Demographics and results
| . | UC . | RT-CGM . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | (n = 53) . | (n = 57) . | P value . |
| Baseline demographicsa | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 60.94 (12.37) | 62.88 (14.01) | 0.5946 |
| Male, n (%) | 23 (43.4) | 27 (47.4) | 0.6759 |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 42 (80.8) | 39 (68.4) | 0.5620 |
| T2D duration, years, mean (SD) | 18.51 (12.04) | 16.23 (9.74) | 0.5653 |
| Clinical characteristics at admissiona | |||
| HbA1c, % | 8.65 (7.68–10.53) | 9.5 (7.6–11.1) | 0.7957 |
| POC, mg/dL | 245.5 (196.5–298.25) | 261 (213–315) | 0.7957 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.70–1.90) | 1.00 (0.60–2.10) | 0.7956 |
| Hematocrit, %, mean (SD) | 36.42 (6.08) | 36.11 (7.02) | 0.8012 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 0.8012 | ||
| <30 | 15 (28.3) | 17 (29.8) | |
| 30–45 | 6 (11.3) | 5 (8.8) | |
| 46–60 | 3 (5.7) | 1 (1.8) | |
| >60 | 29 (54.7) | 34 (59.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.65 (25.27–36.20) | 29.9 (25.02–33.40) | 0.7957 |
| Primary admission diagnosis, n (%) | 0.3199 | ||
| Infection | 27 (50.9) | 23 (40.4) | |
| Cardiac | 4 (7.6) | 11 (19.3) | |
| Diabetes, glucose-related | 6 (11.3) | 10 (17.5) | |
| Pulmonary, noninfection | 4 (7.6) | 9 (15.8) | |
| Orthopedic | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 9 (17.0) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Hospitalization statistics | |||
| Length of stay, days | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.9880 |
| Glucose-affecting medications, n (%)b | |||
| Steroids | 14 (26.4) | 16 (28.1) | 0.9490 |
| Psychotropics | 11 (20.8) | 5 (8.8) | 0.6545 |
| Quinolones | 6 (11.3) | 3 (5.3) | 0.8360 |
| Dextrose-containing fluids | 19 (35.9) | 24 (42.1) | 0.8360 |
| Other | 2 (3.8) | 1 (1.8) | 0.9490 |
| Insulin dosing, units/kg/day | |||
| Long-acting | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) | 0.26 (0.19–0.32) | 0.9094 |
| Rapid-acting | 0.31 (0.20–0.40) | 0.26 (0.18–0.36) | 0.9094 |
| Total | 0.50 (0.31–0.70) | 0.53 (0.33–0.64) | 0.9094 |
| Glucose outcomesc | |||
| POC, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 212.40 (45.91) | 191.50 (38.89) | 0.0115 |
| CGM | |||
| CGM duration, in h | 47.75 (25.92–80.42) | 51.00 (25.33–96.25) | 0.8091 |
| Mean glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 238.05 (45.26) | 219.51 (43.75) | 0.0311 |
| SD glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 57.16 (19.44) | 54.58 (16.94) | 0.7041 |
| CV glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 24.78 (9.20) | 25.41 (8.07) | 0.7041 |
| % TIR | |||
| 70–180 mg/dL | 19.89 (3.34–40.09) | 25.31 (11.78–42.97) | 0.1460 |
| 70–200 mg/dL | 33.38 (10.90–55.74) | 42.82 (25.66–58.53) | 0.0615 |
| 70–250 mg/dL | 63.95 (31.25–77.95) | 72.83 (59.03–83.57) | 0.0404 |
| % Hyperglycemia | |||
| >250 mg/dL | 32.96 (20.40–68.75) | 27.00 (16.01–40.97) | 0.0403 |
| >300 mg/dL | 13.10 (2.90–39.40) | 7.33 (2.03–18.54) | 0.0512 |
| % Hypoglycemia | |||
| <70 mg/dL | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.2680 |
| <54 mg/dL | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.8093 |
| Hypoglycemic eventsd | |||
| N (%) with ≥1 event(s) | |||
| <70 mg/dL | 5 (9.43) | 11 (19.3) | |
| <54 mg/dL | 2 (3.77) | 4 (7.02) | |
| Number of eventse | |||
| <70 mg/dL | 2.00 (1.00–4.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.50) | |
| <54 mg/dL | 3.50 (2.75–4.25) | 1.00 (1.00–2.25) | |
| Duration of eventse | |||
| <70 mg/dL | |||
| Number of readings | 19.00 (15.00–20.25) | 9.00 (7.50–11.00) | |
| Time, in min | 95.00 (75.00–101.25) | 45.00 (37.50–55.00) | |
| <54 mg/dL | |||
| Number of readings | 9.40 (7.20–11.60) | 7.92 (7.38–12) | |
| Time, in min | 47.00 (36.00–58.00) | 39.59 (36.88–60) |
| . | UC . | RT-CGM . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | (n = 53) . | (n = 57) . | P value . |
| Baseline demographicsa | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 60.94 (12.37) | 62.88 (14.01) | 0.5946 |
| Male, n (%) | 23 (43.4) | 27 (47.4) | 0.6759 |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 42 (80.8) | 39 (68.4) | 0.5620 |
| T2D duration, years, mean (SD) | 18.51 (12.04) | 16.23 (9.74) | 0.5653 |
| Clinical characteristics at admissiona | |||
| HbA1c, % | 8.65 (7.68–10.53) | 9.5 (7.6–11.1) | 0.7957 |
