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January 2022
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ISSN 0149-5992
EISSN 1935-5548
In this Issue
Editor's Commentary
Here’s to 100 Years of Insulin and Science—and More to Come!
Topics:
insulin
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, 1-2. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0013
Perspectives in Diabetes
Heterogeneity of Diabetes: β-Cells, Phenotypes, and Precision Medicine: Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research’s Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes and the U.S. National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
William T. Cefalu; Dana K. Andersen; Guillermo Arreaza-Rubín; Christopher L. Pin; Sheryl Sato; C. Bruce Verchere; Minna Woo; Norman D. Rosenblum; on behalf of the symposium planning committee, moderators, and speakers
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
engineering
,
heterogeneity
,
insulin
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0051
The Noble and Often Nobel Role Played by Insulin-Focused Research in Modern Medicine
Topics:
insulin
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, 23-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0012
Commentary
Weighing in on Type 2 Diabetes Remission
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, 28-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0041
Profiles in Progress
The Life and Times of Dr. Robert Sherwin, One of the Greatest of Great Diabetes Investigators
Topics:
endocrinology
,
insulin
,
insulin infusion systems
,
internal medicine
,
professors
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, 31-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0036
Clinical Care / Education / Nutrition / Psychosocial Research
High-Normal Protein Intake Is Not Associated With Faster Renal Function Deterioration in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Analysis in the DIALECT Cohort
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
dialects
,
dietary proteins
,
renal function
,
proteinuria
Diabetes Care October 2021, Vol.45, 35-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1211
Emotional Correlates of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Individuals With and Without Diabetes
Topics:
anxiety
,
coronavirus pandemic
,
covid-19
,
depressive disorders
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 42-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0769
Characteristics of Workplace Psychosocial Resources and Risk of Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
Tianwei Xu; Alice J. Clark; Jaana Pentti; Reiner Rugulies; Theis Lange; Jussi Vahtera; Linda L. Magnusson Hanson; Hugo Westerlund; Mika Kivimäki; Naja H. Rod
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
employee
,
follow-up
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 59-66. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-2943
Traveling Across Time Zones With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study Comparing Insulin Degludec With Insulin Glargine U100
Wendy C. Bevier; Kristin N. Castorino; Ceara Axelrod; Gal Haroush; Christian C. Farfan; Nina Shelton; Kristen Nelson; Lisa A. Spink; Hanqing Liu; David Kerr
Topics:
basal insulin
,
continuous glucose monitoring
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
insulin
,
insulin degludec
Diabetes Care October 2021, Vol.45, 67-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1524
Changes in the Prevalence of Symptoms of Depression, Loneliness, and Insomnia in U.S. Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Look AHEAD Study
Ariana M. Chao; Thomas A. Wadden; Jeanne M. Clark; Kathleen M. Hayden; Marjorie J. Howard; Karen C. Johnson; Blandine Laferrère; Jeanne M. McCaffery; Rena R. Wing; Susan Z. Yanovski; Lynne E. Wagenknecht; the Look AHEAD Research Group
Topics:
covid-19
,
depressive disorders
,
insomnia
,
loneliness
,
anxiety
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 74-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1179
Foot Ulcer and Risk of Lower Limb Amputation or Death in People With Diabetes: A National Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Rosemary C. Chamberlain; Kelly Fleetwood; Sarah H. Wild; Helen M. Colhoun; Robert S. Lindsay; John R. Petrie; Rory J. McCrimmon; Fraser Gibb; Sam Philip; Naveed Sattar; Brian Kennon; Graham P. Leese
Topics:
amputation
,
foot ulcer
,
follow-up
,
lower extremity amputation
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 83-91. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1596
Epidemiology / Health Services Research
Minimum Threshold of Bariatric Surgical Weight Loss for Initial Diabetes Remission
Douglas Barthold; Elizabeth Brouwer; Lee J. Barton; David E. Arterburn; Anirban Basu; Anita Courcoulas; Cecelia L. Crawford; Peter N. Fedorka; Heidi Fischer; Benjamin B. Kim; Edward C. Mun; Sameer B. Murali; Kristi Reynolds; Tae K. Yoon; Robert E. Zane; Karen J. Coleman
Topics:
bariatric surgery
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
disease remission
,
surgical procedures, operative
,
weight reduction
Diabetes Care September 2021, Vol.45, 92-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0714
Hypoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Crises Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes and End-stage Kidney Disease: Population-Based Study, 2013–2017
Rodolfo J. Galindo; Mohammed K. Ali; Shealeigh A. Funni; Andrew B. Dodge; Shaheen S. Kurani; Nilay D. Shah; Guillermo E. Umpierrez; Rozalina G. McCoy
