Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants with type 2 diabetes assigned randomly to the intervention or control group
| . | Control group . | Intervention group . |
|---|---|---|
| N | 48 | 53 |
| Sex, male/female (%) | 58.3/41.7 | 69.8/30.2 |
| Age (years) | 65.94 (8.42) | 67.55 (6.69) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 21.53 (8.29) | 22.1 (7.00) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.31 (5.0) | 29.65 (4.5) |
| HbA1c (%), percent in range | 8.34 (0.74) | 8.68 (0.87) |
| 7–7.5 | 14.6 | 7.5 |
| 7.5–8.5 | 43.8 | 41.5 |
| 8.5–10 | 39.6 | 41.5 |
| >10 | 2.08 | 9.43 |
| Fasting BG (mg/dL) | 157.8 (51.17) | 167.5 (72.34) |
| Total insulin (units/day) | 70.6 (38.4) | 74.2 (47.1) |
| Short-acting insulin (units/day) | 31.1 (21.2) | 36.1 (31.4) |
| Number of meal injections per day (%) | ||
| 1 | 4 | 3 |
| 2 | 6 | 9 |
| 3 | 34 | 36 |
| 4 | 1 | 2 |
| MIX insulin | 3 | 3 |
| Number of MIX injections per day | BID 1, TID 2 | BID 2, TID 1 |
| Metformin (%) | 72.9 | 71.7 |
| DPP4 inhibitors (%) | 14.6 | 7.5 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (%) | 27.7 | 24.5 |
| GLP 1-RA (%) | 31.3 | 35.8 |
| Sulphonylurea (%) | 4.2 | 0.0 |
| Aspirin (%) | 62.5 | 62.3 |
| β-Blockers (%) | 29.2 | 43.4 |
| ACEi/ARBs (%) | 81.3 | 79.2 |
| CCB (%) | 33.3 | 28.3 |
| Statin treatment (%) | 66.7 | 84.9 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 29.2 | 24.5 |
| Diabetic nephropathy (%) | 39.6 | 34.0 |
| . | Control group . | Intervention group . |
|---|---|---|
| N | 48 | 53 |
| Sex, male/female (%) | 58.3/41.7 | 69.8/30.2 |
| Age (years) | 65.94 (8.42) | 67.55 (6.69) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 21.53 (8.29) | 22.1 (7.00) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.31 (5.0) | 29.65 (4.5) |
| HbA1c (%), percent in range | 8.34 (0.74) | 8.68 (0.87) |
| 7–7.5 | 14.6 | 7.5 |
| 7.5–8.5 | 43.8 | 41.5 |
| 8.5–10 | 39.6 | 41.5 |
| >10 | 2.08 | 9.43 |
| Fasting BG (mg/dL) | 157.8 (51.17) | 167.5 (72.34) |
| Total insulin (units/day) | 70.6 (38.4) | 74.2 (47.1) |
| Short-acting insulin (units/day) | 31.1 (21.2) | 36.1 (31.4) |
| Number of meal injections per day (%) | ||
| 1 | 4 | 3 |
| 2 | 6 | 9 |
| 3 | 34 | 36 |
| 4 | 1 | 2 |
| MIX insulin | 3 | 3 |
| Number of MIX injections per day | BID 1, TID 2 | BID 2, TID 1 |
| Metformin (%) | 72.9 | 71.7 |
| DPP4 inhibitors (%) | 14.6 | 7.5 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (%) | 27.7 | 24.5 |
| GLP 1-RA (%) | 31.3 | 35.8 |
| Sulphonylurea (%) | 4.2 | 0.0 |
| Aspirin (%) | 62.5 | 62.3 |
| β-Blockers (%) | 29.2 | 43.4 |
| ACEi/ARBs (%) | 81.3 | 79.2 |
| CCB (%) | 33.3 | 28.3 |
| Statin treatment (%) | 66.7 | 84.9 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 29.2 | 24.5 |
| Diabetic nephropathy (%) | 39.6 | 34.0 |
Data are means (SD) unless stated otherwise. ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BID, twice a day; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DPP4, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; GLP 1-RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; MIX, mixed insulin with NPH insulin and short analogue insulin lispo in 50:50 and/or 75:25 ratio; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2; TID, 3 times a day.