Characteristics of older women in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures by diabetes and insulin use
| . | No diabetes . | Non-insulin-treated diabetes . | Insulin-treated diabetes . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 8,620 | 530 | 99 |
| Age (years) | 73.6 ± 5.3 | 73.9 ± 5.0 | 73.5 ± 5.0 |
| Time since diagnosis of diabetes (years) | — | 11.3 ± 9.2 | 17.4 ± 11.2† |
| Chronic conditions and medications | |||
| History of arthritis‡ (%) | 62.5 | 70.4* | 73.7* |
| History of coronary heart disease§ (%) | 15.3 | 29.4* | 28.8* |
| History of stroke (%) | 4.3 | 8.7* | 14.0* |
| Fainted in previous year (%) | 3.7 | 6.0* | 9.4* |
| Dizziness upon standing (%) | 18.6 | 25.3* | 28.3* |
| Positive Geriatric Depression Scale score (%)‖ | 4.3 | 8.3* | 6.4 |
| Uses medication for sleeplessness or anxiety (%) | 20.7 | 27.9* | 21.2 |
| Physical and cognitive performance | |||
| Any difficulty with IADLs¶ (%) | 37.6 | 57.2* | 71.0*† |
| Grip strength (kg) | 18.8 ± 4.7 | 18.1 ± 4.7* | 16.7 ± 4.4*† |
| Quadriceps strength (kg) | 62.7 ± 26.6 | 55.4 ± 27.1* | 55.2 ± 29.7* |
| Tandem walk score# | 16.4 ± 7.8 | 18.5 ± 8.8* | 22.0 ± 8.9*† |
| Poor tandem stand performance (%) | 42.3 | 56.3* | 77.5*† |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 0.91 ± 0.22 | 0.81 ± 0.22* | 0.73 ± 0.22* |
| Chair stands (s) | 12.3 ± 4.8 | 13.7 ± 5.2* | 14.3 ± 5.2* |
| Corrected visual acuity score‡ | 49.4 ± 7.2 | 48.4 ± 7.8* | 43.8 ± 11.1*† |
| Contrast sensitivity score‡ | 57.1 ± 29.2 | 51.0 ± 27.3* | 35.7 ± 24.2*† |
| Near depth perception‡ (seconds of arc) | 85 ± 85 | 89 ± 87 | 117 ± 123* |
| Distant depth perception‡ (cm) | 2.2 ± 2.6 | 2.4 ± 2.9 | 3.4 ± 3.3*† |
| Trails B (could not complete in 3 min) (%) | 15.3 | 23.9* | 24.3* |
| Digit symbol score (number correct) | 43.6 ± 11.6 | 39.5 ± 12.0* | 37.3 ± 11.3* |
| Peripheral neuropathy | |||
| Vibration threshold (vibration units) | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 2.7* | 8.3 ± 3.9*† |
| Loss of pressure sensitivity** (%) | 12.2 | 18.8* | 29.1*† |
| . | No diabetes . | Non-insulin-treated diabetes . | Insulin-treated diabetes . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 8,620 | 530 | 99 |
| Age (years) | 73.6 ± 5.3 | 73.9 ± 5.0 | 73.5 ± 5.0 |
| Time since diagnosis of diabetes (years) | — | 11.3 ± 9.2 | 17.4 ± 11.2† |
| Chronic conditions and medications | |||
| History of arthritis‡ (%) | 62.5 | 70.4* | 73.7* |
| History of coronary heart disease§ (%) | 15.3 | 29.4* | 28.8* |
| History of stroke (%) | 4.3 | 8.7* | 14.0* |
| Fainted in previous year (%) | 3.7 | 6.0* | 9.4* |
| Dizziness upon standing (%) | 18.6 | 25.3* | 28.3* |
| Positive Geriatric Depression Scale score (%)‖ | 4.3 | 8.3* | 6.4 |
| Uses medication for sleeplessness or anxiety (%) | 20.7 | 27.9* | 21.2 |
| Physical and cognitive performance | |||
| Any difficulty with IADLs¶ (%) | 37.6 | 57.2* | 71.0*† |
| Grip strength (kg) | 18.8 ± 4.7 | 18.1 ± 4.7* | 16.7 ± 4.4*† |
| Quadriceps strength (kg) | 62.7 ± 26.6 | 55.4 ± 27.1* | 55.2 ± 29.7* |
| Tandem walk score# | 16.4 ± 7.8 | 18.5 ± 8.8* | 22.0 ± 8.9*† |
| Poor tandem stand performance (%) | 42.3 | 56.3* | 77.5*† |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 0.91 ± 0.22 | 0.81 ± 0.22* | 0.73 ± 0.22* |
| Chair stands (s) | 12.3 ± 4.8 | 13.7 ± 5.2* | 14.3 ± 5.2* |
| Corrected visual acuity score‡ | 49.4 ± 7.2 | 48.4 ± 7.8* | 43.8 ± 11.1*† |
| Contrast sensitivity score‡ | 57.1 ± 29.2 | 51.0 ± 27.3* | 35.7 ± 24.2*† |
| Near depth perception‡ (seconds of arc) | 85 ± 85 | 89 ± 87 | 117 ± 123* |
| Distant depth perception‡ (cm) | 2.2 ± 2.6 | 2.4 ± 2.9 | 3.4 ± 3.3*† |
| Trails B (could not complete in 3 min) (%) | 15.3 | 23.9* | 24.3* |
| Digit symbol score (number correct) | 43.6 ± 11.6 | 39.5 ± 12.0* | 37.3 ± 11.3* |
| Peripheral neuropathy | |||
| Vibration threshold (vibration units) | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 2.7* | 8.3 ± 3.9*† |
| Loss of pressure sensitivity** (%) | 12.2 | 18.8* | 29.1*† |
Data are means ± SD unless otherwise noted.
P < 0.05 compared with women without diabetes.
P < 0.05 compared with women with non–insulin-treated diabetes.
Measured at baseline. All others measured at second visit.
Heart attack, angina, or congestive heart failure.
Six or more symptoms on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale.
Ability to perform five instrumental activities of daily living without assistance or the use of special equipment: walking two to three blocks, climbing 10 steps, preparing own meals, doing heavy housework, and doing own shopping.
Time to complete tandem walk in seconds plus number of errors.
Could not detect monofilament smaller than 5.07 applied to toe. IADL, instrumental activity of daily living.