American Diabetes Association

TABLE 2

Results of IVGTT, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and indirect calorimetry in male study participants before and after bed rest

	Before bed rest		After bed rest
	FDR group	CON group	FDR group	CON group
n	13	20	13	20
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)
Basal	4.8 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.4	4.8 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.4
Insulin-stimulated state	5.2 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.3
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l)*
Basal	32 ± 10	28 ± 10	51 ± 22†	37 ± 18†
Insulin-stimulated state	777 ± 126	769 ± 176	833 ± 160	832 ± 160
Fasting plasma C-peptide (pmol/l)
Basal	522 ± 117	376 ± 168‡	678 ± 201†	472 ± 187†§
Insulin-stimulated state	495 ± 156	323 ± 182‡	641 ± 238†	412 ± 212†§
Fasting plasma glycerol (μmol/l)*
Basal	65 ± 17	89 ± 35‡	67 ± 18	65 ± 28†
Insulin-stimulated state	26 ± 8	27 ± 16	28 ± 11	27 ± 10
Fasting plasma lactate (mmol/l)*
Basal	0.6 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.3†	0.7 ± 0.2
Insulin-stimulated state	1.1 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.2†
Fasting plasma free fatty acids (μmol/l)
Basal	366 ± 76	461 ± 227	283 ± 128	258 ± 131†
Insulin-stimulated state	10.8 ± 6.5	8.8 ± 4.2	11.5 ± 5.6	9.2 ± 4.5
M value (mg · min⁻¹ · kg body wt⁻¹)
Insulin-stimulated state	9.9 ± 2.0	11.3 ± 1.5‡	8.0 ± 2.2†	8.4 ± 1.7†
M value (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Insulin-stimulated state	13.9 ± 2.1	14.4 ± 1.7	11.1 ± 2.5†	10.7 ± 2.0†
Glucose oxidation rate (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Basal	1.8 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.7†	2.5 ± 0.9†
Insulin-stimulated state	4.7 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.7	4.3 ± 0.7
Fat oxidation rate (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Basal	0.9 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.3†	0.6 ± 0.4†
Insulin-stimulated state	0.01 ± 0.24	0.05 ± 0.28	-0.03 ± 0.28	0.05 ± 0.26
Nonoxidative glucose metabolism (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Insulin-stimulated state	9.2 ± 1.8	9.9 ± 1.7	6.6 ± 2.3†	6.5 ± 2.0†
Respiration quotient	0.83 ± 0.02	0.82 ± 0.03	0.87 ± 0.04†	0.86 ± 0.05†
Basal
Insulin-stimulated state	0.96 ± 0.03	0.95 ± 0.03	0.96 ± 0.04	0.95 ± 0.03
FPIR (pmol · l⁻¹ · min⁻¹)*	2,173 ± 1,704	1,866 ± 932	3,368 ± 4,047†	3,023 ± 1,702†
AUC_10min (pmol · l⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	2,440 ± 1,734	2,132 ± 967	3,766 ± 4,134†	3,355 ± 1,765†
PHI₁*	18.0 ± 12.7	17.2 ± 7.2	27.6 ± 24.2†	27.3 ± 13.5†

	Before bed rest		After bed rest
	FDR group	CON group	FDR group	CON group
n	13	20	13	20
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)
Basal	4.8 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.4	4.8 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.4
Insulin-stimulated state	5.2 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.3
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l)*
Basal	32 ± 10	28 ± 10	51 ± 22†	37 ± 18†
Insulin-stimulated state	777 ± 126	769 ± 176	833 ± 160	832 ± 160
Fasting plasma C-peptide (pmol/l)
Basal	522 ± 117	376 ± 168‡	678 ± 201†	472 ± 187†§
Insulin-stimulated state	495 ± 156	323 ± 182‡	641 ± 238†	412 ± 212†§
Fasting plasma glycerol (μmol/l)*
Basal	65 ± 17	89 ± 35‡	67 ± 18	65 ± 28†
Insulin-stimulated state	26 ± 8	27 ± 16	28 ± 11	27 ± 10
Fasting plasma lactate (mmol/l)*
Basal	0.6 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.3†	0.7 ± 0.2
Insulin-stimulated state	1.1 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.2†
Fasting plasma free fatty acids (μmol/l)
Basal	366 ± 76	461 ± 227	283 ± 128	258 ± 131†
Insulin-stimulated state	10.8 ± 6.5	8.8 ± 4.2	11.5 ± 5.6	9.2 ± 4.5
M value (mg · min⁻¹ · kg body wt⁻¹)
Insulin-stimulated state	9.9 ± 2.0	11.3 ± 1.5‡	8.0 ± 2.2†	8.4 ± 1.7†
M value (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Insulin-stimulated state	13.9 ± 2.1	14.4 ± 1.7	11.1 ± 2.5†	10.7 ± 2.0†
Glucose oxidation rate (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Basal	1.8 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.7†	2.5 ± 0.9†
Insulin-stimulated state	4.7 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.7	4.3 ± 0.7
Fat oxidation rate (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Basal	0.9 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.3†	0.6 ± 0.4†
Insulin-stimulated state	0.01 ± 0.24	0.05 ± 0.28	-0.03 ± 0.28	0.05 ± 0.26
Nonoxidative glucose metabolism (mg · min⁻¹ · FFM⁻¹)
Insulin-stimulated state	9.2 ± 1.8	9.9 ± 1.7	6.6 ± 2.3†	6.5 ± 2.0†
Respiration quotient	0.83 ± 0.02	0.82 ± 0.03	0.87 ± 0.04†	0.86 ± 0.05†
Basal
Insulin-stimulated state	0.96 ± 0.03	0.95 ± 0.03	0.96 ± 0.04	0.95 ± 0.03
FPIR (pmol · l⁻¹ · min⁻¹)*	2,173 ± 1,704	1,866 ± 932	3,368 ± 4,047†	3,023 ± 1,702†
AUC_10min (pmol · l⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	2,440 ± 1,734	2,132 ± 967	3,766 ± 4,134†	3,355 ± 1,765†
PHI₁*	18.0 ± 12.7	17.2 ± 7.2	27.6 ± 24.2†	27.3 ± 13.5†

Data are means ± SD. Respiration quotient = V_CO2/Vo₂; FPIR = incremental area; AUC_10min = total area under the IVGTT curve in the first 10 min; PHI₁ = AUC_insulin/AUC_glucose.

*Log-transformed data.

†Significant difference before versus after bed rest; P < 0.05.

‡Significant difference between FDR and CON groups before bed rest, P < 0.05.

§Significant difference between FDR and CON groups after bed rest, P < 0.05.

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