Clinical characteristics of study subjects
| . | Normoalbuminuria . | Microalbuminuria . | Overt nephropathy . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 888 | 326 | 266 | — |
| Sex (% female) | 56.7 | 57.9 | 52.4 | 0.367 |
| Age (years) | 58.8 ± 11.6 | 62.0 ± 11.8 | 63.6 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.7 ± 5.8 | 10.0 ± 6.9 | 14.4 ± 8.5 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 25.8 ± 4.0 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 0.004 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.102 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138 ± 21 | 150 ± 20 | 156 ± 20 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 12 | 88 ± 13 | 88 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 9.9 ± 3.6 | 10.5 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 |
| A1C (%) | 8.2 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 9.0 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.06 ± 1.09 | 5.26 ± 1.15 | 5.46 ± 1.39 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.72 ± 1.88 | 2.02 ± 1.61 | 2.50 ± 5.70 | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.20 ± 0.34 | 1.16 ± 0.30 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 0.002 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.07 ± 0.88 | 3.21 ± 1.00 | 3.31 ± 0.98 | 0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 333 ± 89 | 357 ± 101 | 410 ± 113 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 80 ± 27 | 80 ± 18 | 150 ± 115 | <0.0001 |
| Smokers (%) | 20.0 | 21.7 | 21.4 | 0.780 |
| Diabetes medication (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 93.6 | 86.5 | 67.2 | |
| Insulin | 1.4 | 5.3 | 12.0 | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent + insulin | 5.0 | 8.2 | 20.8 |
| . | Normoalbuminuria . | Microalbuminuria . | Overt nephropathy . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 888 | 326 | 266 | — |
| Sex (% female) | 56.7 | 57.9 | 52.4 | 0.367 |
| Age (years) | 58.8 ± 11.6 | 62.0 ± 11.8 | 63.6 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.7 ± 5.8 | 10.0 ± 6.9 | 14.4 ± 8.5 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 25.8 ± 4.0 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 0.004 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.102 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138 ± 21 | 150 ± 20 | 156 ± 20 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 12 | 88 ± 13 | 88 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 9.9 ± 3.6 | 10.5 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 |
| A1C (%) | 8.2 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 9.0 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.06 ± 1.09 | 5.26 ± 1.15 | 5.46 ± 1.39 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.72 ± 1.88 | 2.02 ± 1.61 | 2.50 ± 5.70 | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.20 ± 0.34 | 1.16 ± 0.30 | 1.12 ± 0.32 | 0.002 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.07 ± 0.88 | 3.21 ± 1.00 | 3.31 ± 0.98 | 0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 333 ± 89 | 357 ± 101 | 410 ± 113 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 80 ± 27 | 80 ± 18 | 150 ± 115 | <0.0001 |
| Smokers (%) | 20.0 | 21.7 | 21.4 | 0.780 |
| Diabetes medication (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 93.6 | 86.5 | 67.2 | |
| Insulin | 1.4 | 5.3 | 12.0 | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent + insulin | 5.0 | 8.2 | 20.8 |
Data are means ± SD. See definition of normo- and microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy in research design and methods.