Descriptive characteristics of the 14 participating cohorts
| Cohorts . | N . | Age (years) . | Women (%) . | Fasting glucose (mmol/L)* . | Dietary zinc intake (mg/day) . | Total zinc intake (mg/day) . | Zinc supplement users (%) . | BMI (kg/m2) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FHS | 5,835 | 46.1 (11.5) | 54.7 | 5.2 (0.5) | 12.4 (5.2) | 15.9 (11.2) | 21.8 | 26.7 (5.0) |
| MDC | 4,867 | 57.5 (5.9) | 60.0 | 5.5 (0.5) | 11.4 (3.4) | 13.4 (6.1) | 18.1 | 25.4 (3.8) |
| FamHS | 2,094 | 50.1 (13.1) | 55.5 | 5.2 (0.5) | 11.4 (5.6) | — | — | 27.3 (5.1) |
| CHS | 1,755 | 71.2 (4.5) | 63.8 | 5.1 (0.6) | 11.2 (6.3) | 17.3 (16.5) | 26.0 | 26.4 (4.3) |
| InCHIANTI | 1,071 | 67.7 (15.8) | 56.3 | 4.8 (0.6) | 10.9 (3.4) | — | 0 | 27.0 (4.1) |
| Rotterdam Study | 2,345 | 65.4 (6.6) | 58.3 | 5.5 (0.5) | 10.7 (2.7) | — | 0 | 26.5 (4.0) |
| ARIC | 6,088 | 60.2 (5.6) | 54.4 | 5.5 (0.6) | 10.5 (4.5) | 13.9 (11.0) | 18.5 | 27.6 (5.0) |
| PIVUS† | 770 | 70.2 (0.2) | 51.0 | 5.0 (0.6) | 10.4 (2.6) | — | — | 26.8 (4.1) |
| Health ABC | 1,263 | 74.8 (2.9) | 50.6 | 5.1 (0.6) | 10.3 (5.1) | — | — | 26.2 (4.0) |
| Fenland Study | 1,071 | 45.0 (7.3) | 56.1 | 4.9 (0.5) | 9.4 (3.0) | — | — | 27.0 (4.9) |
| ULSAM‡ | 931 | 71.0 (0.6) | 0.0 | 5.4 (0.6) | 9.3 (2.4) | — | — | 26.0 (3.2) |
| GHRAS§ | 856 | 71.8 (7.5) | 71.2 | 5.8 (1.6) | 8.9 (2.7) | — | 0 | 29.7 (4.8) |
| GENDAI‖ | 1,087 | 11.2 (0.7) | 53.2 | 4.8 (0.5) | 8.7 (3.4) | — | 0 | 20.0 (3.4) |
| GLACIER¶ | 15,988 | 52.3 (8.8) | 60.2 | 5.4 (0.6) | 8.3 (3.0) | 8.7 (3.3) | 8.3 | 25.9 (4.1) |
| Cohorts . | N . | Age (years) . | Women (%) . | Fasting glucose (mmol/L)* . | Dietary zinc intake (mg/day) . | Total zinc intake (mg/day) . | Zinc supplement users (%) . | BMI (kg/m2) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FHS | 5,835 | 46.1 (11.5) | 54.7 | 5.2 (0.5) | 12.4 (5.2) | 15.9 (11.2) | 21.8 | 26.7 (5.0) |
| MDC | 4,867 | 57.5 (5.9) | 60.0 | 5.5 (0.5) | 11.4 (3.4) | 13.4 (6.1) | 18.1 | 25.4 (3.8) |
| FamHS | 2,094 | 50.1 (13.1) | 55.5 | 5.2 (0.5) | 11.4 (5.6) | — | — | 27.3 (5.1) |
| CHS | 1,755 | 71.2 (4.5) | 63.8 | 5.1 (0.6) | 11.2 (6.3) | 17.3 (16.5) | 26.0 | 26.4 (4.3) |
| InCHIANTI | 1,071 | 67.7 (15.8) | 56.3 | 4.8 (0.6) | 10.9 (3.4) | — | 0 | 27.0 (4.1) |
| Rotterdam Study | 2,345 | 65.4 (6.6) | 58.3 | 5.5 (0.5) | 10.7 (2.7) | — | 0 | 26.5 (4.0) |
| ARIC | 6,088 | 60.2 (5.6) | 54.4 | 5.5 (0.6) | 10.5 (4.5) | 13.9 (11.0) | 18.5 | 27.6 (5.0) |
| PIVUS† | 770 | 70.2 (0.2) | 51.0 | 5.0 (0.6) | 10.4 (2.6) | — | — | 26.8 (4.1) |
| Health ABC | 1,263 | 74.8 (2.9) | 50.6 | 5.1 (0.6) | 10.3 (5.1) | — | — | 26.2 (4.0) |
| Fenland Study | 1,071 | 45.0 (7.3) | 56.1 | 4.9 (0.5) | 9.4 (3.0) | — | — | 27.0 (4.9) |
| ULSAM‡ | 931 | 71.0 (0.6) | 0.0 | 5.4 (0.6) | 9.3 (2.4) | — | — | 26.0 (3.2) |
| GHRAS§ | 856 | 71.8 (7.5) | 71.2 | 5.8 (1.6) | 8.9 (2.7) | — | 0 | 29.7 (4.8) |
| GENDAI‖ | 1,087 | 11.2 (0.7) | 53.2 | 4.8 (0.5) | 8.7 (3.4) | — | 0 | 20.0 (3.4) |
| GLACIER¶ | 15,988 | 52.3 (8.8) | 60.2 | 5.4 (0.6) | 8.3 (3.0) | 8.7 (3.3) | 8.3 | 25.9 (4.1) |
Data are means (SD). —, not available.
*Fasting glucose was measured at the baseline examination (when dietary assessment was conducted) in all cohorts, except for the MDC study and Rotterdam Study, in which fasting glucose was measured ~7 months and 6 years, respectively, after the dietary assessment and for the ARIC study, in which examination “three” dietary/supplement data and glucose measurements were used.
†Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors;
‡Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men;
§Greek Health Randomized Aging Study;
‖Gene-Diet Investigation on Childhood Obesity;
¶Gene-Lifestyle Interactions and Complex Traits Involved in Elevated Disease Risk.