American Diabetes Association

TABLE 1

A comparison of diabetes risk factors between case and control subjects^*

	Case subjects	Control subjects	P
n	642	995
Age (years)	54.51 ± 6.83	54.40 ± 6.81	0.74
BMI (kg/m²)	30.45 ± 5.62	27.22 ± 5.78	<0.001
Physical activity (metabolic equivalent hours/week)	12.40 ± 15.31	14.97 ± 17.98	0.002
Alcohol intake (g/day)	3.68 ± 6.93	6.07 ± 9.30	<0.001
Waist circumference (in)	35.48 ± 4.94	32.13 ± 4.87	<0.001
Ethnicity (Caucasian)	94.8	95.8	0.39
Current smoker	13.9	12.4	0.38
Postmenopausal status	75.7	74.1	0.46
Family history of diabetes (first-degree relatives)	47.5	22.1	<0.001
History of hypertension	48.6	28.6	<0.001
History of high cholesterol	32.4	24.5	0.0005
Biomarkers^†
Insulin (μU/ml)	13.67 ± 9.08	10.55 ± 6.22	<0.001
C-peptide (pm/ml)	0.99 ± 0.70	0.61 ± 0.40	<0.001
Proinsulin (fmol/ml)	26.51 ± 22.14	11.69 ± 8.88	<0.001

	Case subjects	Control subjects	P
n	642	995
Age (years)	54.51 ± 6.83	54.40 ± 6.81	0.74
BMI (kg/m²)	30.45 ± 5.62	27.22 ± 5.78	<0.001
Physical activity (metabolic equivalent hours/week)	12.40 ± 15.31	14.97 ± 17.98	0.002
Alcohol intake (g/day)	3.68 ± 6.93	6.07 ± 9.30	<0.001
Waist circumference (in)	35.48 ± 4.94	32.13 ± 4.87	<0.001
Ethnicity (Caucasian)	94.8	95.8	0.39
Current smoker	13.9	12.4	0.38
Postmenopausal status	75.7	74.1	0.46
Family history of diabetes (first-degree relatives)	47.5	22.1	<0.001
History of hypertension	48.6	28.6	<0.001
History of high cholesterol	32.4	24.5	0.0005
Biomarkers^†
Insulin (μU/ml)	13.67 ± 9.08	10.55 ± 6.22	<0.001
C-peptide (pm/ml)	0.99 ± 0.70	0.61 ± 0.40	<0.001
Proinsulin (fmol/ml)	26.51 ± 22.14	11.69 ± 8.88	<0.001

Data are means ± SD or percent.

Case and control subjects were matched for age, fasting status, and race.

†

The biomarker analyses included 432 case and 398 control subjects.