Persistent enterovirus B infection has been proposed as an important contributor to the etiology of type 1 diabetes. We leveraged extensive bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from α-, β-, and exocrine cells, as well as islet single-cell RNA-seq data from the Human Pancreas Analysis Program (HPAP), to evaluate the presence of enterovirus B sequences in the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes and prediabetes (no diabetes but positive for autoantibodies). We examined all available HPAP data for either assay type, including donors without diabetes and with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. To assess the presence of viral reads, we analyzed all reads not mapping to the human genome with the taxonomic classification system Kraken2 and its full viral database augmented to encompass representatives for all 28 enterovirus B serotypes for which a complete genome is available. As a secondary approach, we input the same sequence reads into the STAR aligner using these 28 enterovirus B genomes as the reference. No enterovirus B sequences were detected by either approach in any of the 243 bulk RNA libraries or in any of the 79 single-cell RNA libraries. While we cannot rule out the possibility of a very-low-grade persistent enterovirus B infection in the donors analyzed, our data do not support the notion of chronic viral infection by these viruses as a major driver of type 1 diabetes.

Article Highlights
  • Persistent enterovirus B infections of pancreatic islets have been suggested as a trigger for autoimmunity leading to type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible individuals.

  • Unbiased sequence-based analysis of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data from the Human Pancreas Analysis Program found no evidence for the presence of enterovirus B sequences in the human pancreas.

  • While our findings do not rule out the possibility of a very-low-grade persistent enterovirus B infection, our data do not support the notion of chronic viral infection by these viruses.

This article contains supplementary material online at https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.26356792.

All authors are affiliated with the Human Pancreas Analysis Program (https://hpap.pmacs.upenn.edu/).

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