S72
for substance use, S298
for thyroid dysfunction, S64, S290
for type 1 diabetes, S32–S34, S284
genetic, S41
in children/adolescents, S35, S38–S39, S284, S285
in dental practices, S38
in older adults, S266–S269
in people with HIV, S38
in people with pancreatitis, S39
medications and, S38
preconception, S307–S308
testing interval, S38
use of A1C for, S28–S30
seasonal farmworkers, S21
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). see blood glucose monitoring (BGM)
semaglutide, S53, S76, S77, S170, S171, S173, S174, S186, S189, S191, S193, S194, S198, S226, S228, S230, S245, S247, S252, S274
sensor-augmented pumps, S110, S155, S185, S269, S289, S312, S313
sensory impairment, S78
setmelanotide, S171
sexual dysfunction
female, S7, S72, S256
male, S71–S72, S256
sickle cell disease, S30, S129, S308
simvastatin, S215, S220
sitagliptin, S189, S191, S193, S194, S198, S227
sitting, prolonged, S8, S100, S103
skilled nursing facilities, S276, S277, S329
sleep apnea. see Obstructive sleep apnea.
sleep health, S7, S113–S114
smart pens. see connected insulin pens
smoking cessation, S8, S54, S61, S72, S104–S105, S213, S226, S243, S298–S299
Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ), S99, S174
social capital, S19, S22
social context, S19–S22
social determinants of health (SDOH), S15, S18, S19, S20, S22, S88, S106, S191, S12, S13, S14–S15, S16, S79, S92, S166
sodium channel blockers, S257, S258
sodium intake, S94, S212
sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, S10, S11, S68, S76, S77, S93, S98, S100, S113, S133, S134, S135, S139, S140, S186, S187, S191, S193–S194, S195, S198, S200, S208, S222–S223, S226–S230, S240, S242, S243, S244–S248, S267, S268, S274, S276, S295, S325, S327
SOLOIST-WHF trial, S228
sotagliflozin, S186, S227, S228
SPRINT trial, S210–S211, S226
staging
of diabetic kidney disease, S65, S241–S242
of liver disease risk, S10
of type 1 diabetes, S33
statin therapy, S11, S12, S35, S38, S54–S55, S76, S77, S78, S133, S214–S220, S284, S285, S292, S314
stem cell therapies, for wounds, S261, S262
STEP-HFpEF trial, S230
strength training, S51, S99, S291
substance use, S63, S136, S140, S150, S176
pediatric, S298–S299
sulfonylureas, S10, S20, S41, S64, S67, S68, S70, S77, S98, S99, S113, S130, S131, S134, S135, S136, S139, S171, S188, S189, S191, S194, S195, S196, S198, S200, S272, S273, S275, S276, S313
supplements, dietary, S8, S67, S90, S94–S95, S153, S169, S170, S176, S308
surgery, in patients with diabetes, S327
surgical treatment, for type 1 diabetes, S186
surveillance
behavioral risk factor surveillance system, S110
BGM system, S148
for foot problems, S259, S260
for hypoglycemia, S326
for prediabetes, S74
of chronic kidney disease, S242–S243
survodutide, S77
SUSTAIN-6 trial, S246
sweeteners, nonnutritive, S8, S90, S95–S96
sympathomimetic amine anorectics, S172, S174
in combination with antiepileptic, S172, S174
syringes, insulin, S153–S154S196, S197, S276, S330
tapentadol, S257, S258
technology, diabetes, S9, S17, S88, S146–S166
assessment of patient’s use of, S62, S88
blood glucose monitoring, S147–S149
continuous glucose monitoring devices, S149–S153
digital health, S158–S159
during fasting, S98
general device principles, S146–S147
insulin delivery, S153–S158
technology-assisted prevention programs, S51, S53
TECOS trial, S227
TEDDY study, S34, S55
telehealth, S15, S16, S18, S21, S53, S87–S89, S311
temperature
of glucose monitor, S149
of room, for optimum sleep, S113
perception of, S255, S256, S258, S259
teplizumab, S7, S56, S186
testing interval, S38
testosterone
in diabetes prevention, S53
low, in men, S7, S71
tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (TDAP) vaccine, S66
thiazide-like diuretics, S212, S213, S214, S244
thiazolidinediones, S53, S64, S65, S67, S171, S194, S196, S227, S267
thyroid disease, S284, S308
autoimmune, S7, S41, S63, S290
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S290
ticagrelor, S222
time-restricted eating, S97
tirzepatide, S53, S68, S77, S78, S170–S171, S173, S186, S189, S194, S197, S198, S274, S46, S62, S68, S148, S149, S152, S165, S168, S169, S172, S252
tobacco use/cessation, S8, S54, S61, S72, S104–S105, S213, S226, S243, S298–S299
training
blood glucose awareness, S138, S139
diabetes self-management, S88, S89
for family and other caregivers, S112, S146
for school personnel, S287, S335
health professionals/staff, S88, S106, S176, S276, S277, S322, S323–S324
high-intensity interval, S215, S216, S217, S218, S219
in detention facilities, S336
on device use, S146, S147, S158
resistance, S52, S75, S99, S102, S171, S272
self-care, S21, S109
strength, S51, S99, S291
tramadol, S257, S258
transfusion, A1C and, S29, S129, S270
transition
