Main characteristics of the study participants
| . | Men . | . | Women . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without metabolic syndrome . | With metabolic syndrome . | Without metabolic syndrome . | With metabolic syndrome . | ||
| n | 207 | 205 | 265 | 200 | ||
| Age (years) | 55.2 ± 13.7 | 56.3 ± 11.7 | 52.4 ± 12.2 | 57.2 ± 10.8† | ||
| Generation (%) | ||||||
| Japan born | 51 (24.6) | 37 (18.0) | 29 (10.9) | 28 (14.0) | ||
| Brazil born | 156 (75.4) | 168 (82.0) | 236 (89.1) | 172 (86.0) | ||
| Education level (%) | ||||||
| <1 year | 25 (12.1) | 16 (7.8) | 23 (8.7) | 27 (13.5)† | ||
| 1–8 years | 76 (36.7) | 84 (41.0) | 103 (39.0) | 112 (56.0) | ||
| >8 years | 106 (51.2) | 105 (51.2) | 138 (52.3) | 61 (30.5) | ||
| Current cigarette smoking (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 44 (21.3) | 34 (16.7) | 24 (9.1) | 20 (10.0) | ||
| No | 163 (78.7) | 170 (83.3) | 241 (90.9) | 180 (90.0) | ||
| Physical activity (%) | ||||||
| Light | 162 (78.3) | 161 (78.5) | 223 (84.5) | 172 (86.0) | ||
| Moderate | 39 (18.8) | 40 (19.5) | 36 (13.6) | 25 (12.5) | ||
| Heavy | 6 (2.9) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (1.9) | 3 (1.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 2.8 | 26.3 ± 3.4† | 22.4 ± 2.8 | 25.8 ± 3.3† | ||
| Waist (cm) | 82.1 ± 7.2 | 91.1 ± 8.1† | 74.0 ± 6.8 | 83.1 ± 7.9† | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.4 ± 18.3 | 139.5 ± 20.1† | 115.5 ± 17.1 | 135.3 ± 22.8† | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.6 ± 10.0 | 84.4 ± 11.7† | 70.2 ± 9.3 | 79.0 ± 12.1† | ||
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.24 ± 0.75 | 7.17 ± 1.48† | 5.96 ± 0.62 | 6.88 ± 1.76† | ||
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 36.6 ± 24.0 | 63.0 ± 45.6† | 40.8 ± 31.2 | 57.0 ± 34.8† | ||
| HOMA-IR | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 3.3 ± 2.4† | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 2.0† | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.32 ± 0.96 | 5.53 ± 1.02* | 5.35 ± 1.06 | 5.74 ± 1.05† | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.29 ± 0.94 | 3.33 ± 0.95 | 3.28 ± 0.9 | 3.52 ± 0.97* | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.29 ± 0.27 | 1.23 ± 0.30* | 1.38 ± 0.27 | 1.29 ± 0.26* | ||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.26 ± 1.84 | 3.72 ± 2.92† | 1.68 ± 1.33 | 3.04 ± 2.25† | ||
| Uric acid (mmol/l) | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.10† | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.07† | ||
| . | Men . | . | Women . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without metabolic syndrome . | With metabolic syndrome . | Without metabolic syndrome . | With metabolic syndrome . | ||
| n | 207 | 205 | 265 | 200 | ||
| Age (years) | 55.2 ± 13.7 | 56.3 ± 11.7 | 52.4 ± 12.2 | 57.2 ± 10.8† | ||
| Generation (%) | ||||||
| Japan born | 51 (24.6) | 37 (18.0) | 29 (10.9) | 28 (14.0) | ||
| Brazil born | 156 (75.4) | 168 (82.0) | 236 (89.1) | 172 (86.0) | ||
| Education level (%) | ||||||
| <1 year | 25 (12.1) | 16 (7.8) | 23 (8.7) | 27 (13.5)† | ||
| 1–8 years | 76 (36.7) | 84 (41.0) | 103 (39.0) | 112 (56.0) | ||
| >8 years | 106 (51.2) | 105 (51.2) | 138 (52.3) | 61 (30.5) | ||
| Current cigarette smoking (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 44 (21.3) | 34 (16.7) | 24 (9.1) | 20 (10.0) | ||
| No | 163 (78.7) | 170 (83.3) | 241 (90.9) | 180 (90.0) | ||
| Physical activity (%) | ||||||
| Light | 162 (78.3) | 161 (78.5) | 223 (84.5) | 172 (86.0) | ||
| Moderate | 39 (18.8) | 40 (19.5) | 36 (13.6) | 25 (12.5) | ||
| Heavy | 6 (2.9) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (1.9) | 3 (1.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 2.8 | 26.3 ± 3.4† | 22.4 ± 2.8 | 25.8 ± 3.3† | ||
| Waist (cm) | 82.1 ± 7.2 | 91.1 ± 8.1† | 74.0 ± 6.8 | 83.1 ± 7.9† | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.4 ± 18.3 | 139.5 ± 20.1† | 115.5 ± 17.1 | 135.3 ± 22.8† | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.6 ± 10.0 | 84.4 ± 11.7† | 70.2 ± 9.3 | 79.0 ± 12.1† | ||
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.24 ± 0.75 | 7.17 ± 1.48† | 5.96 ± 0.62 | 6.88 ± 1.76† | ||
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 36.6 ± 24.0 | 63.0 ± 45.6† | 40.8 ± 31.2 | 57.0 ± 34.8† | ||
| HOMA-IR | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 3.3 ± 2.4† | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 2.0† | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.32 ± 0.96 | 5.53 ± 1.02* | 5.35 ± 1.06 | 5.74 ± 1.05† | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.29 ± 0.94 | 3.33 ± 0.95 | 3.28 ± 0.9 | 3.52 ± 0.97* | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.29 ± 0.27 | 1.23 ± 0.30* | 1.38 ± 0.27 | 1.29 ± 0.26* | ||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.26 ± 1.84 | 3.72 ± 2.92† | 1.68 ± 1.33 | 3.04 ± 2.25† | ||
| Uric acid (mmol/l) | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.10† | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.07† | ||
Data are means ± SD.
P < 0.01,
P < 0.001 vs. without metabolic syndrome.