Prevalence of clinically significant depression in adults with diabetes: uncontrolled studies (n = 22)
| Study . | Subjects (Diabetic: n) (Control: n) . | Sex (% female) . | Age (years) . | Race (% white) . | Depression assessment method . | Prevalence of depression . | Depression scale scores . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (%) . | Males (%) . | Females (%) . | |||||||
| Berlin et al. (75) | T1: 102e | 45.1 | 43 ± 13 | — | MINI/DSM-IV | 12.7 | — | — | — |
| Cohen et al. (76) | T1: 49e | 55.1 | 34.3 ± 9.2 | — | SCID/DSM-III-R | 14.3* | — | — | — |
| Mayou et al. (77) | T1: 109e | 53.2 | 21.9 ± 2.8 | — | PSE ID ≥5 | 11.0 | 7.8 | 13.8 | — |
| Winocour et al. (78) | T1: 130e | 36.2 | 40.3 ± 1.1 | 100.0 | Zung Men: >25.7 Women: >29.8 | 14.6† | 12.0 | 19.1 | 13.4 ± 0.6 |
| Stone et al. (27) | T1: 57e | 56.1 | 43.5 ± 15.7 | — | BDI ≥10 | 33.3 | — | — | 8.5 ± 6.1 |
| Surridge et al. (79) | T1: 50e | 46.0 | 38.1 ± 14.5 | — | BDI‡ + Hamilton‡ + psychiatric interview | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.9 ± 6.3 |
| Marcus et al. (34)§ | T2: 66e | 66.6 | 52.9 ± 9.5 | — | IDD-L | — | — | — | — |
| Connell et al. (80) | T2: 191d | 57.6 | 70.3 ± 6.7 | 86.0 | Zung‡ | 47.0 | — | — | 49.7 ± 8.6 |
| Naliboff and Rosenthall (81) | T2: 102e | 0.0 | 66.6 | — | BDI ≥ 17 + MMPI‖ ≥80 | 23.5 | 23.5 | — | — |
| Geringer et al. (82) | T2: 64e | 100.0 | 63 ± 5.3 | — | Zung ≥50 | 18.8 | — | 18.8 | 41.5 |
| Biglan et al. (83) | T2: 36e | — | — | — | SADS/RDC | 22.2 | — | — | — |
| Kohen et al. (84) | T1: 36e T2: 64e | 42.0 | T1: 37.7 ± 13.3 T2: 62.5 ± 12.7 | — | HADS‡ | T1: 16.7 T2: 35.9 x: 29.0 | — | — | T1: 4.6 ± 4.3 T2: 6.3 ± 4.3 x: 5.7 |
| Peyrot et al. (85) | T1: 203e T2: 431e | 59.0 | — | 60.3 | CES-D ≥16 | T1: 42.4 T2: 40.8 x:41.3 | 31.1 | 48.4 | — |
| Bailey (86) | T1 & 2: 180e | 60.0 | 46 | 71.1 | CES-D ≥16 | 33.9 | — | — | 13.5 ± 1.1 |
| Haire-Joshu et al. (87) | T1: 163e T2: 23e | 54.8 | 42.7 ± 14.7 | 72.6 | BDI ≥10 | 27.4 | — | — | 7.8 |
| Jalenques et al. (88) | T1: 34e T2: 27e | 41.0 | T1: 49.8 T2: 59.0 x: 53.9 | — | Psychiatric interview/ DSM-III-R criteria | T1: 20.6 T2: 22.2 x: 21.3¶ | 13.9 | 32.0 | — |
| Padgett et al. (89) | T1: 33b T2: 147b | 51.1 | — | — | Zung ≥50 | 60.5 | — | — | 52.5 |
| Lee et al. (90) | T1 & 2: 93e | 58.1 | 27 ± 6.7 | — | DSM-III symptom checklist | 5.4# | — | — | — |
| Von Dras and Lichty (91) | T1: 66a T2: 50a | 52.6 | T1: 33.7 ± 10.9 T2: 55.4 ± 9.0 x: 43.1 ± 14.8 | — | Zung‡ | 40.0 | — | — | 48.4 ± 11.4 |
| Lustman et al. (92) | T1: 57b T2: 57b | 66.7 | T1: 30.8 ± 9.7 T2: 49.1 ± 13.0 x: 40.0 ± 15.1 | 62.3 | DIS/DSM-III | 14.0 | — | — | — |
| Slawson et al. (93) | T1 & 2: 25e | 20.0 | 46.6 | — | MMPI-D ≥70 | 36.0 | 35.0 | 40.0 | 63.0 |
| Samson et al. (94) | T1: 111e T2: 129e | 50.8 | 52.1 ± 15.7 | — | SCID/DSM-III-R | T1: 16.2 T2: 10.9 x: 13.3** | 11.9** | 13.9** | — |
| Study . | Subjects (Diabetic: n) (Control: n) . | Sex (% female) . | Age (years) . | Race (% white) . | Depression assessment method . | Prevalence of depression . | Depression scale scores . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (%) . | Males (%) . | Females (%) . | |||||||
| Berlin et al. (75) | T1: 102e | 45.1 | 43 ± 13 | — | MINI/DSM-IV | 12.7 | — | — | — |
| Cohen et al. (76) | T1: 49e | 55.1 | 34.3 ± 9.2 | — | SCID/DSM-III-R | 14.3* | — | — | — |
| Mayou et al. (77) | T1: 109e | 53.2 | 21.9 ± 2.8 | — | PSE ID ≥5 | 11.0 | 7.8 | 13.8 | — |
