Risk of having diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes (according to 1985 WHO criteria) compared with no diabetes
| . | n (%) . | Odds ratio (95% CI) of having diagnosed type 2 diabetes* . | Odds ratio (95% CI) of having undiagnosed type 2 diabetes* . | NNTS . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic | ||||
| Education (years) | ||||
| 0–11 | 711 (24.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 9.6 |
| 12–14 | 1,000 (33.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 9.6 |
| ≥15 | 1,232 (41.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)† | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 12.4 |
| P trend = 0.01 | P trend = 0.08 | |||
| Annual family Income ($) | ||||
| <10,000 | 347 (11.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.4 |
| 10,000–25,000 | 1,008 (34.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 10.3 |
| 25,000–50,000 | 779 (26.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)† | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 10.3 |
| >50,000 | 406 (13.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7)† | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 10.4 |
| P trend = 0.002 | P trend = 0.99 | |||
| Health behavior | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1,294 (43.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.7 |
| Ever smoked | 1,358 (46.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 9.2† |
| Currently smoking | 293 (9.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 14.7 |
| Alcohol use in past 12 months | ||||
| Never | 1,482 (50.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.3 |
| Occasional | 612 (20.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7)‡ | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 10.2 |
| 1–7 drinks/week | 632 (21.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5)‡ | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 10.7 |
| ≥8 drinks/week | 213 (7.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4)‡ | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 8.4 |
| P trend < 0.001 | P trend = 0.46 | |||
| Health service use | ||||
| Doctor to usually go to | ||||
| No | 167 (5.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 8.1 |
| Yes | 2,775 (94.1) | 7.3 (3.0–18.0)‡ | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 10.8 |
| Health insurance plan in addition to Medicare | ||||
| No | 560 (19.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 9.6 |
| Yes | 2,370 (80.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 10.9 |
| Hospitalization last year | ||||
| No | 2,505 (84.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 10.9 |
| Yes | 439 (14.9) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9)† | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 9.2 |
| Physical health conditions | ||||
| History of cancer | ||||
| No | 2,381 (80.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 10.9 |
| Yes | 562 (19.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 9.4 |
| History of hypertension | ||||
| No | 1,419 (48.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 13.4 |
| Yes | 1,508 (51.1) | 2.2 (1.8–2.8)‡ | 1.7 (1.3–2.2)‡ | 8.7§ |
| History of cardiovascular disease/procedures | ||||
| No | 2,023 (68.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.4 |
| Yes | 927 (31.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8)‡ | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 9.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <24.1¶ | 734 (24.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 15.6 |
| 24.1–26.8 | 738 (25.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0)† | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 14.6 |
| 26.9–30.0 | 734 (24.9) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8)‡ | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)† | 9.3 |
| ≥30.1 | 744 (25.2) | 3.2 (2.3–4.3)† | 2.6 (1.7–3.8)‡ | 6.9‖ |
| P trend < 0.001 | P trend < 0.001 | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| <91.8¶ | 736 (24.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 17.3 |
| 91.8–99.3 | 743 (25.2) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5)‡ | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 13.4 |
| 99.4–107.1 | 731 (24.8) | 2.4 (2.7–3.3)‡ | 1.9 (1.2–2.9)† | 9.2 |
| ≥107.2 | 734 (24.9) | 3.8 (2.8–5.2)‡ | 2.7 (1.8–4.1)‡ | 6.8‖ |
| P trend < 0.001 | P trend < 0.001 |
| . | n (%) . | Odds ratio (95% CI) of having diagnosed type 2 diabetes* . | Odds ratio (95% CI) of having undiagnosed type 2 diabetes* . | NNTS . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic | ||||
| Education (years) | ||||
| 0–11 | 711 (24.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 9.6 |
| 12–14 | 1,000 (33.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 9.6 |
| ≥15 | 1,232 (41.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)† | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 12.4 |
| P trend = 0.01 | P trend = 0.08 | |||
| Annual family Income ($) | ||||
| <10,000 | 347 (11.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.4 |
| 10,000–25,000 | 1,008 (34.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 10.3 |
| 25,000–50,000 | 779 (26.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)† | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 10.3 |
| >50,000 | 406 (13.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7)† | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 10.4 |
| P trend = 0.002 | P trend = 0.99 | |||
| Health behavior | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1,294 (43.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.7 |
| Ever smoked | 1,358 (46.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 9.2† |
| Currently smoking | 293 (9.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 14.7 |
| Alcohol use in past 12 months | ||||
| Never | 1,482 (50.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.3 |
| Occasional | 612 (20.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7)‡ | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 10.2 |
| 1–7 drinks/week | 632 (21.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5)‡ | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 10.7 |
| ≥8 drinks/week | 213 (7.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4)‡ | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 8.4 |
| P trend < 0.001 | P trend = 0.46 | |||
| Health service use | ||||
| Doctor to usually go to | ||||
| No | 167 (5.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 8.1 |
| Yes | 2,775 (94.1) | 7.3 (3.0–18.0)‡ | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 10.8 |
| Health insurance plan in addition to Medicare | ||||
| No | 560 (19.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 9.6 |
| Yes | 2,370 (80.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 10.9 |
| Hospitalization last year | ||||
| No | 2,505 (84.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 10.9 |
| Yes | 439 (14.9) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9)† | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 9.2 |
| Physical health conditions | ||||
| History of cancer | ||||
| No | 2,381 (80.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 10.9 |
| Yes | 562 (19.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 9.4 |
| History of hypertension | ||||
| No | 1,419 (48.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 13.4 |
| Yes | 1,508 (51.1) | 2.2 (1.8–2.8)‡ | 1.7 (1.3–2.2)‡ | 8.7§ |
| History of cardiovascular disease/procedures | ||||
| No | 2,023 (68.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11.4 |
| Yes | 927 (31.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8)‡ | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 9.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <24.1¶ | 734 (24.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 15.6 |
| 24.1–26.8 | 738 (25.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0)† | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 14.6 |
| 26.9–30.0 | 734 (24.9) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8)‡ | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)† | 9.3 |
| ≥30.1 | 744 (25.2) | 3.2 (2.3–4.3)† | 2.6 (1.7–3.8)‡ | 6.9‖ |
| P trend < 0.001 | P trend < 0.001 | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| <91.8¶ | 736 (24.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 17.3 |
| 91.8–99.3 | 743 (25.2) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5)‡ | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 13.4 |
| 99.4–107.1 | 731 (24.8) | 2.4 (2.7–3.3)‡ | 1.9 (1.2–2.9)† | 9.2 |
| ≥107.2 | 734 (24.9) | 3.8 (2.8–5.2)‡ | 2.7 (1.8–4.1)‡ | 6.8‖ |
| P trend < 0.001 | P trend < 0.001 |
Adjusted for age, sex, and race;
P < 0.05;
P < 0.001;
P < 0.05;
P < 0.05 compared with first and second quartile;
quartiles.