Topics:
hemodialysis
,
hyperglycemic agents
,
hypoglycemia
,
hypoglycemic agents
,
kidney failure, chronic
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 100-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1579
The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in Diabetes Management on Clinical Outcomes: A Reinforcement Learning Analysis of Health Inequity Among Youth and Young Adults in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Anna R. Kahkoska; Teeranan Pokaprakarn; G. Rumay Alexander; Tessa L. Crume; Dana Dabelea; Jasmin Divers; Lawrence M. Dolan; Elizabeth T. Jensen; Jean M. Lawrence; Santica Marcovina; Amy K. Mottl; Catherine Pihoker; Sharon H. Saydah; Michael R. Kosorok; Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis
Topics:
adolescent
,
diabetes mellitus complications
,
health disparity
,
hemoglobin a, glycosylated
,
propensity score method
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 108-118. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0496
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Urological Complications in Type 1 Diabetes: Findings From the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study
Rodica Pop-Busui; Barbara H. Braffett; Hunter Wessells; William H. Herman; Catherine L. Martin; Alan M. Jacobson; Aruna V. Sarma; for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Topics:
dcct trial
,
edic trial
,
lower urinary tract symptoms
,
diabetic neuropathies
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 119-126. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1276
Glycemic Control and Risk of Sepsis and Subsequent Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Anca Balintescu; Marcus Lind; Mikael Andersson Franko; Anders Oldner; Maria Cronhjort; Ann-Marie Svensson; Björn Eliasson; Johan Mårtensson
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, 127-133. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1050
Risk of Incident Dementia According to Glycemic Status and Comorbidities of Hyperglycemia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Topics:
dementia
,
hyperglycemia
,
comorbidity
Diabetes Care October 2021, Vol.45, 134-141. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0957
30-Year Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes: Risk and Risk Factors Differ by Long-term Patterns of Glycemic Control
Topics:
cardiovascular diseases
,
hemoglobin a, glycosylated
,
heart disease risk factors
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
glycemic control
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 142-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1381
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Risks of Overall and Type-Specific Cardiovascular Diseases: A Population- and Sibling-Matched Cohort Study
Topics:
cardiovascular diseases
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
obesity
,
gestational diabetes
,
follow-up
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 151-159. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1018
Islet Autoantibody Type-Specific Titer Thresholds Improve Stratification of Risk of Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Children
Kenney Ng; Harry Stavropoulos; Vibha Anand; Riitta Veijola; Jorma Toppari; Marlena Maziarz; Markus Lundgren; Kathy Waugh; Brigitte I. Frohnert; Frank Martin; William Hagopian; Peter Achenbach; for the T1DI Study Group
Topics:
autoantibodies
,
child
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 160-168. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0878
Clinically Relevant Circulating Protein Biomarkers for Type 1 Diabetes: Evidence From a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Nahid Yazdanpanah; Mojgan Yazdanpanah; Ye Wang; Vincenzo Forgetta; Michael Pollak; Constantin Polychronakos; J. Brent Richards; Despoina Manousaki
Topics:
biological markers
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
genome-wide association study
,
interleukin-27
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 169-177. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1049
Emerging Therapies: Drugs and Regimens
Remission of Type 2 Diabetes Following a Short-term Intensive Intervention With Insulin Glargine, Sitagliptin, and Metformin: Results of an Open-label Randomized Parallel-Design Trial
Natalia McInnes; Stephanie Hall; Irene Hramiak; Ronald J. Sigal; Ronald Goldenberg; Nikhil Gupta; Remi Rabasa-Lhoret; Manoela Braga; Vincent Woo; Farah Sultan; Rose Otto; Ada Smith; Diana Sherifali; Yan Yun Liu; Hertzel C. Gerstein; on behalf of the REMIT-sita Collaborative Group
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
disease remission
,
follow-up
,
glucose
,
hemoglobin a, glycosylated
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 178-185. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0278
Emerging Technologies: Data Systems and Devices
Impact of a Novel Diabetes Support System on a Cohort of Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Multiple Daily Injections: A Multicenter Randomized Study
Alessandro Bisio; Stacey Anderson; Lisa Norlander; Grenye O’Malley; Jessica Robic; Selassie Ogyaadu; Liana Hsu; Camilla Levister; Laya Ekhlaspour; David W. Lam; Carol Levy; Bruce Buckingham; Marc D. Breton
Topics:
continuous glucose monitoring
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
hemoglobin a, glycosylated
,
insulin
,
hypoglycemia
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 186-193. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0838
