Altered Platelet Membrane Dynamic Properties in Type 1 Diabetes

A modified platelet response to aggregating stimuli is supposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiopathy. We studied the fluidity and microheterogeneity of the external surface of the platelet membrane and the activities of the plasma membrane Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase in 21 men with type 1 diabetes and in 20 control subjects before and after in vitro thrombin addition. In the resting state, platelets from type 1 diabetic patients showed an increased fluidity and microheterogeneity of the platelet membrane, a higher Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, and a reduced Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in comparison with platelets from healthy subjects. The fatty acid composition was also modified, with increased C 16:1 and decreased C 18:0 content. Control cells incubated with thrombin showed a modification of the membrane parameters opposite to the response observed in type 1 cells after the stimulation. The incubation of control platelets in the resting state with high concentrations of glucose modified the fluidity of the plasma membrane Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities in an opposite way in comparison with the alterations observed in type 1 platelets. This study suggests that in type 1 diabetic patients, the platelet membrane responds to activation with a molecular remodeling different from the response of healthy subjects. The abnormal organization of the membrane might contribute to the altered platelet functions in type 1 diabetic patients, but acute exposure to high glucose levels does not seem able to modify the platelet membrane in the way observed in type 1 diabetes.