Depression and demographic characteristics by depression grouping
| Variables . | Total sample . | No depression . | Minor depression . | Major depression . | Overall test statistics (χ2, df = 2) . | Minor vs. none (χ2, df = 1) . | Major vs. none (χ2, df = 1) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 4,193* | 3,335 (79.5) | 357 (8.5) | 501 (12) | |||
| Women | 2,042 (48.7) | 1,567 (47.0) | 182 (51.0) | 293 (58.5) | 23.86† | 1.91 | 22.59† |
| High school or less | 1,047 (25.3) | 801 (24.3) | 112 (31.7) | 134 (27.2) | 10.33‡ | 8.94‡ | 1.74 |
| Unmarried and not living as married | 1,403 (33.7) | 1,068 (32.3) | 132 (37.2) | 203 (41.0) | 14.89† | 3.30 | 14.41† |
| Employment: full or part time | 1,677 (41.2) | 1,339 (41.2) | 126 (36.8) | 212 (44.6) | 4.99 | 2.22 | 1.91 |
| Caucasian | 3,196 (77.7) | 2,561 (78.2) | 255 (72.2) | 380 (77.9) | |||
| African American | 338 (8.2) | 256 (7.8) | 34 (9.6) | 48 (9.8) | 21.66† | 10.14§ | 13.14‡ |
| Asian | 369 (9.0) | 306 (9.3) | 36 (10.2) | 27 (5.3) | df = 6 | df = 3 | |
| Other | 212 (5.2) | 151 (4.6) | 28 (7.9) | 33 (6.8) | |||
| F(2, 4,190) | t(3,690) | t(3,834) | |||||
| Age in years | 64.9 ± 12.6 | 64.9 ± 12.3 | 64.7 ± 13.3 | 59.7 ± 13.0 | 37.54† | 0.22 | 8.69† |
| Rx Risk score | |||||||
| First quartile | 1,024 ± 24.4 | 810 ± 24.3 | 89 ± 24.9 | 125 ± 25.0 | |||
| Second quartile | 1,077 ± 25.7 | 895 ± 26.8 | 66 ± 18.5 | 116 ± 23.1 | 25.02† | 14.10‡ | 12.99‡ |
| Third quartile | 1,040 ± 24.8 | 838 ± 25.2 | 95 ± 26.6 | 107 ± 21.4 | df = 6 | df = 3 | df = 4 |
| Fourth quartile | 1,052 ± 25.1 | 792 ± 23.7 | 107 ± 30.0 | 153 ± 30.5 | |||
| Diabetes complications | |||||||
| 0 | 1,312 ± 31.3 | 1,094 ± 32.8 | 91 ± 25.5 | 127 ± 25.3 | |||
| 1 | 1,333 ± 31.8 | 1,078 ± 32.3 | 106 ± 29.7 | 149 ± 29.7 | 51.51† | 25.96† | 33.58† |
| 2 | 802 ± 19.1 | 619 ± 18.6 | 80 ± 22.4 | 103 ± 20.6 | df = 8 | df = 4 | df = 2 |
| 3 | 423 ± 10.1 | 329 ± 9.9 | 35 ± 9.8 | 59 ± 11.8 | |||
| 4+ | 323 ± 7.7 | 215 ± 6.4 | 45 ± 12.6 | 63 ± 12.6 | |||
| HbA1c level groups | 27.06† | 1.79 | 25.94† | ||||
| <8.00% | 2,667 ± 63.6 | 2,179 ± 65.3 | 220 ± 61.6 | 268 ± 53.5 | |||
| ≥8.00% | 1,526 ± 36.4 | 1,156 ± 34.7 | 137 ± 38.4 | 233 ± 46.5 | |||
| Duration of diabetes in years | |||||||
| >5 | 1,541 ± 36.8 | 1,269 ± 38.1 | 107 ± 30.1 | 165 ± 33.0 | 16.84‡ | 9.00‡ | 9.21‡ |
| >5–9.9 | 1,097 ± 26.2 | 872 ± 26.2 | 103 ± 28.9 | 122 ± 24.4 | df = 4 | df = 2 | df = 2 |
| >10.0 | 1,548 ± 37.0 | 1,189 ± 35.7 | 146 ± 41.0 | 213 ± 42.6 | |||
| BMI | 72.02† | 7.95‡ | 67.38† | ||||
| <30.0 kg/m2 | 2,055 ± 49.7 | 1,736 ± 52.8 | 157 ± 44.7 | 162 ± 32.9 | |||
| >30.0 kg/m2 | 2,077 ± 50.3 | 1,552 ± 47.2 | 194 ± 55.3 | 331 ± 67.1 | |||
| Smoking currently | 357 ± 8.7 | 238 ± 7.3 | 37 ± 10.5 | 82 ± 16.7 | 49.66† | 4.44§ | 47.63† |
| Treatment intensity | |||||||
| None or diet | 1,076 ± 25.7 | 910 ± 27.3 | 79 ± 22.1 | 87 ± 17.4 | 74.48† | 13.21† | 68.10† |
| Oral hypoglycemic | 1,973 ± 47.0 | 1,607 ± 48.2 | 160 ± 44.8 | 206 ± 41.1 | df = 4 | df = 2 | df = 2 |
| Insulin or insulin+ oral hypoglycemic | 1,144 ± 27.3 | 818 ± 24.5 | 118 ± 33.1 | 208 ± 41.5 |
