Overview of pediatric and pregnancy COVID-19 clinical cohorts
| Study . | Location . | Participants (n) . | Diabetes findings . | Comorbidities findings* . | Select laboratory findings** . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shekerdemian et al. (47) | U.S., Canada | 48 pediatric patients admitted to PICUs | 8% had diabetes | 83% had significant comorbidities: 15% were obese, 6% had congenital heart disease | Not examined |
| Chao et al. (48) | NYC | 21 pediatric outpatients, 33 to GPMU, 13 to PICU | Diabetes noted in critical illness (3 of 13) but not significantly correlated to PICU | Obesity prevalent in critical illness (3 of 13) but not significantly correlated to PICU | Lower AST and elevated CRP, PCT, and pro-BNP in PICU vs. non-PICU patients |
| Zachariah et al. (49) | NYC | 50 hospitalized pediatric patients | Diabetes did not raise the risk of severe disease, but few patients had diabetes (n = 3) | Significantly more patients were obese with severe (67%) vs. nonsevere (20%) COVID-19 (P = 0.03) | Elevated CRP and PCT in severe vs. nonsevere COVID-19 |
| Otto et al. (50) | U.S. | 424 patients age 0–21 years, of whom 77 were hospitalized | Diabetes noted infrequently | 13% of all patients were obese | Not examined |
| Ebekozien et al. (51) | U.S. | 33 COVID-19 positive, 31 COVID-19–like T1D pediatric and adult patients | Hyperglycemia and DKA were common adverse outcomes | Obesity was prevalent; CVD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia also present | Not examined |
| Sentilhes et al. (52) | France | 54 pregnant females | Only four had gestational diabetes mellitus; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | Obesity may be a risk; only two had gestational hypertension; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | Elevated ALT, AST, CRP, and lymphopenia in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
| Lokken et al. (53) | WA | 46 pregnant females | Only one had gestational diabetes mellitus; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | 26.1% had an underlying condition; two-thirds were overweight (28.6%, n = 12) or obese (35.7%, n = 15) by prepregnancy BMI; 15% developed severe disease, of whom 80% were overweight or obese by prepregnancy BMI; only two had gestational hypertension; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | Not examined at population level |
| Knight et al. (54) | U.K. | 427 pregnant females | 3% had diabetes, 12% had gestational diabetes mellitus,; no analysis performed for disease severity | 35% overweight, 34% obese, 34% preexisting comorbidities; no analysis performed for disease severity | Not examined |
| Kayem et al. (55) | France | 617 pregnant females | Preexisting diabetes (2.3% prevalence in total population) raised the risk of severe disease, RR 3.8 (95% CI 1.4–10.7), but not gestational diabetes mellitus (11.5% prevalence) | BMI (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.4–2.5]), hypertension, gestational hypertension or preeclampsia were more common in severe disease | Not examined |
| Study . | Location . | Participants (n) . | Diabetes findings . | Comorbidities findings* . | Select laboratory findings** . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shekerdemian et al. (47) | U.S., Canada | 48 pediatric patients admitted to PICUs | 8% had diabetes | 83% had significant comorbidities: 15% were obese, 6% had congenital heart disease | Not examined |
| Chao et al. (48) | NYC | 21 pediatric outpatients, 33 to GPMU, 13 to PICU | Diabetes noted in critical illness (3 of 13) but not significantly correlated to PICU | Obesity prevalent in critical illness (3 of 13) but not significantly correlated to PICU | Lower AST and elevated CRP, PCT, and pro-BNP in PICU vs. non-PICU patients |
| Zachariah et al. (49) | NYC | 50 hospitalized pediatric patients | Diabetes did not raise the risk of severe disease, but few patients had diabetes (n = 3) | Significantly more patients were obese with severe (67%) vs. nonsevere (20%) COVID-19 (P = 0.03) | Elevated CRP and PCT in severe vs. nonsevere COVID-19 |
| Otto et al. (50) | U.S. | 424 patients age 0–21 years, of whom 77 were hospitalized | Diabetes noted infrequently | 13% of all patients were obese | Not examined |
| Ebekozien et al. (51) | U.S. | 33 COVID-19 positive, 31 COVID-19–like T1D pediatric and adult patients | Hyperglycemia and DKA were common adverse outcomes | Obesity was prevalent; CVD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia also present | Not examined |
| Sentilhes et al. (52) | France | 54 pregnant females | Only four had gestational diabetes mellitus; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | Obesity may be a risk; only two had gestational hypertension; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | Elevated ALT, AST, CRP, and lymphopenia in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
| Lokken et al. (53) | WA | 46 pregnant females | Only one had gestational diabetes mellitus; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | 26.1% had an underlying condition; two-thirds were overweight (28.6%, n = 12) or obese (35.7%, n = 15) by prepregnancy BMI; 15% developed severe disease, of whom 80% were overweight or obese by prepregnancy BMI; only two had gestational hypertension; sample size too small for any potential link to COVID-19 | Not examined at population level |
| Knight et al. (54) | U.K. | 427 pregnant females | 3% had diabetes, 12% had gestational diabetes mellitus,; no analysis performed for disease severity | 35% overweight, 34% obese, 34% preexisting comorbidities; no analysis performed for disease severity | Not examined |
| Kayem et al. (55) | France | 617 pregnant females | Preexisting diabetes (2.3% prevalence in total population) raised the risk of severe disease, RR 3.8 (95% CI 1.4–10.7), but not gestational diabetes mellitus (11.5% prevalence) | BMI (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.4–2.5]), hypertension, gestational hypertension or preeclampsia were more common in severe disease | Not examined |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; GPMU, general pediatric medical unit; T1D, type 1 diabetes.
Conditions comorbid with diabetes considered.
Select laboratory findings for significant differences reported in immune cell populations, cytokines, and biomarkers of infection and kidney, liver, and cardiac damage. Changes were reported if there were significant differences in either mean values or in the number of patients above a cutoff value.