Summary of weight change and fasting metabolic parameters for responder, nonresponder, diabetic control, and NDC groups at baseline and 5, 12, and 24 months
| . | Baseline . | 5 months . | 12 months . | 24 months . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | ||||
| Responders | 39 | 39 | 28 | 20 |
| Nonresponders | 18 | 18 | 16 | 12 |
| Control | 26 | 23 | 20 | 19 |
| NDC | — | 25 | — | — |
| Weight (kg) | ||||
| Responders | 100.4 ± 16.6 | 84.0 ± 13.4; P < 0.0001 | 85.5 ± 16.2; P < 0.0001 | 88.8 ± 17.7; P = 0.016 |
| Nonresponders | 102.1 ± 18.8 | 88.7 ± 18.8; P = 0.008 | 92.5 ± 18.3; P = 0.050 | 90.3 ± 14.6; P = 0.028 |
| Control | 96.7 ± 11.8 | 95.8 ± 12.8 | 95.2 ± 14.4 | 95.0 ± 13.9 |
| NDC | — | 86.6 ± 14.9 | — | — |
| Weight loss (%) | ||||
| Responders | — | 16.0 ± 6.1; P < 0.0001 | 14.3 ± 6.9; P < 0.0001 | 10.5 ± 6.1; P = 0.016 |
| Nonresponders | — | 13.2 ± 6.1; P = 0.008 | 9.4 ± 5.2; P = 0.050 | 8.3 ± 4.5; P = 0.028 |
| Control | — | 1.1 ± 3.1 | 0.8 ± 4.4 | 1.7 ± 5.5 |
| NDC | — | — | — | — |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
| Responders | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001 | 5.8 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001 | 6.0 ± 0.3; P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 7.9 ± 0.8; P = 0.041* | 8.0 ± 1.7; P < 0.0001* | 7.6 ± 0.7; P < 0.0001* | 8.1 ± 1.3; P < 0.0001* |
| Control | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 7.2 ± 1.0 |
| NDC | — | 5.4 ± 0.3 | — | — |
| FPG (mmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 0.8; P < 0.0001 | 5.6 ± 0.6; P < 0.0001 | 5.6 ± 0.7; P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 9.3 ± 2.8 | 8.8 ± 2.6; P < 0.0001* | 8.5 ± 1.8; P < 0.0001* | 9.3 ± 4.0; P < 0.0001* |
| Control | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 2.3 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 2.0 |
| NDC | — | 5.1 ± 0.4 | — | — |
| FPI (pmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 86.4 (55.5–145.5) | 32.6 (19.6–53.3); P < 0.0001 | 28.9 (17.6–65.7); P < 0.0001 | 43.5 (18.4–61.6); P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 71.4 (51.5–100.6) | 33.8 (20.7–43.3); P < 0.0001 | 32.7 (23.7–61.7); P = 0.006 | 34.4 (16.5–49.5); P = 0.001 |
| Control | 70.1 (44.7–122.5) | 58.4 (36.2–83.0) | 65.5 (39.9–76.9) | 44.7 (31.3–64.5); P = 0.050 |
| NDC | — | 16.4 (10.0–37.2) | — | — |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 0.99 ± 0.32 | 0.59 ± 0.23; P < 0.0001 | 0.59 ± 0.21; P < 0.0001 | 0.65 ± 0.25; P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 0.84 ± 0.28 | 0.61 ± 0.20; P = 0.003 | 0.65 ± 0.24; P = 0.042 | 0.59 ± 0.23; P = 0.022 |
| Control | 0.92 ± 0.41 | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 0.87 ± 0.41 | 0.78 ± 0.22 |
| NDC | — | 0.53 ± 0.32 | — | — |
| Total fasting TG (mmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 1.71 (1.15–2.29) | 1.05 (0.73–1.53); P < 0.0001 | 1.09 (0.75–1.62); P < 0.0001 | 1.00 (0.79–1.46); P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 1.57 (1.25–1.99) | 1.15 (0.90–1.40); P = 0.009 | 1.24 (0.92–1.47); P = 0.048 | 1.29 (0.95–1.53) |
| Control | 1.06 (0.81–1.58) | 1.20 (1.00–1.50) | 1.21 (1.00–1.91) | 1.05 (0.89–1.63) |
| NDC | — | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | — | — |
| . | Baseline . | 5 months . | 12 months . | 24 months . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | ||||
| Responders | 39 | 39 | 28 | 20 |
