Baseline characteristics of participants of the diet therapy clinic of the TLGS according to diet group and nutrient content and food-group servings of menus, calculated separately by each group in baseline and intervention period
| . | Control diet* . | Weight- reducing diet† . | DASH diet‡ . | All . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 40 | 38 | 38 | 116 |
| Age (years) | 41.3 ± 12.1§ | 41.2 ± 12.4 | 41.5 ± 12.5 | 41.2 ± 12.3 |
| Women (%) | 70 | 71 | 71 | 70 |
| Smokers (%) | 8 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 ± 9.9 | 29.9 ± 10.1 | 29.8 ± 10.3 | 29.7 ± 10.0 |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||
| Very light | 60.0 | 60.1 | 62.0 | 61.8 |
| Light | 38.0 | 39.9 | 38.0 | 36.2 |
| Moderate | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 |
| Education (%) | ||||
| Illiterate | 15 | 14 | 15 | 14 |
| High school diploma | 73 | 75 | 75 | 74 |
| University graduates | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
| Job status (%) | ||||
| Retired | 17.2 | 16.0 | 15.5 | 16.0 |
| Housewife | 27.6 | 57.1 | 55.1 | 56.6 |
| Employed | 21.2 | 25.0 | 26.1 | 25.4 |
| Others | 4.0 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 2.0 |
| Medications | ||||
| Cholesterol lowering (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Estrogen replacement therapy (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Oral contraception (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Baseline period | ||||
| Baseline nutrient content (per day)‖ | ||||
| Protein (% of energy) | 15 | 15 | 15 | |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 31 | 30 | 30 | |
| Saturated | 14 | 13 | 13 | |
| Polyunsaturated | 7 | 7 | 7 | |
| Monounsaturated | 9 | 9 | 9 | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 302 | 308 | 309 | |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55 | 54 | 55 | |
| Fiber (g) | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
| Baseline keys score¶ | 54.3 | 51.9 | 51.9 | |
| Potassium (mg) | 1,430 | 1,420 | 1,410 | |
| Calcium (mg) | 705 | 710 | 712 | |
| Magnesium (mg) | 180 | 179 | 176 | |
| Baseline food groups (servings/day)# | ||||
| Fruit | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | |
| Vegetables | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | |
| Grains | ||||
| Total | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | |
| Whole | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |
| Low-fat dairy | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Regular-fat dairy | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Nuts, seeds, and legumes | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Beef and ham | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Poultry and fish | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Fat and oils | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | |
| Sweets | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| Intervention period | ||||
| Intervention nutrient content (per day)¶ | ||||
| Protein (% of energy) | 15 | 17 | 17 | |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 31 | 29 | 28 | |
| Saturated | 14 | 10 | 7 | |
| Polyunsaturated | 7 | 7 | 8 | |
| Monounsaturated | 9 | 9 | 10 | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 319 | 249 | 181 | |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55 | 57 | 58 | |
| Fiber (g) | 10 | 21 | 29 | |
| Keys score‖ | 55.0 | 41.2 | 28.2 | |
| Potassium (mg) | 1,400 | 3,492 | 4,456 | |
| Calcium (mg) | 700 | 799 | 1,202 | |
| Magnesium (mg) | 180 | 349 | 460 | |
| Intervention food groups (servings/day)# | ||||
| Fruit | 2.3 | 4.0 | 5.1 | |
| Vegetables | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.4 | |
| Grains | ||||
| Total | 8.1 | 7.4 | 7.9 | |
| Whole | 1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | |
| Low-fat dairy | 0.4 | 1.5 | 2.2 | |
| Regular-fat dairy | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | |
| Nuts, seeds, and legumes | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | |
| Beef and ham | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.8 | |
| Poultry and fish | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
| Fat and oils | 6.9 | 4.5 | 3.0 | |
| Sweets | 5.5 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
| . | Control diet* . | Weight- reducing diet† . | DASH diet‡ . | All . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 40 | 38 | 38 | 116 |
| Age (years) | 41.3 ± 12.1§ | 41.2 ± 12.4 | 41.5 ± 12.5 | 41.2 ± 12.3 |
