Age-adjusted dietary intakes and other potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes in men and women according to quintiles of magnesium intake at baseline (NHS: 1980; HPFS: 1986)
| Quintile of magnesium intake . | Women (NHS) (n = 8,502)* . | . | . | Men (HPFS) (n = 42,872)* . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 1 (low) . | 3 . | 5 (high) . | 1 (low) . | 3 . | 5 (high) . | ||||
| Median intake (mg/day) (min-max) | 217 (79–244) | 290 (276–304) | 377 (342–1,110) | 268 (102–294) | 348 (332–366) | 458 (415–1,593) | ||||
| Age (years) | 44.9 | 46.3 | 47.2 | 52.0 | 53.4 | 54.4 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 24.7 | 24.1 | 24.0 | 25.7 | 25.6 | 25.0 | ||||
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 18.9 | 18.2 | 18.8 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 17.4 | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 17.1 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 20.4 | 18.9 | 19.1 | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 12.8 | ||||
| Current smoker (%) | 27.0 | 28.8 | 31.0 | 13.2 | 9.3 | 7.3 | ||||
| Physical activity‡ | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 16.3 | 21.8 | 27.7 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 5.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 10.7 | ||||
| Multivitamin use (%) | 29.2 | 34.3 | 38.5 | 28.9 | 39.6 | 64.9 | ||||
| Magnesium supplement use (%) | 2.1 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 13.8 | ||||
| Diet (adjusted for energy) | ||||||||||
| Total calories (kcal/day) | 1,541 | 1,594 | 1,540 | 1,962 | 2,021 | 1,974 | ||||
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 334 | 335 | 337 | 327 | 304 | 271 | ||||
| Total fat (% energy) | 41.8 | 39.3 | 34.9 | 34.6 | 32.2 | 28.6 | ||||
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 16.8 | 15.8 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 11.1 | 9.3 | ||||
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.9 | ||||
| Trans fat (% energy) | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.9 | ||||
| Total fiber (g/day) | 10.9 | 13.4 | 17.2 | 16.0 | 20.7 | 27.6 | ||||
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 8.7 | ||||
| Protein (% energy) | 17.6 | 18.9 | 21.1 | 17.2 | 18.7 | 19.6 | ||||
| Glycemic load§ | 127 | 120 | 120 | 175 | 175 | 178 | ||||
| Coffee (cups/day) | 1.0 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | ||||
| Processed meat (serving/day)‖ | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||||
| Quintile of magnesium intake . | Women (NHS) (n = 8,502)* . | . | . | Men (HPFS) (n = 42,872)* . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 1 (low) . | 3 . | 5 (high) . | 1 (low) . | 3 . | 5 (high) . | ||||
| Median intake (mg/day) (min-max) | 217 (79–244) | 290 (276–304) | 377 (342–1,110) | 268 (102–294) | 348 (332–366) | 458 (415–1,593) | ||||
| Age (years) | 44.9 | 46.3 | 47.2 | 52.0 | 53.4 | 54.4 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 24.7 | 24.1 | 24.0 | 25.7 | 25.6 | 25.0 | ||||
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 18.9 | 18.2 | 18.8 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 17.4 | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 17.1 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 20.4 | 18.9 | 19.1 | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 12.8 | ||||
| Current smoker (%) | 27.0 | 28.8 | 31.0 | 13.2 | 9.3 | 7.3 | ||||
| Physical activity‡ | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 16.3 | 21.8 | 27.7 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 5.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 10.7 | ||||
| Multivitamin use (%) | 29.2 | 34.3 | 38.5 | 28.9 | 39.6 | 64.9 | ||||
| Magnesium supplement use (%) | 2.1 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 13.8 | ||||
| Diet (adjusted for energy) | ||||||||||
| Total calories (kcal/day) | 1,541 | 1,594 | 1,540 | 1,962 | 2,021 | 1,974 | ||||
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 334 | 335 | 337 | 327 | 304 | 271 | ||||
| Total fat (% energy) | 41.8 | 39.3 | 34.9 | 34.6 | 32.2 | 28.6 | ||||
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 16.8 | 15.8 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 11.1 | 9.3 | ||||
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.9 | ||||
| Trans fat (% energy) | 2.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.9 | ||||
| Total fiber (g/day) | 10.9 | 13.4 | 17.2 | 16.0 | 20.7 | 27.6 | ||||
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 8.7 | ||||
| Protein (% energy) | 17.6 | 18.9 | 21.1 | 17.2 | 18.7 | 19.6 | ||||
| Glycemic load§ | 127 | 120 | 120 | 175 | 175 | 178 | ||||
| Coffee (cups/day) | 1.0 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | ||||
| Processed meat (serving/day)‖ | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||||
Data are means, unless otherwise specified.
Number of subjects at baseline;
BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters;
physical activity as moderate/vigorous exercise in hours per week in women (NHS) and METs per week in men (HPFS);
glycemic load: sum of (glycemic index for individual food [white bread as reference = 1] × carbohydrate content of the food item) for each food;
processed meats included sausages, salami, and bologna.