| Variables . | Total sample . | No depression . | Minor depression . | Major depression . | Overall test statistics (χ2, df = 2) . | Minor vs. none (χ2, df = 1) . | Major vs. none (χ2, df = 1) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 4,193* | 3,335 (79.5) | 357 (8.5) | 501 (12) | |||
| Women | 2,042 (48.7) | 1,567 (47.0) | 182 (51.0) | 293 (58.5) | 23.86† | 1.91 | 22.59† |
| High school or less | 1,047 (25.3) | 801 (24.3) | 112 (31.7) | 134 (27.2) | 10.33‡ | 8.94‡ | 1.74 |
| Unmarried and not living as married | 1,403 (33.7) | 1,068 (32.3) | 132 (37.2) | 203 (41.0) | 14.89† | 3.30 | 14.41† |
| Employment: full or part time | 1,677 (41.2) | 1,339 (41.2) | 126 (36.8) | 212 (44.6) | 4.99 | 2.22 | 1.91 |
| Caucasian | 3,196 (77.7) | 2,561 (78.2) | 255 (72.2) | 380 (77.9) | |||
| African American | 338 (8.2) | 256 (7.8) | 34 (9.6) | 48 (9.8) | 21.66† | 10.14§ | 13.14‡ |
| Asian | 369 (9.0) | 306 (9.3) | 36 (10.2) | 27 (5.3) | df = 6 | df = 3 | |
| Other | 212 (5.2) | 151 (4.6) | 28 (7.9) | 33 (6.8) | |||
| F(2, 4,190) | t(3,690) | t(3,834) | |||||
| Age in years | 64.9 ± 12.6 | 64.9 ± 12.3 | 64.7 ± 13.3 | 59.7 ± 13.0 | 37.54† | 0.22 | 8.69† |
| Rx Risk score | |||||||
| First quartile | 1,024 ± 24.4 | 810 ± 24.3 | 89 ± 24.9 | 125 ± 25.0 | |||
| Second quartile | 1,077 ± 25.7 | 895 ± 26.8 | 66 ± 18.5 | 116 ± 23.1 | 25.02† | 14.10‡ | 12.99‡ |
| Third quartile | 1,040 ± 24.8 | 838 ± 25.2 | 95 ± 26.6 | 107 ± 21.4 | df = 6 | df = 3 | df = 4 |
| Fourth quartile | 1,052 ± 25.1 | 792 ± 23.7 | 107 ± 30.0 | 153 ± 30.5 | |||
| Diabetes complications | |||||||
| 0 | 1,312 ± 31.3 | 1,094 ± 32.8 | 91 ± 25.5 | 127 ± 25.3 | |||
| 1 | 1,333 ± 31.8 | 1,078 ± 32.3 | 106 ± 29.7 | 149 ± 29.7 | 51.51† | 25.96† | 33.58† |
| 2 | 802 ± 19.1 | 619 ± 18.6 | 80 ± 22.4 | 103 ± 20.6 | df = 8 | df = 4 | df = 2 |
| 3 | 423 ± 10.1 | 329 ± 9.9 | 35 ± 9.8 | 59 ± 11.8 | |||
| 4+ | 323 ± 7.7 | 215 ± 6.4 | 45 ± 12.6 | 63 ± 12.6 | |||
| HbA1c level groups | 27.06† | 1.79 | 25.94† | ||||
| <8.00% | 2,667 ± 63.6 | 2,179 ± 65.3 | 220 ± 61.6 | 268 ± 53.5 | |||
| ≥8.00% | 1,526 ± 36.4 | 1,156 ± 34.7 | 137 ± 38.4 | 233 ± 46.5 | |||
| Duration of diabetes in years | |||||||
| >5 | 1,541 ± 36.8 | 1,269 ± 38.1 | 107 ± 30.1 | 165 ± 33.0 | 16.84‡ | 9.00‡ | 9.21‡ |
| >5–9.9 | 1,097 ± 26.2 | 872 ± 26.2 | 103 ± 28.9 | 122 ± 24.4 | df = 4 | df = 2 | df = 2 |
| >10.0 | 1,548 ± 37.0 | 1,189 ± 35.7 | 146 ± 41.0 | 213 ± 42.6 | |||
| BMI | 72.02† | 7.95‡ | 67.38† | ||||
| <30.0 kg/m2 | 2,055 ± 49.7 | 1,736 ± 52.8 | 157 ± 44.7 | 162 ± 32.9 | |||
| >30.0 kg/m2 | 2,077 ± 50.3 | 1,552 ± 47.2 | 194 ± 55.3 | 331 ± 67.1 | |||
| Smoking currently | 357 ± 8.7 | 238 ± 7.3 | 37 ± 10.5 | 82 ± 16.7 | 49.66† | 4.44§ | 47.63† |
| Treatment intensity | |||||||
| None or diet | 1,076 ± 25.7 | 910 ± 27.3 | 79 ± 22.1 | 87 ± 17.4 | 74.48† | 13.21† | 68.10† |
| Oral hypoglycemic | 1,973 ± 47.0 | 1,607 ± 48.2 | 160 ± 44.8 | 206 ± 41.1 | df = 4 | df = 2 | df = 2 |
| Insulin or insulin+ oral hypoglycemic | 1,144 ± 27.3 | 818 ± 24.5 | 118 ± 33.1 | 208 ± 41.5 |
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD.
Sample size may vary with 10% missing data. df = 1 unless otherwise indicated;
P > 0.001;
P < 0.01;
P < 0.05.