| Nonresponders | 18 | 18 | 16 | 12 |
| Control | 26 | 23 | 20 | 19 |
| NDC | — | 25 | — | — |
| Weight (kg) | ||||
| Responders | 100.4 ± 16.6 | 84.0 ± 13.4; P < 0.0001 | 85.5 ± 16.2; P < 0.0001 | 88.8 ± 17.7; P = 0.016 |
| Nonresponders | 102.1 ± 18.8 | 88.7 ± 18.8; P = 0.008 | 92.5 ± 18.3; P = 0.050 | 90.3 ± 14.6; P = 0.028 |
| Control | 96.7 ± 11.8 | 95.8 ± 12.8 | 95.2 ± 14.4 | 95.0 ± 13.9 |
| NDC | — | 86.6 ± 14.9 | — | — |
| Weight loss (%) | ||||
| Responders | — | 16.0 ± 6.1; P < 0.0001 | 14.3 ± 6.9; P < 0.0001 | 10.5 ± 6.1; P = 0.016 |
| Nonresponders | — | 13.2 ± 6.1; P = 0.008 | 9.4 ± 5.2; P = 0.050 | 8.3 ± 4.5; P = 0.028 |
| Control | — | 1.1 ± 3.1 | 0.8 ± 4.4 | 1.7 ± 5.5 |
| NDC | — | — | — | — |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
| Responders | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001 | 5.8 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001 | 6.0 ± 0.3; P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 7.9 ± 0.8; P = 0.041* | 8.0 ± 1.7; P < 0.0001* | 7.6 ± 0.7; P < 0.0001* | 8.1 ± 1.3; P < 0.0001* |
| Control | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 7.2 ± 1.0 |
| NDC | — | 5.4 ± 0.3 | — | — |
| FPG (mmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 0.8; P < 0.0001 | 5.6 ± 0.6; P < 0.0001 | 5.6 ± 0.7; P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 9.3 ± 2.8 | 8.8 ± 2.6; P < 0.0001* | 8.5 ± 1.8; P < 0.0001* | 9.3 ± 4.0; P < 0.0001* |
| Control | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 2.3 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 2.0 |
| NDC | — | 5.1 ± 0.4 | — | — |
| FPI (pmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 86.4 (55.5–145.5) | 32.6 (19.6–53.3); P < 0.0001 | 28.9 (17.6–65.7); P < 0.0001 | 43.5 (18.4–61.6); P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 71.4 (51.5–100.6) | 33.8 (20.7–43.3); P < 0.0001 | 32.7 (23.7–61.7); P = 0.006 | 34.4 (16.5–49.5); P = 0.001 |
| Control | 70.1 (44.7–122.5) | 58.4 (36.2–83.0) | 65.5 (39.9–76.9) | 44.7 (31.3–64.5); P = 0.050 |
| NDC | — | 16.4 (10.0–37.2) | — | — |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 0.99 ± 0.32 | 0.59 ± 0.23; P < 0.0001 | 0.59 ± 0.21; P < 0.0001 | 0.65 ± 0.25; P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 0.84 ± 0.28 | 0.61 ± 0.20; P = 0.003 | 0.65 ± 0.24; P = 0.042 | 0.59 ± 0.23; P = 0.022 |
| Control | 0.92 ± 0.41 | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 0.87 ± 0.41 | 0.78 ± 0.22 |
| NDC | — | 0.53 ± 0.32 | — | — |
| Total fasting TG (mmol/L) | ||||
| Responders | 1.71 (1.15–2.29) | 1.05 (0.73–1.53); P < 0.0001 | 1.09 (0.75–1.62); P < 0.0001 | 1.00 (0.79–1.46); P < 0.0001 |
| Nonresponders | 1.57 (1.25–1.99) | 1.15 (0.90–1.40); P = 0.009 | 1.24 (0.92–1.47); P = 0.048 | 1.29 (0.95–1.53) |
| Control | 1.06 (0.81–1.58) | 1.20 (1.00–1.50) | 1.21 (1.00–1.91) | 1.05 (0.89–1.63) |
| NDC | — | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | — | — |
Data are mean ± SD and median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated. Data for the NDC group are shown in the 5 months column because these participants were recruited to have weight equivalent to the intervention group after weight loss. Comparisons are shown for baseline to 5 months, baseline to 12 months, and baseline to 24 months. The percentage of weight loss is shown for each group at that particular time point vs. the same number of participants at the baseline.
Responders vs. nonresponders at each time point.