| POC, mg/dL | 245.5 (196.5–298.25) | 261 (213–315) | 0.7957 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.70–1.90) | 1.00 (0.60–2.10) | 0.7956 |
| Hematocrit, %, mean (SD) | 36.42 (6.08) | 36.11 (7.02) | 0.8012 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 0.8012 | ||
| <30 | 15 (28.3) | 17 (29.8) | |
| 30–45 | 6 (11.3) | 5 (8.8) | |
| 46–60 | 3 (5.7) | 1 (1.8) | |
| >60 | 29 (54.7) | 34 (59.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.65 (25.27–36.20) | 29.9 (25.02–33.40) | 0.7957 |
| Primary admission diagnosis, n (%) | 0.3199 | ||
| Infection | 27 (50.9) | 23 (40.4) | |
| Cardiac | 4 (7.6) | 11 (19.3) | |
| Diabetes, glucose-related | 6 (11.3) | 10 (17.5) | |
| Pulmonary, noninfection | 4 (7.6) | 9 (15.8) | |
| Orthopedic | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 9 (17.0) | 4 (7.0) | |
| Hospitalization statistics | |||
| Length of stay, days | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.9880 |
| Glucose-affecting medications, n (%)b | |||
| Steroids | 14 (26.4) | 16 (28.1) | 0.9490 |
| Psychotropics | 11 (20.8) | 5 (8.8) | 0.6545 |
| Quinolones | 6 (11.3) | 3 (5.3) | 0.8360 |
| Dextrose-containing fluids | 19 (35.9) | 24 (42.1) | 0.8360 |
| Other | 2 (3.8) | 1 (1.8) | 0.9490 |
| Insulin dosing, units/kg/day | |||
| Long-acting | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) | 0.26 (0.19–0.32) | 0.9094 |
| Rapid-acting | 0.31 (0.20–0.40) | 0.26 (0.18–0.36) | 0.9094 |
| Total | 0.50 (0.31–0.70) | 0.53 (0.33–0.64) | 0.9094 |
| Glucose outcomesc | |||
| POC, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 212.40 (45.91) | 191.50 (38.89) | 0.0115 |
| CGM | |||
| CGM duration, in h | 47.75 (25.92–80.42) | 51.00 (25.33–96.25) | 0.8091 |
| Mean glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 238.05 (45.26) | 219.51 (43.75) | 0.0311 |
| SD glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 57.16 (19.44) | 54.58 (16.94) | 0.7041 |
| CV glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 24.78 (9.20) | 25.41 (8.07) | 0.7041 |
| % TIR | |||
| 70–180 mg/dL | 19.89 (3.34–40.09) | 25.31 (11.78–42.97) | 0.1460 |
| 70–200 mg/dL | 33.38 (10.90–55.74) | 42.82 (25.66–58.53) | 0.0615 |
| 70–250 mg/dL | 63.95 (31.25–77.95) | 72.83 (59.03–83.57) | 0.0404 |
| % Hyperglycemia | |||
| >250 mg/dL | 32.96 (20.40–68.75) | 27.00 (16.01–40.97) | 0.0403 |
| >300 mg/dL | 13.10 (2.90–39.40) | 7.33 (2.03–18.54) | 0.0512 |
| % Hypoglycemia | |||
| <70 mg/dL | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.2680 |
| <54 mg/dL | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.8093 |
| Hypoglycemic eventsd | |||
| N (%) with ≥1 event(s) | |||
| <70 mg/dL | 5 (9.43) | 11 (19.3) | |
| <54 mg/dL | 2 (3.77) | 4 (7.02) | |
| Number of eventse | |||
| <70 mg/dL | 2.00 (1.00–4.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.50) | |
| <54 mg/dL | 3.50 (2.75–4.25) | 1.00 (1.00–2.25) | |
| Duration of eventse | |||
| <70 mg/dL | |||
| Number of readings | 19.00 (15.00–20.25) | 9.00 (7.50–11.00) | |
| Time, in min | 95.00 (75.00–101.25) | 45.00 (37.50–55.00) | |
| <54 mg/dL | |||
| Number of readings | 9.40 (7.20–11.60) | 7.92 (7.38–12) | |
| Time, in min | 47.00 (36.00–58.00) | 39.59 (36.88–60) |
Data are median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified. All reported P values are two-sided. Multiple comparisons within outcomes were accounted for using the false-discovery rate adjustment. CV, coefficient of variation.
aAs a result of missing data at admission, the following represent the sample sizes for each: Hispanic (n = 52, 57), T2D duration (n = 51, 56), HbA1c (n = 44, 49), POC (n = 52, 55), and BMI (n = 48, 56), in UC and RT-CGM, respectively. bStatistics reflect the n (%) of participants who were administered the glucose-affecting medication at any time during the hospitalization. cReported P values are derived from unadjusted linear regression models for each outcome with group as a fixed effect, except for both % hypoglycemia measures, which were derived from Mann-Whitney U tests due to skewed distribution. dDefined as four or more consecutive values below respective threshold. eAs a result of the low frequency of events in the overall sample, data are presented for participants with one or more hypoglycemic event. P values are not presented due to small n in these subanalyses.