A Randomized Crossover Trial Comparing Glucose Control During Moderate-Intensity, High-Intensity, and Resistance Exercise With Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery While Profiling Potential Additional Signals in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Barbora Paldus; Dale Morrison; Dessi P. Zaharieva; Melissa H. Lee; Hannah Jones; Varuni Obeyesekere; Jean Lu; Sara Vogrin; André La Gerche; Sybil A. McAuley; Richard J. MacIsaac; Alicia J. Jenkins; Glenn M. Ward; Peter Colman; Carmel E.M. Smart; Rowen Seckold; Bruce R. King; Michael C. Riddell; David N. O’Neal
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
,
glucose
,
glycemic control
,
healthcare information exchange
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 194-203. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1593
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk
Cluster Analysis of Cardiovascular Phenotypes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Established Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Potential Approach to Precision Medicine
Abhinav Sharma; Yinggan Zheng; Justin A. Ezekowitz; Cynthia M. Westerhout; Jacob A. Udell; Shaun G. Goodman; Paul W. Armstrong; John B. Buse; Jennifer B. Green; Robert G. Josse; Keith D. Kaufman; Darren K. McGuire; Giuseppe Ambrosio; Lee-Ming Chuang; Renato D. Lopes; Eric D. Peterson; Rury R. Holman
Topics:
atherosclerosis
,
cardiovascular system
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
heart failure
,
phenotype
Diabetes Care October 2021, Vol.45, 204-212. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-2806
Relationships of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Changes in Physical Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk Profile in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study 2 (IDES_2)
Stefano Balducci; Jonida Haxhi; Massimo Sacchetti; Giorgio Orlando; Patrizia Cardelli; Martina Vitale; Lorenza Mattia; Carla Iacobini; Lucilla Bollanti; Francesco Conti; Silvano Zanuso; Antonio Nicolucci; Giuseppe Pugliese; for the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study 2 (IDES_2) Investigators
Topics:
cardiometabolic risk factors
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
heart disease risk factors
,
hemoglobin a, glycosylated
,
ides trial
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 213-221. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1505
Body Fat Distribution, Cardiometabolic Traits, and Risk of Major Lower-Extremity Arterial Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Guo-Chong Chen; Rhonda Arthur; Victor Kamensky; Jin Choul Chai; Bing Yu; Aladdin H. Shadyab; Matthew Allison; Yangbo Sun; Nazmus Saquib; Robert A. Wild; Wei Bao; Andrew J. Dannenberg; Thomas E. Rohan; Robert C. Kaplan; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller; Qibin Qi
Topics:
anthropometric measures
,
biological markers
,
hip region
,
lead
,
leg
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 222-231. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1565
Obesity Partially Mediates the Diabetogenic Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol
Peitao Wu; Jee-Young Moon; Iyas Daghlas; Giulianini Franco; Bianca C. Porneala; Fariba Ahmadizar; Tom G. Richardson; Jonas L. Isaksen; Georgy Hindy; Jie Yao; Colleen M. Sitlani; Laura M. Raffield; Lisa R. Yanek; Mary F. Feitosa; Rafael R.C. Cuadrat; Qibin Qi; M. Arfan Ikram; Christina Ellervik; Ulrika Ericson; Mark O. Goodarzi; Jennifer A. Brody; Leslie Lange; Josep M. Mercader; Dhananjay Vaidya; Ping An; Matthias B. Schulze; Lluis Masana; Mohsen Ghanbari; Morten S. Olesen; Jianwen Cai; Xiuqing Guo; James S. Floyd; Susanne Jäger; Michael A. Province; Rita R. Kalyani; Bruce M. Psaty; Marju Orho-Melander; Paul M. Ridker; Jørgen K. Kanters; Andre Uitterlinden; George Davey Smith; Dipender Gill; Robert C. Kaplan; Maryam Kavousi; Sridharan Raghavan; Daniel I. Chasman; Jerome I. Rotter; James B. Meigs; Jose C. Florez; Josée Dupuis; Ching-Ti Liu; Jordi Merino
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
ldl cholesterol lipoproteins
,
body mass index procedure
,
genetics
,
obesity
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 232-240. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1284
Haptoglobin Phenotype Modifies the Effect of Fenofibrate on Risk of Coronary Event: ACCORD Lipid Trial
Rachel A. Warren; Allie S. Carew; Pantelis Andreou; Christine Herman; Andrew P. Levy; Henry N. Ginsberg; John Sapp; Eric B. Rimm; Susan Kirkland; Leah E. Cahill
Topics:
fenofibrate
,
haptoglobins
,
high density lipoprotein cholesterol
,
lipids
,
phenotype
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 241-250. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1429
Novel Communications in Diabetes
Effect of Loss-of-Function Genetic Variants in PCSK9 on Glycemic Traits, Neurocognitive Impairment, and Hepatobiliary Function
Topics:
genetics
,
ldl cholesterol lipoproteins
,
pcsk9 gene
,
lipids
,
lipoproteins
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 251-254. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0955
Acute-to-Chronic Glycemic Ratio as a Predictor of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
Jordi Ramon; Gemma Llauradó; Roberto Güerri; Elisenda Climent; Silvia Ballesta; David Benaiges; Inmaculada López-Montesinos; Humberto Navarro; Natalia Fernández; Maria José Carrera; Dídac Mauricio; Juana A. Flores-Le Roux; Juan-José Chillarón
Topics:
covid-19
,
glucose
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
hemoglobin a, glycosylated
,
