REFERENCES

2.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group

;

Lachin

JM

,

White

NH

,

Hainsworth

DP

,

Sun

W

,

Cleary

PA

,

Nathan

DM

.

Effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: 18 years of follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC

.

Diabetes

2015

;

64

:

631

–

642

3.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group

;

Lachin

JM

,

Genuth

S

,

Cleary

P

,

Davis

MD

,

Nathan

DM

.

Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy

.

N Engl J Med

2000

;

342

:

381

–

389.

4.

DCCT/EDIC Reseqarch Group

.

Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on albuminuria in type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study

.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol

2014

;

2

:

793

–

800

5.

Teo

ZL

,

Tham

Y-C

,

Yu

M

, et al.

Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis

.

Ophthalmology

2021

;

128

:

1580

–

1591

6.

International Diabetes Federation

.

IDF Diabetes Atlas: diabetes around the world in 2021

.

Available from https://diabetesatlas.org. Accessed 5 April 2022

7.

Malik

FS

,

Sauder

KA

,

Isom

S

, et al;

SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

.

Trends in glycemic control among youth and young adults with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

.

Diabetes Care

2022

;

45

:

285

–

294

8.

Wang

SY

,

Andrews

CA

,

Herman

WH

,

Gardner

TW

,

Stein

JD

.

Incidence and risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy among youths with type 1 or type 2 diabetes throughout the United States

.

Ophthalmology

2017

;

124

:

424

–

430

9.

Hamman

RF

,

Bell

RA

,

Dabelea

D

, et al;

SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group

.

The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study: rationale, findings, and future directions

.

Diabetes Care

2014

;

37

:

3336

–

3344

10.

Liew

G

,

Michaelides

M

,

Bunce

C

.

A comparison of the causes of blindness certifications in England and Wales in working age adults (16–64 years), 1999–2000 with 2009–2010

.

BMJ Open

2014

;

4

:

e004015

11.

Channa

R

,

Wolf

R

,

Abramoff

MD

.

Autonomous artificial intelligence in diabetic retinopathy: from algorithm to clinical application

.

J Diabetes Sci Technol

2021

;

15

:

695

–

698

12.

Brook

RA

,

Kleinman

NL

,

Patel

S

,

Smeeding

JE

,

Beren

IA

,

Turpcu

A

.

United States comparative costs and absenteeism of diabetic ophthalmic conditions

.

Postgrad Med

2015

;

127

:

455

–

462

13.

Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology

.

Ophthalmology residency match summary report 2021

.

Available from https://aupo.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/Ophthalmology%20Residency%20Match%20Summary%20Report%202021.pdf. Accessed 8 April 2022

14.

Heath

DA

,

Spangler

JS

,

Wingert

TA

, et al.

2017 national optometry workforce survey

.

Optom Vis Sci

2021

;

98

:

500

–

511

15.

National Matching Services

.

OR match statistics

.

Available from https://natmatch.com/ormatch/statistics.html. Accessed 5 April 2022

16.

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee

.

12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022

.

Diabetes Care

2022

;

45

(

Suppl. 1

):

S185

–

S194

17.

American Optometric Association Evidence-Based Optometry Guideline Development Group

.

Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Eye Care of the Patient with Diabetes Mellitus

. 2nd ed.

St. Louis, MO

,

American Optometric Association

,

2019

18.

Flaxel

CJ

,

Adelman

RA

,

Bailey

ST

, et al.

Diabetic retinopathy Preferred Practice Pattern

.

Ophthalmology

2020

;

127

:

P66

–

P145

19.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan

DM

,

Genuth

S

,

Lachin

J

, et al.

The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

.

N Engl J Med

1993

;

329

:

977

–

986

20.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

.

Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)

.

Lancet

1998

;

352

:

837

–

853

21.

Cebul

RD

,

Love

TE

,

Jain

AK

,

Hebert

CJ

.

Electronic health records and quality of diabetes care

.

N Engl J Med

2011

;

365

:

825

–

833

22.

Lessing

SE

,

Hayman

LL

.

Diabetes care and management using electronic medical records: a systematic review

.

J Diabetes Sci Technol

2019

;

13

:

774

–

782

23.

Kuo

A

,

Dang

S

.

Secure messaging in electronic health records and its impact on diabetes clinical outcomes: a systematic review

.

Telemed J E Health

2016

;

22

:

769

–

777

24.

Barker

LE

,

Kirtland

KA

,

Gregg

EW

,

Geiss

LS

,

Thompson

TJ

.

