OBJECTIVE

We tested associations of type 2 diabetes genetic risk score (T2D-GRS) and exposure to maternal hyperglycemia with childhood impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2D and glycemic outcomes in youth from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We calculated T2D-GRS using 1,150 known genetic variants associated with T2D in adults. In utero exposures included gestational diabetes (GDM) and sum-of-glucose z scores during oral glucose tolerance test at ∼28 weeks’ gestation. IGT + T2D and continuous glycemic outcomes were measured when children were 10–14 years old.

RESULTS

In 3,444 children (mean age, 11.4 years), higher maternal sum-of-glucose z scores and child T2D-GRS were both associated with higher glucose levels. In children exposed to GDM and with T2D-GRS >75th percentile, 15.9% had IGT + T2D, compared with 5.6% in nonexposed children.

CONCLUSIONS

High genetic risk for diabetes and in utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia are additively associated with IGT + T2D and glycemic outcomes in youth.

Graphical Abstract

graphic
View largeDownload slide

This article contains supplementary material online at https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28851254.

This content is only available via PDF.
© 2025 by the American Diabetes Association
2025
Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. More information is available at https://www.diabetesjournals.org/journals/pages/license.