primary outcome measure
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, 255-258. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1321
Issues and Events
Issues and Events
Topics:
covid-19
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
kidney failure, chronic
,
podcasts
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, 259. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-ie01
e-Letters
Observations
Effect of Fenofibrate Therapy on Laser Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
David Preiss; Enti Spata; Rury R. Holman; Ruth L. Coleman; Laura Lovato; Henry N. Ginsberg; Jane Armitage
Topics:
diabetic retinopathy
,
fenofibrate
,
laser therapy
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e1-e2. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1439
Durability of High-Frequency 10-kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation for Patients With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy Refractory to Conventional Treatments: 12-Month Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Erika A. Petersen; Thomas G. Stauss; James A. Scowcroft; Elizabeth S. Brooks; Judith L. White; Shawn M. Sills; Kasra Amirdelfan; Maged N. Guirguis; Jijun Xu; Cong Yu; Ali Nairizi; Denis G. Patterson; Kostandinos C. Tsoulfas; Michael J. Creamer; Vincent Galan; Richard H. Bundschu; Neel D. Mehta; Dawood Sayed; Shivanand P. Lad; David J. DiBenedetto; Khalid A. Sethi; Johnathan H. Goree; Matthew T. Bennett; Nathan J. Harrison; Atef F. Israel; Paul Chang; Paul W. Wu; Charles E. Argoff; Christian E. Nasr; Rod S. Taylor; David L. Caraway; Nagy A. Mekhail
Topics:
diabetic neuropathies
,
pain
,
spinal cord stimulation
Diabetes Care November 2021, Vol.45, e3-e6. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1813
Comments and Responses
Response to Comment on Parente et al. The Relationship Between Body Fat Distribution and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021;44:1706–1713
Erika B. Parente; Emma H. Dahlström; Valma Harjutsalo; Jussi Inkeri; Stefan Mutter; Carol Forsblom; Niina Sandholm; Daniel Gordin; Per-Henrik Groop; on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e8-e9. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0045
Comment on Shih et al. Increased Incidence of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes With Novel Association With Coxsackievirus A Species in Young Children but Declined Incidence in Adolescents in Taiwan. Diabetes Care 2021;44:1579–1585
Topics:
adolescent
,
child
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
human enterovirus a
,
pediatrics
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e10. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1398
Response to Comment on Shih et al. Increased Incidence of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes With Novel Association With Coxsackievirus A Species in Young Children but Declined Incidence in Adolescents in Taiwan. Diabetes Care 2021;44:1579–1585
Topics:
adolescent
,
child
,
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
human enterovirus a
,
pediatrics
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e11. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0046
Comment on Liu et al. Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes May Be Underestimated in the Chinese Population: Evidence From 21.7 Million People Between 2007 and 2017. Diabetes Care 2021;44:2503–2509
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 1
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e12. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1820
Response to Comment on Liu et al. Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes May Be Underestimated in the Chinese Population: Evidence From 21.7 Million People Between 2007 and 2017. Diabetes Care 2021;44:2503–2509
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 1
,
china
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e13-e14. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0047
Comment on Hamblin et al. Capillary Ketone Concentrations at the Time of Colonoscopy: A Cross-Sectional Study With Implications for SGLT2 Inhibitor–Treated Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021;44:e124–e126
Topics:
blood capillaries
,
colonoscopy
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
ketones
,
sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e15-e16. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1413
Response to Comment on Hamblin et al. Capillary Ketone Concentrations at the Time of Colonoscopy: A Cross-Sectional Study With Implications for SGLT2 Inhibitor–Treated Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021;44:e124–e126
Peter S. Hamblin; Rosemary Wong; Elif I. Ekinci; Shoshana Sztal-Mazer; Shananthan Balachandran; Aviva Frydman; Timothy P. Hanrahan; Raymond Hu; Shara N. Ket; Alan Moss; Mark Ng; Sashikala Ragunathan; Leon A. Bach
Topics:
blood capillaries
,
colonoscopy
,
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
ketones
,
sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e17-e18. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci21-0048
Comment on Stempniewicz et al. Chronic Kidney Disease Testing Among Primary Care Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Across 24 U.S. Health Care Organizations. Diabetes Care 2021;44:2000–2009
Topics:
diabetes mellitus, type 2
,
kidney failure, chronic
,
primary health care
,
urine albumin/creatinine ratio
,
kidney
Diabetes Care December 2021, Vol.45, e19-e20. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-2005
