Clinical data of patients at the beginning and end of the study
| . | Group patients . | Control subjects . | Statistical significance . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beginning of study . | End of study . | Beginning of study . | End of study . | ||
| n | 56 | 43 | 56 | 47 | — |
| Sex (M/F) | 27/29 | 22/21 | 34/22 | 30/17 | NS |
| Age | 62.0 (35–80) | 63.0 (37–82) | 61.0 (43–78) | 64.0 (45–80) | NS |
| Schooling* | N=15, P=31, M=5, H=3, U=0 | N=11, P=24, M=5, H=3, U=0 | N=2, P=41, M=11, H=1, U=2 | N=1, P=33, M=11, H=0, U=2 | † |
| Occupation‡ | H=14, R=24, W=4, B=7, O=7 | H=11, R=18, W=3, B=6, O=5 | H=10, R=27, W=2, B=8, O=9 | H=7, R=24, W=2, B=7, O=7 | NS |
| Known duration of diabetes (years) | 9.4 (1–23) | 11.7 (3–25) | 9.8 (1–39) | 12.3 (3–41) | NS |
| Attendance in clinic (years) | 4.8 (1–11) | 6.8 (3–13) | 4.8 (1–9) | 7.0 (3–11) | NS |
| Family history of diabetes | 37 | 30 | 31 | 25 | NS |
| Self-monitoring blood glucose | 12 | 10 | 16 | 14 | NS |
| Smoking (currently/never/stopped) | 10/32/14 | 6/25/12 | 15/27/14 | 11/20/14 | NS |
| Hypertensive | 34 | 26 | 25 | 22 | NS |
| Hypoglycemic treatment: | |||||
| Diet only | 6 | 2 | 10 | 5 | NS |
| Sulphonylureas | 27 | 18 | 21 | 13 | NS |
| Metformin | 5 | 3 | 6 | 6 | NS |
| Sulphonylureas + metformin | 18 | 18 | 19 | 25 | NS |
| Insulin | — | 2 | — | 5 | NS |
| Quality of life (DQOL/Mod score) | 67.6 ± 19.0 | 55.6 ± 15.9 | 66.7 ± 25.0 | 80.8 ± 31.5 | P < 0.001 |
| Knowledge of diabetes (GISED score) | 14.9 ± 7.9 | 24.0 ± 6.6 | 20.2 ± 7.4 | 17.4 ± 8.6 | P < 0.001 |
| Health conduct (CdR score) | 11.1 ± 2.7 | 15.8 ± 2.9 | 12.0 ± 4.3 | 11.3 ± 4.3 | P < 0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 77.4 ± 13.1 | 76.0 ± 13.4 | 78.2 ± 14.6 | 77.1 ± 14.7 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 4.1 | 27.6 ± 4.2 | P = 0.06 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 9.8 ± 2.6 | 9.9 ± 2.7 | 10.0 ± 3.1 | 9.2 ± 2.9 | NS |
| HbA1c (percentage of total hemoglobin) | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 1.8 | P < 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | NS |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | P < 0.05 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 2.6 (0.7–11.5) | 2.1 (0.7–6.9) | 1.7 (0.5–5.2) | 1.7 (0.6–3.9) | P = 0.53 |
| Creatinine, (μmol/l) | 91.6 ± 14.2 | 88.8 ± 16.5 | 90.0 ± 14.0 | 87.8 ± 17.2 | NS |
| Albuminuria (none/micro or macro) | 32/24 | 20/21 | 37/19 | 19/22 | NS |
| Diabetic retinopathy (none/mild/more severe) | 42/8/6 | 35/5/3 | 38/13/5 | 33/7/7 | NS |
| Foot ulcers (never/past/active) | 54/0/2 | 42/1/0 | 53/2/1 | 45/1/1 | NS |
| . | Group patients . | Control subjects . | Statistical significance . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beginning of study . | End of study . | Beginning of study . | End of study . | ||
