American Diabetes Association

Table 1

Odds ratios (95% CI) of being unaware of having diabetes among people with diabetes, U.S., 2011–2014

	Unadjusted	Adjusted†
	Overall	Overall	Men	Women
Age
20–44 years	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
45–64 years	0.66 (0.45–0.97)	0.76 (0.51–1.13)	1.02 (0.55–1.89)	0.53 (0.27–1.05)
≥65 years	0.70 (0.48–1.01)	0.99 (0.68–1.44)	0.92 (0.51–1.67)	1.17 (0.63–2.18)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Non-Hispanic black	0.86 (0.56–1.32)	1.11 (0.75–1.64)	0.93 (0.51–1.70)	1.46 (0.85–2.49)
Non-Hispanic Asian	1.74 (1.18–2.58)	1.44 (0.82–2.54)	1.52 (0.66–3.49)	1.72 (0.68–4.39)
Mexican American	1.23 (0.86–1.76)	1.06 (0.73–1.53)	0.62 (0.34–1.11)	1.91 (1.09–3.34)
Other Hispanic	1.69 (1.08–2.62)	1.30 (0.78–2.14)	0.96 (0.40–2.30)	2.21 (1.12–4.34)
Sex and GDM status
Women without GDM	Reference	Reference	—	Reference
Women with GDM	1.02 (0.68–1.51)	1.06 (0.68–1.65)	—	1.04 (0.65–1.65)
Men	1.23 (0.84–1.79)	1.07 (0.71–1.61)	—	—
Family history of diabetes	0.53 (0.39–0.72)	0.48 (0.33–0.70)	0.43 (0.25–0.76)	0.53 (0.32–0.88)
Education
Greater than high school education	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
High school education	0.99 (0.66–1.48)	1.07 (0.65–1.78)	0.85 (0.40–1.82)	1.17 (0.63–2.18)
Less than high school education	1.02 (0.67–1.57)	0.98 (0.56–1.70)	1.23 (0.59–2.57)	0.65 (0.34–1.26)
Household income <$20,000	0.84 (0.62–1.14)	0.88 (0.65–1.21)	1.05 (0.67–1.65)	0.85 (0.50–1.45)
Smoking status
Never smokers	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Former smokers	0.97 (0.71–1.31)	0.96 (0.63–1.46)	1.06 (0.60–1.87)	0.82 (0.39–1.71)
Current smokers	0.84 (0.60–1.17)	0.75 (0.51–1.12)	0.63 (0.37–1.08)	1.09 (0.49–2.44)
BMI
<25 kg/m²	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
25–29.9 kg/m²	1.15 (0.79–1.67)	1.17 (0.66–2.07)	2.56 (1.23–5.30)	0.53 (0.24–1.21)
30–34.9 kg/m²	0.90 (0.52–1.56)	0.95 (0.45–1.99)	2.04 (0.69–6.03)	0.49 (0.18–1.31)
≥35 kg/m²	0.70 (0.43–1.15)	0.77 (0.39–1.53)	1.52 (0.53–4.35)	0.47 (0.21–1.05)
Low work-time activity levels	0.86 (0.59–1.23)	0.74 (0.48–1.12)	0.66 (0.39–1.14)	0.77 (0.44–1.34)
Low leisure-time activity levels	1.03 (0.74–1.43)	1.13 (0.78–1.64)	0.99 (0.58–1.68)	1.43 (0.85–2.40)
No health insurance	1.79 (1.29–2.48)	1.25 (0.74–2.11)	1.21 (0.64–2.27)	1.32 (0.61–2.83)
Routine health care location
Health care at doctor’s office or HMO	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Other place for health care	0.90 (0.61–1.34)	0.68 (0.41–1.11)	0.82 (0.48–1.40)	0.51 (0.30–0.90)
No routine place for health care	2.61 (1.68–4.05)	0.79 (0.43–1.47)	1.00 (0.52–1.89)	0.89 (0.29–2.73)
No health care in the past year	5.88 (3.47–9.99)	5.85 (2.39–14.34)	5.12 (1.54–17.06)	7.03 (2.67–18.51)
Hospitalized in the past year	0.54 (0.41–0.73)	0.66 (0.44–0.99)	0.57 (0.26–1.27)	0.67 (0.38–1.17)
Hypertension	0.68 (0.51–0.91)	0.74 (0.53–1.02)	0.66 (0.39–1.12)	0.78 (0.46–1.30)
Hyperlipidemia	0.81 (0.57–1.14)	0.80 (0.51–1.24)	0.96 (0.57–1.63)	0.65 (0.34–1.24)

