American Diabetes Association

TABLE 3

Integrated incretin hormone responses (total and intact GLP-1 and total and intact GIP) to oral glucose (50 g in 400 ml H₂O) and adjustable (isoglycemic) intravenous glucose infusion (20% wt/vol) in patients with chronic pancreatitis and secondary diabetes, patients with chronic pancreatitis and NGT, patients with type 2 diabetes, and healthy subjects

Integrated incretin hormone responses	Patients with chronic pancreatitis and diabetes	Patients with chronic pancreatitis and NGT	Patients with type 2 diabetes	Healthy subjects
n (F/M)	8/6	8/6	8/6	8/6
Total GLP-1 (nmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	3.3 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.3
Intravenous	0.5 ± 0.4	−0.1 ± 1.0	−0.5 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.1
Oral-intravenous	3.0 ± 0.8^*	2.7 ± 1.2^*	1.6 ± 0.4^*	0.9 ± 0.3^*
Intact GLP-1 (pmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	211 ± 138	161 ± 60	11 ± 130	138 ± 39
Intravenous	−103 ± 58	−176 ± 213	−167 ± 157	−98 ± 28
Oral-intravenous	314 ± 144^*	336 ± 207	177 ± 129	235 ± 53^*
Total GIP (nmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	10.6 ± 2.0^†	7.7 ± 2.3	5.4 ± 0.5^‡	6.3 ± 1.1^‡
Intravenous	−0.2 ± 0.3	−1.0 ± 0.5	−1.8 ± 0.7	−0.8 ± 0.3
Oral-intravenous	10.8 ± 2.0^*	8.7 ± 2.1^*	7.2 ± 0.8^*	7.1 ± 1.0^*
Intact GIP (pmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	4.0 ± 0.7^§	2.2 ± 0.5^‡	2.2 ± 0.3^‡	2.5 ± 0.5^‡
Intravenous	0.1 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.3	−0.2 ± 0.3	−0.8 ± 0.5
Oral-intravenous	3.8 ± 0.7^*	2.2 ± 0.5^*	2.4 ± 0.3^*	3.2 ± 0.3^*

Integrated incretin hormone responses	Patients with chronic pancreatitis and diabetes	Patients with chronic pancreatitis and NGT	Patients with type 2 diabetes	Healthy subjects
n (F/M)	8/6	8/6	8/6	8/6
Total GLP-1 (nmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	3.3 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.3
Intravenous	0.5 ± 0.4	−0.1 ± 1.0	−0.5 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.1
Oral-intravenous	3.0 ± 0.8^*	2.7 ± 1.2^*	1.6 ± 0.4^*	0.9 ± 0.3^*
Intact GLP-1 (pmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	211 ± 138	161 ± 60	11 ± 130	138 ± 39
Intravenous	−103 ± 58	−176 ± 213	−167 ± 157	−98 ± 28
Oral-intravenous	314 ± 144^*	336 ± 207	177 ± 129	235 ± 53^*
Total GIP (nmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	10.6 ± 2.0^†	7.7 ± 2.3	5.4 ± 0.5^‡	6.3 ± 1.1^‡
Intravenous	−0.2 ± 0.3	−1.0 ± 0.5	−1.8 ± 0.7	−0.8 ± 0.3
Oral-intravenous	10.8 ± 2.0^*	8.7 ± 2.1^*	7.2 ± 0.8^*	7.1 ± 1.0^*
Intact GIP (pmol/l × 4 h)
Oral	4.0 ± 0.7^§	2.2 ± 0.5^‡	2.2 ± 0.3^‡	2.5 ± 0.5^‡
Intravenous	0.1 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.3	−0.2 ± 0.3	−0.8 ± 0.5
Oral-intravenous	3.8 ± 0.7^*	2.2 ± 0.5^*	2.4 ± 0.3^*	3.2 ± 0.3^*

Data are means ± SE. Significant differences between incretin responses to oral glucose and isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion within each group (P < 0.05) and significant differences in incretin responses between the four groups are indicated.

P < 0.05;

†

P < 0.05 compared with patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy subjects;

‡

P < 0.05 compared with patients with chronic pancreatitis and diabetes;

P < 0.05 compared with patients with chronic pancreatitis and NGT, patients with type 2 diabetes, and healthy subjects.

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