Geographic distribution of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S.: a diabetes belt

.

Am J Prev Med

2011

;

40

:

434

–

439

25.

Kardon

R

.

The pupils and accommodation. In Albert & Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

. 3rd ed.

Albert

DM

,

Miller

JW

,

Azar

DT

, Eds.

Philadelphia, PA

,

Saunders

,

2008

, p.

4029

–

4048

26.

Biousse

V

,

Newman

NJ

.

Neuro-Ophthalmology Illustrated

. 2nd ed.

New York

,

Thieme Medical Publishers

,

2015

27.

Kels

BD

,

Grzybowski

A

,

Grant-Kels

JM

.

Human ocular anatomy

.

Clin Dermatol

2015

;

33

:

140

–

146

28.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

.

National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States

.

Available from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html. Accessed 8 March 2022

29.

National Eye Institute

.

Diabetic eye disease projected to increase among U.S. population: disease will reach 11 million people by 2030

.

Available from https://www.nei.nih.gov/sites/default/files/nehep-pdfs/GM_DED_drop-in%20article_2014.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2022

30.

Ruchman

M

,

Klunk

E

.

The Health and Financial Costs of Diabetic Retinopathy

.

Available from https://versanthealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Diabetic-retinopathy-white-paper-FINAL.pdf. Accessed 11 April 2022

31.

Solomon

SD

,

Chew

E

,

Duh

EJ

, et al.

Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association

.

Diabetes Care

2017

;

40

:

412

–

418

32.

Battelino

T

,

Danne

T

,

Bergenstal

RM

, et al.

Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the International Consensus on Time in Range

.

Diabetes Care

2019

;

42

:

1593

–

1603

33.

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee

.

10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022

.

Diabetes Care

2022

;

45

(

Suppl. 1

):

S144

–

S174

34.

Keech

AC

,

Mitchell

P

,

Summanen

PA

, et al;

FIELD Study Investigators

.

Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD Study): a randomized controlled trial

.

Lancet

2007

;

370

:

1687

–

1697

35.

Wright

AD

,

Dodson

PM

.

Medical management of diabetic retinopathy: fenfibrate and ACCORD Eye studies

.

Eye (Lond)

2011

;

25

:

843

–

849

36.

Murchison

AP

,

Hark

L

,

Pizzi

LT

, et al.

Non-adherence to eye care in people with diabetes

.

BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care

2017

;

5

:

e000333

37.

Lee

R

,

Wong

TY

,

Sabanayagam

C

.

Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss

.

Eye Vis (Lond)

2015

;

2

:

17

38.

Agardh

E

,

Tababat-Khani

P

.

Adopting 3-year screening intervals for sight-threatening retinal vascular lesions in type 2 diabetic subjects without retinopathy

.

Diabetes Care

2011

;

34

:

1318

–

1319

39.

Wilkinson

CP

,

Ferris

FL

3rd,

Klein

RE

, et al;

Global Diabetic Retinopathy Project Group

.

Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales

.

Ophthalmology

2003

;

110

:

1677

–

1682

40.

Abràmoff

MD

,

Lavin

PT

,

Birch

M

,

Shah

N

,

Folk

JC

.

Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices

.

NPJ Digit Med

2018

;

1

:

39

41.

Nguyen

QD

,

Brown

DM

,

Marcus

DM

, et al;

RISE and RIDE Research Group

.

Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE

.

Ophthalmology

2012

;

119

:

789

–

801

42.

Writing Group for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network

;

Gross

JG

,

Glassman

AR

,

Jampol

LM

, et al.

Panretinal photocoagulation vs intravitreous ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized clinical trial

.

JAMA

2015

;

314

:

2137

–

2146

43.

Yau

JWY

,

Rogers

SL

,

Kawasaki

R

, et al;

Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group

.

Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy

.

Diabetes Care

2012

;

35

:

556

–

564

44.

Andersen

N

,

Hjortdal

JØ

,

Schielke

KC

, et al.

The Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy

.

Clin Epidemiol

2016

;

8

:

613

–

619

45.

Scanlon

PH

.

The English National Screening Programme for diabetic retinopathy 2003–2016

.

Acta Diabetol

2017

;

54

:

515

–

525

46.

Bowman

S

.

Impact of electronic health record systems on information integrity: quality and safety implications

.

Perspect Health Inf Manag

2013

;

10

:

1c

47.

Zhang

L

,

Krzentowski

G

,

Albert

A

,

Lefebvre

PJ

.