from hospital to ambulatory setting, S275, S328–S330
from IV to SC insulin, S13, S325, S328
from obstetric care to primary care, S17
from pediatric to adult care, S299
transplantation, S62, S200
islet, S137, S186, S187
liver, S73
organ, post-transplant diabetes mellitus after, S28, S40, S200
pancreas, S186, S187
renal, S186, S187, S200, S241, S246
tricyclic antidepressants, S171, S257–S258
TWILIGHT trial, S222
two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) test, S27–S28, S32, S33, S34, S35, S41, S43, S44, S50, S53, S55, S309–S310, S316
two-step strategy, for GDM, S42, S43–S44
type 1 diabetes, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S15, S16, S17, S19, S20, S32
autoimmune, S32–S33, S63–S64
automated insulin delivery systems for, S154–S157
bone health with, S64–S69
cognitive capacity in, S112–S113
in children/adolescents, S284, S286–S293
classification, S30–S32
continuous glucose monitoring in, S146–S147, S149–S154
diagnosis, S31
disability in, S70
female sexual dysfunction in, S72
idiopathic, S34
immune-mediated, S32–S33
in hospitalized patients, S325–S326
insulin pumps for, S154–S157
MASH and MASLD in, S73
neonatal, S40
noninsulin treatments, S187
in older adults, S276–S277
pharmacologic therapy for, S181–S186
physical activity in, S100–S104
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S17, S310, S313
prevention or delay of, S55–S56
psychosocial concerns in, S108–S112
retinopathy in, S292
screening, S32–S34, S284
SGLT inhibition and ketosis in, S200
sleep health in, S113
staging, S33, S51
surgical treatment of, S186
surgical treatment, S164
teplizumab to delay symptoms, S7, S56, S186
type 2 diabetes, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S15, S16, S19, S30
ADA risk test for, S37
benefits of continuous glucose monitoring in, S130, S131, S151
bone health with, S64–S69
classification, S31–S32
combination therapy, S189, S193
decision cycle for care, S60
diagnosis, S34–S39
in children/adolescents, S36, S285, S293–S298
in children/adolescents, S36, S285, S293–S298
insulin pump use in, S154–S155, S157
MASH and MASLD in, S73–S78
monitoring for, S50–S51
obesity and weight management, S167–S180
obstructive sleep apnea and, S78
pharmacologic interventions to delay, S53–S54
pharmacologic treatment in adults, S186–S196
physical activity and, S100–S104
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S307–S314
prevention or delay, S50–S58
preventing vascular disease and mortality in, S54–S55
psychosocial concerns in, S109
retinopathy in, S253
screening in asymptomatic adults, S35, S36–S38
screening in children/adolescents, S36, S38–S39
sleep characteristics associated with, S52
surgical treatment for, S186
type 3c diabetes, S39
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S131, S133, S134, S135, S226
ulcers, foot, S1, S64, S102, S104, S255, S258, S259, S260
ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs, S182, S184, S192
ultrasound wound debridement, S261, S262
urinary tract infections, S7, S72, S276
urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UCAR), S239
vaccines. see immunizations.
vagus nerve stimulator, S175
vaping, S104–S105
vascular disease, S11, S71, S104, S133–S134, S210, S222, S223, S224, S225, S259, S315
prevention of, in prediabetes, S54–S55
vertical sleeve gastrectomy, S175, S296
VERTIS CV trial, S225
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S69, S132, S133, S134, S268
visual rehabilitation, S255
vitamin D supplementation, S7, S53–S54, S64, S67–S68, S95, S170
VOYAGER PAD trial, S222
weight gain, S39
weight loss surgery. see metabolic surgery.
weight loss/management, S7, S8, S9–S10, S96–S97, S167–S180
assessment and monitoring, S167–S169
in children/adolescents, S291, S296
in diabetes prevention, S9–S10, S51–S53, S54, S55, S96–S97, S167–S180
in older adults, S272
in prediabetes, S96–S97
in pregnancy, S307, S315
in type 1 diabetes, S96
in type 2 diabetes, S31, S96, S188, S192, S194
medical devices for weight loss, S175
metabolic surgery, S8, S10, S62, S65, S67, S75, S77, S90, S96, S99–S100, S102, S107, S167, S168, S171, S175–S177, S188, S194, S257, S286, S287
nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral therapy, S169–S170
pharmacotherapy, S170–S174
with MASH and MASLD, S75–S77
with neuropathy, S257
unexplained, S27, S28, S30, S32, S36, S168, S186, S274, S288
weight stigma, S9, S168
well-being, S15, S17, S60, S71, S72, S86–S87, S96, S101, S102, S106, S113, S186, S255, S288, S289, S298
white coat hypertension, S209, S214
whites, non-Hispanic, S15, S30, S36, S129
WISDM trial, S268
wound therapy, advanced, S261–S262
xenograft acellular matrices, S262
xenograft dermis, S262
Youth. see Children and adolescents.
zoster vaccine, S67
