RRs of type 2 diabetes in women and men according to quintiles of total magnesium intake
| . | Magnesium intake (quintiles) . | . | . | . | . | P for trend . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 1 (low) . | 2 . | 3 . | 4 . | 5 (high) . | . | ||||
| NHS | ||||||||||
| Median magnesium intake (mg/day) | 222 | 261 | 290 | 321 | 373 | — | ||||
| Number of cases | 964 | 889 | 851 | 725 | 655 | — | ||||
| Person-years | 291,818 | 290,406 | 290,060 | 292,336 | 291,177 | — | ||||
| Age- and energy intake-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.74 (0.67–0.81) | 0.60 (0.55–0.66) | 0.55 (0.50–0.61) | <0.001 | ||||
| Age-, energy intake-, and BMI-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | 0.69 (0.63–0.76) | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) | <0.001 | ||||
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)* | 1 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.70 (0.64–0.78) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | <0.001 | ||||
| Additional adjustment for dietary variables RR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) | 0.76 (0.69–0.85) | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | <0.001 | ||||
| HPFS | ||||||||||
| Median magnesium intake (mg/day) | 270 | 314 | 348.5 | 388 | 457 | — | ||||
| Number of cases | 326 | 280 | 299 | 212 | 216 | — | ||||
| Person-years | 93,702 | 94,991 | 93,768 | 95,344 | 94,925 | — | ||||
| Age- and energy intake-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.80 (0.69–0.94) | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | <0.001 | ||||
| Age-, energy intake-, and BMI-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.88 (0.76–1.04) | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | <0.001 | ||||
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)* | 1 | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.63 (0.53–0.75) | 0.67 (0.56–0.80) | <0.001 | ||||
| Additional adjustment for dietary variables RR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | <0.001 | ||||
| . | Magnesium intake (quintiles) . | . | . | . | . | P for trend . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 1 (low) . | 2 . | 3 . | 4 . | 5 (high) . | . | ||||
| NHS | ||||||||||
| Median magnesium intake (mg/day) | 222 | 261 | 290 | 321 | 373 | — | ||||
| Number of cases | 964 | 889 | 851 | 725 | 655 | — | ||||
| Person-years | 291,818 | 290,406 | 290,060 | 292,336 | 291,177 | — | ||||
| Age- and energy intake-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.74 (0.67–0.81) | 0.60 (0.55–0.66) | 0.55 (0.50–0.61) | <0.001 | ||||
| Age-, energy intake-, and BMI-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | 0.69 (0.63–0.76) | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) | <0.001 | ||||
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)* | 1 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.70 (0.64–0.78) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | <0.001 | ||||
| Additional adjustment for dietary variables RR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) | 0.76 (0.69–0.85) | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | <0.001 | ||||
| HPFS | ||||||||||
| Median magnesium intake (mg/day) | 270 | 314 | 348.5 | 388 | 457 | — | ||||
| Number of cases | 326 | 280 | 299 | 212 | 216 | — | ||||
| Person-years | 93,702 | 94,991 | 93,768 | 95,344 | 94,925 | — | ||||
| Age- and energy intake-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.80 (0.69–0.94) | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | <0.001 | ||||
| Age-, energy intake-, and BMI-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.88 (0.76–1.04) | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | <0.001 | ||||
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)* | 1 | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.63 (0.53–0.75) | 0.67 (0.56–0.80) | <0.001 | ||||
| Additional adjustment for dietary variables RR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | <0.001 | ||||
Multivariate: energy (kcal/day), family history of diabetes (yes/no), BMI (8 categories): <22.0, 22.0–<23.0, 23.0–<25.0, 25.0–<28.0, 28.0–<30.0, 30.0–<33.0, 33.0–<36.0, and ≥36.0 kg/m2), physical activity (moderate/vigorous exercise [<1, 1, 2–3, 4–6, ≥7 h/week] in women and quintiles of METs per week in men, smoking status (never, past, and current smoking of 1–14, 15–24, and ≥25 cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption (four categories), hypertension (yes/no), and hypercholesterolemia (yes/no) at baseline;
dietary variables, including the same as above plus further adjustment for diet, including glycemic load and intakes of cereal fiber, polyunsaturated fats, trans fatty acid, and processed meat, all in quintiles.