Concentrations of fasting plasma glucose and prevalence rates of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes by birth cohort and severity of the Chinese famine area
| . | Childhood-exposed cohorts* . | Fetal-exposed cohort . | Nonexposed cohort . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late childhood . | Mid childhood . | Early childhood . | |||
| Fasting plasma glucose | |||||
| Severely affected famine area | |||||
| Mean (SE, mmol/l) | 4.95 (0.07) | 4.84 (0.04) | 4.87 (0.05) | 4.95 (0.07) | 4.75 (0.03) |
| P | 0.008 | 0.059 | 0.037 | 0.007 | Ref. |
| Less severely affected famine area | |||||
| Mean (SE, mmol/l) | 5.09 (0.09) | 4.97 (0.08) | 4.88 (0.04) | 4.73 (0.04) | 4.81 (0.05) |
| P | 0.011 | 0.113 | 0.321 | 0.234 | Ref. |
| P for interaction between area and cohort | 0.898 | 0.793 | 0.271 | <0.0001 | |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 5.19 | 2.68 | 3.76 | 7.29 | 2.02 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.38 (1.11–5.11) | 1.21 (0.57–2.55) | 1.77 (0.82–3.83) | 3.92 (1.64–9.39) | Ref. |
| Less severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 7.17 | 5.22 | 4.34 | 2.14 | 3.46 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.27 (1.02–5.06) | 1.94 (0.80–4.72) | 1.16 (0.56–2.40) | 0.57 (0.25–1.31) | Ref. |
| P for interaction between area and cohort | 0.542 | 0.766 | 0.341 | 0.001 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||
| Severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 3.51 | 1.19 | 2.90 | 2.01 | 1.37 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.51 (0.91–6.87) | 0.75 (0.26–2.12) | 2.07 (0.82–5.24) | 1.43 (0.53–3.87) | Ref. |
| Less severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 4.60 | 2.99 | 2.48 | 1.08 | 2.08 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.34 (0.72–7.62) | 1.86 (0.53–6.45) | 1.02 (0.35–2.93) | 0.41 (0.12–1.35) | Ref. |
| P for interaction between area and cohort | 0.606 | 0.424 | 0.243 | 0.102 | |
| . | Childhood-exposed cohorts* . | Fetal-exposed cohort . | Nonexposed cohort . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late childhood . | Mid childhood . | Early childhood . | |||
| Fasting plasma glucose | |||||
| Severely affected famine area | |||||
| Mean (SE, mmol/l) | 4.95 (0.07) | 4.84 (0.04) | 4.87 (0.05) | 4.95 (0.07) | 4.75 (0.03) |
| P | 0.008 | 0.059 | 0.037 | 0.007 | Ref. |
| Less severely affected famine area | |||||
| Mean (SE, mmol/l) | 5.09 (0.09) | 4.97 (0.08) | 4.88 (0.04) | 4.73 (0.04) | 4.81 (0.05) |
| P | 0.011 | 0.113 | 0.321 | 0.234 | Ref. |
| P for interaction between area and cohort | 0.898 | 0.793 | 0.271 | <0.0001 | |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 5.19 | 2.68 | 3.76 | 7.29 | 2.02 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.38 (1.11–5.11) | 1.21 (0.57–2.55) | 1.77 (0.82–3.83) | 3.92 (1.64–9.39) | Ref. |
| Less severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 7.17 | 5.22 | 4.34 | 2.14 | 3.46 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.27 (1.02–5.06) | 1.94 (0.80–4.72) | 1.16 (0.56–2.40) | 0.57 (0.25–1.31) | Ref. |
| P for interaction between area and cohort | 0.542 | 0.766 | 0.341 | 0.001 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||
| Severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 3.51 | 1.19 | 2.90 | 2.01 | 1.37 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.51 (0.91–6.87) | 0.75 (0.26–2.12) | 2.07 (0.82–5.24) | 1.43 (0.53–3.87) | Ref. |
| Less severely affected famine area | |||||
| Prevalence (%) | 4.60 | 2.99 | 2.48 | 1.08 | 2.08 |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.34 (0.72–7.62) | 1.86 (0.53–6.45) | 1.02 (0.35–2.93) | 0.41 (0.12–1.35) | Ref. |
| P for interaction between area and cohort | 0.606 | 0.424 | 0.243 | 0.102 | |
*Data are adjusted means (SE) for fasting plasma glucose, sex standard prevalence, and odds ratio for hyperglycemia and diabetes. All odds ratios use a nonexposed cohort as the reference cohort. Adjusted factors included sex, education level, family history of diabetes, and current smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity level.