| Winocour et al. (78) | T1: 130e | 36.2 | 40.3 ± 1.1 | 100.0 | Zung Men: >25.7 Women: >29.8 | 14.6† | 12.0 | 19.1 | 13.4 ± 0.6 |
| Stone et al. (27) | T1: 57e | 56.1 | 43.5 ± 15.7 | — | BDI ≥10 | 33.3 | — | — | 8.5 ± 6.1 |
| Surridge et al. (79) | T1: 50e | 46.0 | 38.1 ± 14.5 | — | BDI‡ + Hamilton‡ + psychiatric interview | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.9 ± 6.3 |
| Marcus et al. (34)§ | T2: 66e | 66.6 | 52.9 ± 9.5 | — | IDD-L | — | — | — | — |
| Connell et al. (80) | T2: 191d | 57.6 | 70.3 ± 6.7 | 86.0 | Zung‡ | 47.0 | — | — | 49.7 ± 8.6 |
| Naliboff and Rosenthall (81) | T2: 102e | 0.0 | 66.6 | — | BDI ≥ 17 + MMPI‖ ≥80 | 23.5 | 23.5 | — | — |
| Geringer et al. (82) | T2: 64e | 100.0 | 63 ± 5.3 | — | Zung ≥50 | 18.8 | — | 18.8 | 41.5 |
| Biglan et al. (83) | T2: 36e | — | — | — | SADS/RDC | 22.2 | — | — | — |
| Kohen et al. (84) | T1: 36e T2: 64e | 42.0 | T1: 37.7 ± 13.3 T2: 62.5 ± 12.7 | — | HADS‡ | T1: 16.7 T2: 35.9 x: 29.0 | — | — | T1: 4.6 ± 4.3 T2: 6.3 ± 4.3 x: 5.7 |
| Peyrot et al. (85) | T1: 203e T2: 431e | 59.0 | — | 60.3 | CES-D ≥16 | T1: 42.4 T2: 40.8 x:41.3 | 31.1 | 48.4 | — |
| Bailey (86) | T1 & 2: 180e | 60.0 | 46 | 71.1 | CES-D ≥16 | 33.9 | — | — | 13.5 ± 1.1 |
| Haire-Joshu et al. (87) | T1: 163e T2: 23e | 54.8 | 42.7 ± 14.7 | 72.6 | BDI ≥10 | 27.4 | — | — | 7.8 |
| Jalenques et al. (88) | T1: 34e T2: 27e | 41.0 | T1: 49.8 T2: 59.0 x: 53.9 | — | Psychiatric interview/ DSM-III-R criteria | T1: 20.6 T2: 22.2 x: 21.3¶ | 13.9 | 32.0 | — |
| Padgett et al. (89) | T1: 33b T2: 147b | 51.1 | — | — | Zung ≥50 | 60.5 | — | — | 52.5 |
| Lee et al. (90) | T1 & 2: 93e | 58.1 | 27 ± 6.7 | — | DSM-III symptom checklist | 5.4# | — | — | — |
| Von Dras and Lichty (91) | T1: 66a T2: 50a | 52.6 | T1: 33.7 ± 10.9 T2: 55.4 ± 9.0 x: 43.1 ± 14.8 | — | Zung‡ | 40.0 | — | — | 48.4 ± 11.4 |
| Lustman et al. (92) | T1: 57b T2: 57b | 66.7 | T1: 30.8 ± 9.7 T2: 49.1 ± 13.0 x: 40.0 ± 15.1 | 62.3 | DIS/DSM-III | 14.0 | — | — | — |
| Slawson et al. (93) | T1 & 2: 25e | 20.0 | 46.6 | — | MMPI-D ≥70 | 36.0 | 35.0 | 40.0 | 63.0 |
| Samson et al. (94) | T1: 111e T2: 129e | 50.8 | 52.1 ± 15.7 | — | SCID/DSM-III-R | T1: 16.2 T2: 10.9 x: 13.3** | 11.9** | 13.9** | — |
Data are means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. T1 = type 1 diabetes, T2 = type 2 diabetes, MINI/DSM-IV = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, PSE = Present State Examination, Zung = Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, MMPI-D = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Depression Scale, IDD-L = Inventory to Diagnose Depression-Lifetime, SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia.
Sample randomly selected from a acommunity, bclinic or hospital, or cunspecified setting.
Sample not randomly selected from a dcommunity, eclinic or hospital, or funspecified setting.
Includes diagnoses of dysthymia, major depression, and depression NOS;
sex adjusted in the threshold scores for clinically significant depression;
cutoff score for the symptom scale not specified;
reported only the lifetime prevalence of depression for diabetic subjects, and was not included in the point prevalence calculations;
depression scale of the Faschingbauer abbreviated version;
diagnosis of depressive neurosis + depression NOS;
dysthymia;
diagnoses of major depression, depression NOS, and dysthymia.