| Women (%) | 70 | 71 | 71 | 70 |
| Smokers (%) | 8 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 ± 9.9 | 29.9 ± 10.1 | 29.8 ± 10.3 | 29.7 ± 10.0 |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||
| Very light | 60.0 | 60.1 | 62.0 | 61.8 |
| Light | 38.0 | 39.9 | 38.0 | 36.2 |
| Moderate | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 |
| Education (%) | ||||
| Illiterate | 15 | 14 | 15 | 14 |
| High school diploma | 73 | 75 | 75 | 74 |
| University graduates | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
| Job status (%) | ||||
| Retired | 17.2 | 16.0 | 15.5 | 16.0 |
| Housewife | 27.6 | 57.1 | 55.1 | 56.6 |
| Employed | 21.2 | 25.0 | 26.1 | 25.4 |
| Others | 4.0 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 2.0 |
| Medications | ||||
| Cholesterol lowering (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Estrogen replacement therapy (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Oral contraception (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Baseline period | ||||
| Baseline nutrient content (per day)‖ | ||||
| Protein (% of energy) | 15 | 15 | 15 | |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 31 | 30 | 30 | |
| Saturated | 14 | 13 | 13 | |
| Polyunsaturated | 7 | 7 | 7 | |
| Monounsaturated | 9 | 9 | 9 | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 302 | 308 | 309 | |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55 | 54 | 55 | |
| Fiber (g) | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
| Baseline keys score¶ | 54.3 | 51.9 | 51.9 | |
| Potassium (mg) | 1,430 | 1,420 | 1,410 | |
| Calcium (mg) | 705 | 710 | 712 | |
| Magnesium (mg) | 180 | 179 | 176 | |
| Baseline food groups (servings/day)# | ||||
| Fruit | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | |
| Vegetables | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | |
| Grains | ||||
| Total | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | |
| Whole | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |
| Low-fat dairy | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Regular-fat dairy | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Nuts, seeds, and legumes | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Beef and ham | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Poultry and fish | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Fat and oils | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | |
| Sweets | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| Intervention period | ||||
| Intervention nutrient content (per day)¶ | ||||
| Protein (% of energy) | 15 | 17 | 17 | |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 31 | 29 | 28 | |
| Saturated | 14 | 10 | 7 | |
| Polyunsaturated | 7 | 7 | 8 | |
| Monounsaturated | 9 | 9 | 10 | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 319 | 249 | 181 | |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55 | 57 | 58 | |
| Fiber (g) | 10 | 21 | 29 | |
| Keys score‖ | 55.0 | 41.2 | 28.2 | |
| Potassium (mg) | 1,400 | 3,492 | 4,456 | |
| Calcium (mg) | 700 | 799 | 1,202 | |
| Magnesium (mg) | 180 | 349 | 460 | |
| Intervention food groups (servings/day)# | ||||
| Fruit | 2.3 | 4.0 | 5.1 | |
| Vegetables | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.4 | |
| Grains | ||||
| Total | 8.1 | 7.4 | 7.9 | |
| Whole | 1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | |
| Low-fat dairy | 0.4 | 1.5 | 2.2 | |
| Regular-fat dairy | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | |
| Nuts, seeds, and legumes | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | |
| Beef and ham | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.8 | |
| Poultry and fish | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
| Fat and oils | 6.9 | 4.5 | 3.0 | |
| Sweets | 5.5 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Control diet is a diet similar to what most Tehranians usually eat.
Weight-reducing diet is a diet with 500 kcal less than caloric needs, emphasizing healthy food choices.
DASH diet is a diet increased in fruit, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol.
X̄ ± SD.
Nutrition content was calculated based on Nutritionist III (Version 7.0; N-Squared Computing, Salem, OR).
Calculated from individual intakes as estimated from study menus and daily diaries. Keys score is 1.35 × (2S-P) + 1.5√c, where S is percentage of energy from polyunsaturated fat and C is mg dietary cholesterol per 4,200 kJ.
Based on 8.4-MJ (2,000-kcal) menus.