Risk of developing retinopathy in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control

.

Diabetes Care

2001

;

24

:

1275

–

1279

48.

Virk

SA

,

Donaghue

KC

,

Wong

TY

,

Craig

ME

.

Interventions for diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis

.

Am J Ophthalmol

2015

;

160

:

1055

–

1064.e4

49.

Chew

EY

,

Davis

MD

,

Danis

RP

, et al;

Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Eye Study Research Group

.

The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study

.

Ophthalmology

2014

;

121

:

2443

–

2451

50.

Duckworth

W

,

Abraira

C

,

Moritz

T

, et al;

VADT Investigators

.

Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes

.

N Engl J Med

2009

;

360

:

129

–

139

51.

DCCT/EDIC Research Group

;

Aiello

LP

,

Sun

W

,

Das

A

, et al.

Intensive diabetes therapy and ocular surgery in type 1 diabetes

.

N Engl J Med

2015

;

372

:

1722

–

1733

52.

Wong

TY

,

Cheung

CMG

,

Larsen

M

,

Sharma

S

,

Simó

R

.

Diabetic retinopathy

.

Nat Rev Dis Primers

2016

;

2

:

16012

53.

Javadi

M-A

,

Zarei-Ghanavati

S

.

Cataracts in diabetic patients: a review article

.

J Ophthalmic Vis Res

2008

;

3

:

52

–

65

54.

Becker

C

,

Schneider

C

,

Aballéa

S

, et al.

Cataract in patients with diabetes mellitus: incidence rates in the UK and risk factors

.

Eye (Lond)

2018

;

32

:

1028

–

1035

55.

Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

.

Arch Ophthalmol

1998

;

116

:

874

–

886

56.

Bain

SC

,

Klufas

MA

,

Ho

A

,

Matthews

DR

.

Worsening of diabetic retinopathy with rapid improvement in systemic glucose control: a review

.

Diabetes Obes Metab

2019

;

21

:

454

–

466

57.

Schrier

RW

,

Estacio

RO

,

Esler

A

,

Mehler

P

.

Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes

.

Kidney Int

2002

;

61

:

1086

–

1097

58.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

.

Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38

.

BMJ

1998

;

317

:

703

–

713

59.

Shah

AR

,

Van Horn

AN

,

Verchinina

L

, et al.

Blood pressure is associated with receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in patients with diabetes

.

Ophthalmol Retina

2019

;

3

:

410

–

416

60.

Mitka

M

.

Report quantifies diabetes complications

.

JAMA

2007

;

297

:

2337

–

2338

61.

Estacio

RO

,

McFarling

E

,

Biggerstaff

S

,

Jeffers

BW

,

Johnson

D

,

Schrier

RW

.

Overt albuminuria predicts diabetic retinopathy in Hispanics with NIDDM

.

Am J Kidney Dis

1998

;

31

:

947

–

953

62.

Hwang

H

,

Chae

JB

,

Kim

JY

,

Moon

BG

,

Kim

DY

.

Changes in optical coherence tomography findings in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis for the first time

.

Retina

2019

;

39

:

2360

–

2368

63.

Ong

SS

,

Thomas

AS

,

Fekrat

S

.

Improvement of recalcitrant diabetic macular edema after peritoneal dialysis

.

Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina

2017

;

48

:

834

–

837

64.

Theodossiadis

PG

,

Theodoropoulou

S

,

Neamonitou

G

, et al.

Hemodialysis-induced alterations in macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease

.

Ophthalmologica

2012

;

227

:

90

–

94

65.

Chung

Y-R

,

Park

SW

,

Choi

S-Y

, et al.

Association of statin use and hypertriglyceridemia with diabetic macular edema in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy

.

Cardiovasc Diabetol

2017

;

16

:

4

66.

Knickelbein

JE

,

Abbott

AB

,

Chew

EY

.

Fenofibrate and diabetic retinopathy

.

Curr Diab Rep

2016

;

16

:

90

67.

Chew

EY

,

Mills

JL

,

Metzger

BE

, et al.

Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy: the Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study

.

Diabetes Care

1995

;

18

:

631

–

637

68.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group

.

Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

.

Diabetes Care

2000

;

23

:

1084

–

1091

69.

Bourry

J

,

Courteville

H

,

Ramdane

N

, et al.

Progression of diabetic retinopathy and predictors of its development and progression during pregnancy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a report of 499 pregnancies

.

Diabetes Care

2021

;

44

:

181

–

187.

70.