| n | 56 | 43 | 56 | 47 | — |
| Sex (M/F) | 27/29 | 22/21 | 34/22 | 30/17 | NS |
| Age | 62.0 (35–80) | 63.0 (37–82) | 61.0 (43–78) | 64.0 (45–80) | NS |
| Schooling* | N=15, P=31, M=5, H=3, U=0 | N=11, P=24, M=5, H=3, U=0 | N=2, P=41, M=11, H=1, U=2 | N=1, P=33, M=11, H=0, U=2 | † |
| Occupation‡ | H=14, R=24, W=4, B=7, O=7 | H=11, R=18, W=3, B=6, O=5 | H=10, R=27, W=2, B=8, O=9 | H=7, R=24, W=2, B=7, O=7 | NS |
| Known duration of diabetes (years) | 9.4 (1–23) | 11.7 (3–25) | 9.8 (1–39) | 12.3 (3–41) | NS |
| Attendance in clinic (years) | 4.8 (1–11) | 6.8 (3–13) | 4.8 (1–9) | 7.0 (3–11) | NS |
| Family history of diabetes | 37 | 30 | 31 | 25 | NS |
| Self-monitoring blood glucose | 12 | 10 | 16 | 14 | NS |
| Smoking (currently/never/stopped) | 10/32/14 | 6/25/12 | 15/27/14 | 11/20/14 | NS |
| Hypertensive | 34 | 26 | 25 | 22 | NS |
| Hypoglycemic treatment: | |||||
| Diet only | 6 | 2 | 10 | 5 | NS |
| Sulphonylureas | 27 | 18 | 21 | 13 | NS |
| Metformin | 5 | 3 | 6 | 6 | NS |
| Sulphonylureas + metformin | 18 | 18 | 19 | 25 | NS |
| Insulin | — | 2 | — | 5 | NS |
| Quality of life (DQOL/Mod score) | 67.6 ± 19.0 | 55.6 ± 15.9 | 66.7 ± 25.0 | 80.8 ± 31.5 | P < 0.001 |
| Knowledge of diabetes (GISED score) | 14.9 ± 7.9 | 24.0 ± 6.6 | 20.2 ± 7.4 | 17.4 ± 8.6 | P < 0.001 |
| Health conduct (CdR score) | 11.1 ± 2.7 | 15.8 ± 2.9 | 12.0 ± 4.3 | 11.3 ± 4.3 | P < 0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 77.4 ± 13.1 | 76.0 ± 13.4 | 78.2 ± 14.6 | 77.1 ± 14.7 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 4.1 | 27.6 ± 4.2 | P = 0.06 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 9.8 ± 2.6 | 9.9 ± 2.7 | 10.0 ± 3.1 | 9.2 ± 2.9 | NS |
| HbA1c (percentage of total hemoglobin) | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 1.8 | P < 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | NS |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | P < 0.05 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 2.6 (0.7–11.5) | 2.1 (0.7–6.9) | 1.7 (0.5–5.2) | 1.7 (0.6–3.9) | P = 0.53 |
| Creatinine, (μmol/l) | 91.6 ± 14.2 | 88.8 ± 16.5 | 90.0 ± 14.0 | 87.8 ± 17.2 | NS |
| Albuminuria (none/micro or macro) | 32/24 | 20/21 | 37/19 | 19/22 | NS |
| Diabetic retinopathy (none/mild/more severe) | 42/8/6 | 35/5/3 | 38/13/5 | 33/7/7 | NS |
| Foot ulcers (never/past/active) | 54/0/2 | 42/1/0 | 53/2/1 | 45/1/1 | NS |
Data are mean ± 1 SD, median range, or absolute numbers, as applicable.
N = No formal education, P = primary school, M = middle school, H = high school, U = university degree;
patients followed by group consultations had less education than those in one-to-one care (N versus P versus all others, P < 0.01; N versus all others, P < 0.005);
H = housewife, R = retired, W = white-collar worker; B = blue-collar worker, O = other.