Background characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of women with non-GDM twin, GDM twin, and GDM singleton pregnancies
| . | Non-GDM twin (311 mothers) . | GDM twin* (99 mothers) . | GDM singleton (2,639 mothers) . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.9 ± 5.9§ | 35.2 ± 5.7 | 31.4 ± 5.3§ |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 50.7† | 39.4 | 25.8§ |
| Southeast Asian | 8.4§ | 23.2 | 23.2 |
| South Asian | 6.2 | 10.1 | 20.1† |
| Middle Eastern | 27.0 | 23.2 | 24.4 |
| Family history of diabetes | 29.5 | 35.4 | 49.0§ |
| Prepregnancy BMI >30 kg/m2 | 20.4 | 25.2 | 30.4 |
| Smoking | 7.4 | 3.0 | 6.7 |
| Preexisting hypertension | 1.6‡ | 7.1 | 5.9 |
| Monochorionicity | 35.6 | 37.3 | — |
| 75-g OGTT results | |||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | — | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.8 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | — | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 1.5 |
| When GDM was diagnosed (weeks) | — | 27 (17–28) | 26 (17–29) |
| Glycated hemoglobin at time of diagnosis | |||
| DCCT (%) | — | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.5 |
| IFCC (mmol/mol) | — | 34 ± 8 | 34 ± 6 |
| Requiring insulin therapy | — | 26.0 | 43.8‡ |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Premature birth (delivery <37 weeks) | 59.8 | 63.6 | 8.6 |
| Very premature birth (delivery <34 weeks) | 32.8 | 32.3 | 2.5§ |
| Median gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 36 (32–37) | 36 (33–37) | 39 (38–40) |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Cesarean section | 47.9 | 54.6 | 26.8§ |
| Emergency cesarean section | 28.9 | 32.3 | 10.0§ |
| Gestational hypertension/preeclampsia | 5.8† | 13.3 | 6.3‡ |
| Apgar score at 5 min <7 | 10.0 | 7.1 | 2.2§ |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | — | 28.8 | 31.6 |
| Small for gestational age (<10th centile) | 25.3 | 23.2 | 13.6§ |
| Large for gestational age (>90th centile) | 2.0 | 0.5 | 10.0§ |
| Admission to NICU | 53.6§ | 74.2 | 3.9§ |
| Congenital abnormalities | 3.1 | 6.1 | 7.6 |
| Median neonatal length of stay (days) | 5 (4–25) | 7 (4–21) | 3 (2–5)§ |
| Perinatal death | 3.7 | 3.0 | 1.2† |
| . | Non-GDM twin (311 mothers) . | GDM twin* (99 mothers) . | GDM singleton (2,639 mothers) . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.9 ± 5.9§ | 35.2 ± 5.7 | 31.4 ± 5.3§ |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 50.7† | 39.4 | 25.8§ |
| Southeast Asian | 8.4§ | 23.2 | 23.2 |
| South Asian | 6.2 | 10.1 | 20.1† |
| Middle Eastern | 27.0 | 23.2 | 24.4 |
| Family history of diabetes | 29.5 | 35.4 | 49.0§ |
| Prepregnancy BMI >30 kg/m2 | 20.4 | 25.2 | 30.4 |
| Smoking | 7.4 | 3.0 | 6.7 |
| Preexisting hypertension | 1.6‡ | 7.1 | 5.9 |
| Monochorionicity | 35.6 | 37.3 | — |
| 75-g OGTT results | |||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | — | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.8 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | — | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 1.5 |
| When GDM was diagnosed (weeks) | — | 27 (17–28) | 26 (17–29) |
| Glycated hemoglobin at time of diagnosis | |||
| DCCT (%) | — | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.5 |
| IFCC (mmol/mol) | — | 34 ± 8 | 34 ± 6 |
| Requiring insulin therapy | — | 26.0 | 43.8‡ |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Premature birth (delivery <37 weeks) | 59.8 | 63.6 | 8.6 |
| Very premature birth (delivery <34 weeks) | 32.8 | 32.3 | 2.5§ |
| Median gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 36 (32–37) | 36 (33–37) | 39 (38–40) |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Cesarean section | 47.9 | 54.6 | 26.8§ |
| Emergency cesarean section | 28.9 | 32.3 | 10.0§ |
| Gestational hypertension/preeclampsia | 5.8† | 13.3 | 6.3‡ |
| Apgar score at 5 min <7 | 10.0 | 7.1 | 2.2§ |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | — | 28.8 | 31.6 |
| Small for gestational age (<10th centile) | 25.3 | 23.2 | 13.6§ |
| Large for gestational age (>90th centile) | 2.0 | 0.5 | 10.0§ |
| Admission to NICU | 53.6§ | 74.2 | 3.9§ |
| Congenital abnormalities | 3.1 | 6.1 | 7.6 |
| Median neonatal length of stay (days) | 5 (4–25) | 7 (4–21) | 3 (2–5)§ |
| Perinatal death | 3.7 | 3.0 | 1.2† |
Data are mean ± SD, %, or median (interquartile range). DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
*Using GDM twin as the reference group.
†P < 0.05;
‡P < 0.01;
§P < 0.001.