American Diabetes Association

TABLE 1

Characteristics of subjects

Characteristics	All subjects					Women
Characteristics		Metabolic syndrome	Control subjects	P	Metabolic syndrome	Control subjects	P	Metabolic syndrome	Control subjects	P
Age (years)	65.2 ± 10.1	65.9 ± 12.5	0.266	68.3 ± 10.0	64.1 ± 13.8	0.0227	63.7 ± 9.8	66.9 ± 11.6	0.0169
Sex (female/male)	33.0/67.1	35.8/64.2	0.2892
BMI (kg/m²)	25.3 ± 3.3	21.4 ± 2.2	<0.0001	25.2 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 2.4	<0.0001	25.4 ± 3.2	21.5 ± 2.1	<0.0001
Smoker (%)^*	22.7	15	0.0006	5.9	4.2	0.419	31	21.1	0.0015
Hypertension (%)^†	86.3	60.3	<0.0001	89.5	60.5	<0.0001	84.8	60.2	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	150.7 ± 27.7	133.7 ± 22.8	<0.0001	154.9 ± 30.1	134.4 ± 23.0	<0.0001	148.6 ± 26.1	133.3 ± 22.7	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	81.9 ± 15.6	69.6 ± 9.2	<0.0001	81.4 ± 16.2	70.2 ± 10.0	<0.0001	82.2 ± 15.2	69.3 ± 8.8	<0.0001
Hypercholesterolemia (%)^‡	61.6	43.8	<0.0001	67.9	53.9	0.0029	58.6	38.1	<0.0001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.37 ± 1.00	5.2 ± 0.91	0.013	5.62 ± 1.01	5.47 ± 0.87	0.0047	5.27 ± 0.98	5.06 ± 0.90	0.0189
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	2.3 ± 1.55	0.99 ± 0.33	<0.0001	2.02 ± 1.02	0.97 ± 0.32	<0.0001	2.43 ± 1.73	1.01 ± 0.33	<0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.13 ± 0.40	1.56 ± 0.36	<0.0001	1.24 ± 0.33	1.76 ± 0.38	<0.0001	1.08 ± 0.42	1.46 ± 0.31	<0.0001
Diabetes (%)^§	64.7	8.8	<0.0001	60.6	9	<0.0001	67.1	8.7	<0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l)	8.24 ± 3.8	4.99 ± 0.63	<0.0001	8.16 ± 3.63	4.99 ± 0.59	<0.0001	8.29 ± 3.88	4.98 ± 0.66	<0.0001
A1C (%)	7.14 ± 2.15	5.66 ± 1.76	<0.0001	7.22 ± 1.93	5.94 ± 2.41	0.0742	7.10 ± 2.26	5.54 ± 1.39	<0.0001

Characteristics	All subjects					Women
Characteristics		Metabolic syndrome	Control subjects	P	Metabolic syndrome	Control subjects	P	Metabolic syndrome	Control subjects	P
Age (years)	65.2 ± 10.1	65.9 ± 12.5	0.266	68.3 ± 10.0	64.1 ± 13.8	0.0227	63.7 ± 9.8	66.9 ± 11.6	0.0169
Sex (female/male)	33.0/67.1	35.8/64.2	0.2892
BMI (kg/m²)	25.3 ± 3.3	21.4 ± 2.2	<0.0001	25.2 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 2.4	<0.0001	25.4 ± 3.2	21.5 ± 2.1	<0.0001
Smoker (%)^*	22.7	15	0.0006	5.9	4.2	0.419	31	21.1	0.0015
Hypertension (%)^†	86.3	60.3	<0.0001	89.5	60.5	<0.0001	84.8	60.2	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	150.7 ± 27.7	133.7 ± 22.8	<0.0001	154.9 ± 30.1	134.4 ± 23.0	<0.0001	148.6 ± 26.1	133.3 ± 22.7	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	81.9 ± 15.6	69.6 ± 9.2	<0.0001	81.4 ± 16.2	70.2 ± 10.0	<0.0001	82.2 ± 15.2	69.3 ± 8.8	<0.0001
Hypercholesterolemia (%)^‡	61.6	43.8	<0.0001	67.9	53.9	0.0029	58.6	38.1	<0.0001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.37 ± 1.00	5.2 ± 0.91	0.013	5.62 ± 1.01	5.47 ± 0.87	0.0047	5.27 ± 0.98	5.06 ± 0.90	0.0189
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	2.3 ± 1.55	0.99 ± 0.33	<0.0001	2.02 ± 1.02	0.97 ± 0.32	<0.0001	2.43 ± 1.73	1.01 ± 0.33	<0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.13 ± 0.40	1.56 ± 0.36	<0.0001	1.24 ± 0.33	1.76 ± 0.38	<0.0001	1.08 ± 0.42	1.46 ± 0.31	<0.0001
Diabetes (%)^§	64.7	8.8	<0.0001	60.6	9	<0.0001	67.1	8.7	<0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l)	8.24 ± 3.8	4.99 ± 0.63	<0.0001	8.16 ± 3.63	4.99 ± 0.59	<0.0001	8.29 ± 3.88	4.98 ± 0.66	<0.0001
A1C (%)	7.14 ± 2.15	5.66 ± 1.76	<0.0001	7.22 ± 1.93	5.94 ± 2.41	0.0742	7.10 ± 2.26	5.54 ± 1.39	<0.0001

Data are means ± SD or percent.

Defined as smoking ≥10 cigarettes/day.

†

Defined as having systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, both, or taking antihypertensive medication.

‡

Defined as having serum total cholesterol ≥220 mg/dl (5.72 mmol/l) or taking lipid-lowering medication.

Defined as having fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl (6.93 mmol/l) or A1C ≥6.5%, both, or taking antidiabetic medication.