Ferris

FL

3rd.

Results of 20 years of research on the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

.

Prev Med

1994

;

23

:

740

–

742

71.

An

J

,

Niu

F

,

Turpcu

A

,

Rajput

Y

,

Cheetham

TC

.

Adherence to the American Diabetes Association retinal screening guidelines for population with diabetes in the United States

.

Ophthalmic Epidemiol

2018

;

25

:

257

–

265

72.

Holley

CD

,

Lee

PP

.

Primary care provider views of the current referral-to-eye-care process: focus group results

.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

2010

;

51

:

1866

–

1872

73.

Prothero

L

,

Lorencatto

F

,

Cartwright

M

, et al;

EROS Study Investigators

.

Perceived barriers and enablers to the provision of diabetic retinopathy screening for young adults: a cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals working in the UK National Diabetic Eye Screening Programme

.

BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care

2021

;

9

:

e002436

74.

Prothero

L

,

Lawrenson

JG

,

Cartwright

M

, et al;

EROS Study Investigators

.

Barriers and enablers to diabetic eye screening attendance: an interview study with young adults with type 1 diabetes

.

Diabet Med

2022

;

39

:

e14751

75.

Kruse

CS

,

Stein

A

,

Thomas

H

,

Kaur

H

.

The use of electronic health records to support population health: a systematic review of the literature

.

J Med Syst

2018

;

42

:

214

76.

Cai

CX

,

Li

Y

,

Zeger

SL

,

McCarthy

ML

.

Social determinants of health impacting adherence to diabetic retinopathy examinations

.

BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care

2021

;

9

:

e002374

77.

Epic

.

Organizations on the Care Everywhere Network

.

Available from https://www.epic.com/careeverywhere. Accessed 5 April 2022

78.

Wubben

TJ

,

Johnson

MW

;

Anti-VEGF Treatment Interruption Study Group

.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic retinopathy: consequences of inadvertent treatment interruptions

.

Am J Ophthalmol

2019

;

204

:

13

–

18

79.

Maguire

MG

,

Liu

D

,

Bressler

SB

, et al;

DRCR Retina Network

.

Lapses in care among patients assigned to ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial

.

JAMA Ophthalmol

2021

;

139

:

1266

–

1273

80.

Kim

EJ

,

Kim

T

,

Conigliaro

J

,

Liebschutz

JM

,

Paasche-Orlow

MK

,

Hanchate

AD

.

Racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosis of chronic medical conditions in the USA

.

J Gen Intern Med

2018

;

33

:

1116

–

1123

81.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

.

Advancing health equity

.

Available from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/disparities.html. Accessed 18 February 2022

82.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

.

Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes prevalence, self-management, and health outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries

.

Available from https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/research-and-data/information-products/data-highlights/disparities-in-diabetes-prevalence. Accessed 18 February 2022

83.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

.

Diabetes Report Card 2019

.

Available from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/library/Diabetes-Report-Card-2019-508.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2022

84.

National Eye Institute

.

Diabetic retinopathy data and statistics

.

Available from https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/outreach-campaigns-and-resources/eye-health-data-and-statistics/diabetic-retinopathy-data-and-statistics. Accessed 18 February 2022

85.

Harris

EL

,

Feldman

S

,

Robinson

CR

,

Sherman

S

,

Georgopoulos

A

.

Racial differences in the relationship between blood pressure and risk of retinopathy among individuals with NIDDM

.

Diabetes Care

1993

;

16

:

748

–

754

86.

Harris

EL

,

Sherman

SH

,

Georgopoulos

A

.

Black-white differences in risk of developing retinopathy among individuals with type 2 diabetes

.

Diabetes Care

1999

;

22

:

779

–

783

87.

Harris

MI

,

Klein

R

,

Cowie

CC

,

Rowland

M

,

Byrd-Holt

DD

.

Is the risk of diabetic retinopathy greater in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites with type 2 diabetes? A U.S. population study

.

Diabetes Care

1998

;

21

:

1230

–

1235

88.

West

SK

,

Klein

R

,

Rodriguez

J

, et al.

Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a Mexican-American population: Proyecto VER

.

Diabetes Care

2001

;

24

:

1204

–

1209

89.

Varma

R

,

Torres

M

,

Peña

F

,

Klein

R

,

Azen

SP

;

Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Group

.

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study

.

Ophthalmology

2004

;

111

:

1298

–

1306

90.

Bursell

SE

,

Fonda

SJ

,

Lewis

DG

,

Horton

MB

.

