Mean litter percentages of selected externally observed malformations* secondary to ALX-induced (100 mg/kg, intravenous) maternal diabetes in C57BL/6J mice with and without the Sp allele
| Genotype mated . | Treatment . | Exencephaly ± SEM† . | Spina bifida aperta ± SEM† . | An/Microphthalmia ± SEM† . | Cardiovascular malformations ± SEM†‡ . | Axial skeletal malformations ± SEM† . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +/+ × +/+ | Control§ | 0 (88∥) | 0 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0 (45¶) | 6.8 ± 4.9 (43#) > |
| +/+ × Sp/+ | Control | 0 (72∥) | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 0 (37¶) | 0 (18#) |
| Sp/+ × +/+ | Control | 0 (124∥) | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 2.0 (62¶) | 2.9 ± 2.9 (62#〉 |
| +/+ × +/+ | Alloxan | 14.6 ± 5.0 (74∥)** | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 13.5 ± 4.4** | 19.0 ± 8.5 (41¶)** | 30.6 ± 10.2 (31#)** |
| +/+ × Sp/+ | Alloxan | 20.0 ± 4.4 (172∥)** | 9.4 ± 3.6**‡‡ | 11.1 ± 4.2** | 15.0 ± 4.6 (97¶)** | 28.3 ± 8.7 (59#)** |
| Sp/+ × +/+ | Alloxan | 33.6 ± 6.2 (74∥)**†† | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 27.1 ± 8.8** | 36.7 ± 10.7 (35¶)** | 59.7 ± 11.3 (28#)**‡‡ |
| Genotype mated . | Treatment . | Exencephaly ± SEM† . | Spina bifida aperta ± SEM† . | An/Microphthalmia ± SEM† . | Cardiovascular malformations ± SEM†‡ . | Axial skeletal malformations ± SEM† . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +/+ × +/+ | Control§ | 0 (88∥) | 0 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0 (45¶) | 6.8 ± 4.9 (43#) > |
| +/+ × Sp/+ | Control | 0 (72∥) | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 0 (37¶) | 0 (18#) |
| Sp/+ × +/+ | Control | 0 (124∥) | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 2.0 (62¶) | 2.9 ± 2.9 (62#〉 |
| +/+ × +/+ | Alloxan | 14.6 ± 5.0 (74∥)** | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 13.5 ± 4.4** | 19.0 ± 8.5 (41¶)** | 30.6 ± 10.2 (31#)** |
| +/+ × Sp/+ | Alloxan | 20.0 ± 4.4 (172∥)** | 9.4 ± 3.6**‡‡ | 11.1 ± 4.2** | 15.0 ± 4.6 (97¶)** | 28.3 ± 8.7 (59#)** |
| Sp/+ × +/+ | Alloxan | 33.6 ± 6.2 (74∥)**†† | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 27.1 ± 8.8** | 36.7 ± 10.7 (35¶)** | 59.7 ± 11.3 (28#)**‡‡ |
Infrequently occurring (i.e., not significantly different from the control value of zero) external malformations in litters from diabetic dams were aglossia, agnathia, encephalocele, micrognathia, cleft palate, cleft face, and one example each of astomia, low-set ears, left forelimb ectrodactyly, cleft lip, and omphalocele (many fetuses exhibited more than one malformation);
mean litter percentages ± SE of the mean;
other visceral malformations or variations, the incidence of which did not differ significantly from control values, in fetuses from diabetic dams included hydronephrosis, right-sided or midline esophagus, hydrocephaly, abnormal lung lobation, and one example each of small kidney, kidney agenesis, cryptorchidism, enlarged kidney, and double ureter;
+/+ × +/+ control animals treated with water (10 μl/g) on day 8 of gestation;
total number of fetuses analyzed for external malformations in this mating scheme;
total number of fetuses analyzed for visceral malformations in this mating scheme;
total number of fetuses analyzed for skeletal malformations in this mating scheme;
significantly different than the same-genotype control (P ≤ 0.05);
significantly different from ALX-diabetic +/+ × +/+ group (P ≤ 0.05);
significantly different than axial skeletal malformations in ALX-treated +/+ × Sp/+ (P ≤ 0.05).