	Unadjusted	Adjusted†
	Overall	Overall	Men	Women
Age
20–44 years	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
45–64 years	0.66 (0.45–0.97)	0.76 (0.51–1.13)	1.02 (0.55–1.89)	0.53 (0.27–1.05)
≥65 years	0.70 (0.48–1.01)	0.99 (0.68–1.44)	0.92 (0.51–1.67)	1.17 (0.63–2.18)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Non-Hispanic black	0.86 (0.56–1.32)	1.11 (0.75–1.64)	0.93 (0.51–1.70)	1.46 (0.85–2.49)
Non-Hispanic Asian	1.74 (1.18–2.58)	1.44 (0.82–2.54)	1.52 (0.66–3.49)	1.72 (0.68–4.39)
Mexican American	1.23 (0.86–1.76)	1.06 (0.73–1.53)	0.62 (0.34–1.11)	1.91 (1.09–3.34)
Other Hispanic	1.69 (1.08–2.62)	1.30 (0.78–2.14)	0.96 (0.40–2.30)	2.21 (1.12–4.34)
Sex and GDM status
Women without GDM	Reference	Reference	—	Reference
Women with GDM	1.02 (0.68–1.51)	1.06 (0.68–1.65)	—	1.04 (0.65–1.65)
Men	1.23 (0.84–1.79)	1.07 (0.71–1.61)	—	—
Family history of diabetes	0.53 (0.39–0.72)	0.48 (0.33–0.70)	0.43 (0.25–0.76)	0.53 (0.32–0.88)
Education
Greater than high school education	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
High school education	0.99 (0.66–1.48)	1.07 (0.65–1.78)	0.85 (0.40–1.82)	1.17 (0.63–2.18)
Less than high school education	1.02 (0.67–1.57)	0.98 (0.56–1.70)	1.23 (0.59–2.57)	0.65 (0.34–1.26)
Household income <$20,000	0.84 (0.62–1.14)	0.88 (0.65–1.21)	1.05 (0.67–1.65)	0.85 (0.50–1.45)
Smoking status
Never smokers	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Former smokers	0.97 (0.71–1.31)	0.96 (0.63–1.46)	1.06 (0.60–1.87)	0.82 (0.39–1.71)
Current smokers	0.84 (0.60–1.17)	0.75 (0.51–1.12)	0.63 (0.37–1.08)	1.09 (0.49–2.44)
BMI
<25 kg/m²	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
25–29.9 kg/m²	1.15 (0.79–1.67)	1.17 (0.66–2.07)	2.56 (1.23–5.30)	0.53 (0.24–1.21)
30–34.9 kg/m²	0.90 (0.52–1.56)	0.95 (0.45–1.99)	2.04 (0.69–6.03)	0.49 (0.18–1.31)
≥35 kg/m²	0.70 (0.43–1.15)	0.77 (0.39–1.53)	1.52 (0.53–4.35)	0.47 (0.21–1.05)
Low work-time activity levels	0.86 (0.59–1.23)	0.74 (0.48–1.12)	0.66 (0.39–1.14)	0.77 (0.44–1.34)
Low leisure-time activity levels	1.03 (0.74–1.43)	1.13 (0.78–1.64)	0.99 (0.58–1.68)	1.43 (0.85–2.40)
No health insurance	1.79 (1.29–2.48)	1.25 (0.74–2.11)	1.21 (0.64–2.27)	1.32 (0.61–2.83)
Routine health care location
Health care at doctor’s office or HMO	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Other place for health care	0.90 (0.61–1.34)	0.68 (0.41–1.11)	0.82 (0.48–1.40)	0.51 (0.30–0.90)
No routine place for health care	2.61 (1.68–4.05)	0.79 (0.43–1.47)	1.00 (0.52–1.89)	0.89 (0.29–2.73)
No health care in the past year	5.88 (3.47–9.99)	5.85 (2.39–14.34)	5.12 (1.54–17.06)	7.03 (2.67–18.51)
Hospitalized in the past year	0.54 (0.41–0.73)	0.66 (0.44–0.99)	0.57 (0.26–1.27)	0.67 (0.38–1.17)
Hypertension	0.68 (0.51–0.91)	0.74 (0.53–1.02)	0.66 (0.39–1.12)	0.78 (0.46–1.30)
Hyperlipidemia	0.81 (0.57–1.14)	0.80 (0.51–1.24)	0.96 (0.57–1.63)	0.65 (0.34–1.24)

HMO, health maintenance organization.

†

Adjusted for all other variables listed in the table. Odds ratios in boldface type are statistically significant at P < 0.05.

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