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in a primary care-based teleophthalmology program for American Indians and Alaskan Natives

.

PLoS One

2018

;

13

:

e0198551

91.

Wong

TY

,

Klein

R

,

Islam

FMA

, et al.

Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States

.

Am J Ophthalmol

2006

;

141

:

446

–

455

92.

Varma

R

,

Bressler

NM

,

Doan

QV

, et al.

Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic macular edema in the United States

.

JAMA Ophthalmol

2014

;

132

:

1334

–

1340

93.

Malhotra

NA

,

Greenlee

TE

,

Iyer

AI

,

Conti

TF

,

Chen

AX

,

Singh

RP

.

Racial, ethnic, and insurance-based disparities upon initiation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema in the US

.

Ophthalmology

2021

;

128

:

1438

–

1447

94.

Muñoz

B

,

West

SK

,

Rubin

GS

, et al.

Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study

.

Arch Ophthalmol

2000

;

118

:

819

–

825

95.

Barker

L

,

Crespo

R

,

Gerzoff

RB

,

Denham

S

,

Shrewsberry

M

,

Cornelius-Averhart

D

.

Residence in a distressed county in Appalachia as a risk factor for diabetes: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2006–2007

.

Prev Chronic Dis

2010

;

7

:

A104

96.

Luo

H

,

Bell

RA

,

Garg

S

,

Cummings

DM

,

Patil

SP

,

Jones

K

.

Trends and racial/ethnic disparities in diabetic retinopathy among adults with diagnosed diabetes in North Carolina, 2000– 2015

.

N C Med J

2019

;

80

:

76

–

82

97.

Nwanyanwu

KMJH

,

Nunez-Smith

M

,

Gardner

TW

,

Desai

MM

.

Awareness of diabetic retinopathy: insight from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

.

Am J Prev Med

2021

;

61

:

900

–

909

98.

Javitt

JC

,

Aiello

LP

,

Chiang

Y

,

Ferris

FL

3rd,

Canner

JK

,

Greenfield

S

.

Preventive eye care in people with diabetes is cost-saving to the federal government: iImplications for health-care reform

.

Diabetes Care

1994

;

17

:

909

–

917

99.

Schoenfeld

ER

,

Greene

JM

,

Wu

SY

,

Leske

MC

.

Patterns of adherence to diabetes vision care guidelines: baseline findings from the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program

.

Ophthalmology

2001

;

108

:

563

–

571

100.

Fong

DS

,

Aiello

LP

,

Ferris

FL

3rd,

Klein

R

.

Diabetic retinopathy

.

Diabetes Care

2004

;

27

:

2540

–

2553

101.

National Committee for Quality Assurance

.

Comprehensive diabetes care

.

Available from https://www.ncqa.org/hedis/measures/comprehensive-diabetes-care. Accessed 5 April 2022

102.

Shi

Q

,

Zhao

Y

,

Fonseca

V

,

Krousel-Wood

M

,

Shi

L

.

Racial disparity of eye examinations among the U.S. working-age population with diabetes: 2002–2009

.

Diabetes Care

2014

;

37

:

1321

–

1328

103.

Fathy

C

,

Patel

S

,

Sternberg

P

Jr.,

Kohanim

S

.

Disparities in adherence to screening guidelines for diabetic retinopathy in the United States: a comprehensive review and guide for future directions

.

Semin Ophthalmol

2016

;

31

:

364

–

377

104.

Paz

SH

,

Varma

R

,

Klein

R

,

Wu

J

,

Azen

SP

;

Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Group

.

Noncompliance with vision care guidelines in Latinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study

.

Ophthalmology

2006

;

113

:

1372

–

1377

105.

Nsiah-Kumi

P

,

Ortmeier

SR

,

Brown

AE

.

Disparities in diabetic retinopathy screening and disease for racial and ethnic minority populations: a literature review

.

J Natl Med Assoc

2009

;

101

:

430

–

437

106.

Thomas

CG

,

Channa

R

,

Prichett

L

,

Liu

TYA

,

Abramoff

MD

,

Wolf

RM

.

Racial/ethnic disparities and barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in youths

.

JAMA Ophthalmol

2021

;

139

:

791

–

795

107.

Dumser

SM

,

Ratcliffe

SJ

,

Langdon

DR

,

Murphy

KM

,

Lipman

TH

.

Racial disparities in screening for diabetic retinopathy in youth with type 1 diabetes

.

Diabetes Res Clin Pract

2013

;

101

:

e3

–

e5

108.

Coney

JM

,

Scott

AW

.

Racial disparities in the screening and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

.

J Natl Med Assoc

2022

;

114

:

171

–

181

109.

Piyasena

MMPN

,

Murthy

GVS

,

Yip

JLY

, et al.

Systematic review on barriers and enablers for access to diabetic retinopathy screening services in different income settings

.

PLoS One

2019

;

14

:

e0198979

110.

Zhang

X

,

Norris

SL

,

Saadine

J

, et al.

Effectiveness of interventions to promote screening for diabetic retinopathy

.

Am J Prev Med

2007

;

33

:

318

–

335

111.

Basch

CE

,

Walker

EA

,

Howard

CJ

,

Shamoon

H

,

Zybert

P

.

The effect of health education on the rate of ophthalmic examinations among African Americans with diabetes mellitus

.

Am J Public Health

1999

;

89

:

1878

–

1882

112.

Legorreta

AP

,

Hasan

MM

,

Peters

AL

,

Pelletier

KR

,

Leung

KM

.

An intervention for enhancing compliance with screening recommendations for diabetic retinopathy: a bicoastal experience

.

Diabetes Care

1997

;

20

:

520

–

523

113.

Walker

EA

,

Schechter

CB

,

Caban

A

,

Basch

CE

.

Telephone intervention to promote diabetic retinopathy screening among the urban poor

.

Am J Prev Med

2008

;

34

:

185

–

191

114.

Khair

Z

,

Rahman

MM

,

Kazawa

K

, et al.

Health education improves referral compliance of persons with probable diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled trial

.

PLoS One

2020

;

15

:

e0242047

115.

Weber

V

,

Bloom

F

,

Pierdon

S

,

Wood

C

.

Employing the electronic health record to improve diabetes care: a multifaceted intervention in an integrated delivery system

.

J Gen Intern Med

2008

;

23

:

379

–

382

116.

Kollipara

U

,

Varghese

S

,

Mutz

J

, et al.

Improving diabetic retinopathy screening among patients with diabetes mellitus using the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control process improvement methodology

.

J Healthc Qual

2021

;

43

:

126

–

135

117.

Taylor

CR

,

Merin

LM

,

Salunga

AM

, et al.

Improving diabetic retinopathy screening ratios using telemedicine-based digital retinal imaging technology: the Vine Hill Study

.

Diabetes Care

2007

;

30

:

574

–

578

118.

Cavallerano

AA

,

Conlin

PR

.

Teleretinal imaging to screen for diabetic retinopathy in the Veterans Health Administration

.

J Diabetes Sci Technol

2008

;

2

:

33

–

39

119.

Jani

PD

,

Forbes

L

,

Choudhury

A

,

Preisser

JS

,

Viera

AJ

,

Garg

S

.

Evaluation of diabetic retinal screening and factors for ophthalmology referral in a telemedicine network

.

JAMA Ophthalmol

2017

;

135

:

706

–

714

120.

Shi

L

,

Wu

H

,

Dong

J

,

Jiang

K

,

Lu

X

,

Shi

J

.

Telemedicine for detecting diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

.

Br J Ophthalmol

2015

;

99

:

823

–

831

121.

Ting

DSW

,

Tan

GSW

.

Telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screening

.

JAMA Ophthalmol

2017

;

135

:

722

–

723

122.

Kirkizlar

E

,

Serban

N

,

Sisson

JA

,

Swann

JL

,

Barnes

CS

,

Williams

MD

.

Evaluation of telemedicine for screening of diabetic retinopathy in the Veterans Health Administration

.

Ophthalmology

2013

;

120

:

2604

–

2610

123.

Mansberger

SL

,

Sheppler

C

,

Barker

G

, et al.

Long-term comparative effectiveness of telemedicine in providing diabetic retinopathy screening examinations: a randomized clinical trial

.

JAMA Ophthalmol

2015

;

133

:

518

–

525

124.

Olayiwola

JN

,

Sobieraj

DM

,

Kulowski

K

,

Hilaire

DS

,

Huang

JJ

.

Improving diabetic retinopathy screening through a statewide telemedicine program at a large federally qualified health center

.

J Health Care Poor Underserved

2011

;

22

:

804

–

816

125.

Zimmer-Galler

IE

,

Kimura

AE

,

Gupta

S

.

Diabetic retinopathy screening and the use of telemedicine

.

Curr Opin Ophthalmol

2015

;

26

:

167

–

172