American Diabetes Association

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Table 2—

Bivariable associations with diabetes metabolic control

Independent variable	Dependent variable: most recent HbA_1c level					Dependent variable: change in HbA_1c level^*
Independent variable		Parameter estimate	P value	R²	Parameter estimate	P value	R²
Race (white = 0)	0.29	0.04	0.5%	0.25	0.05	0.3%
Sex (male = 0)	−0.17	0.24	NA	−0.04	0.74	NA
Age	−0.026	<0.0001	2.3%	−0.01	0.04	0.4%
Income/copay	0.06	0.11	NA	−0.008	0.83	NA
Adherence (0–100%)	−0.019	<0.0001	4.0%	−0.013	<0.0001	1.7%
No. oral agents	0.79	<0.0001	6.1%	0.55	<0.0001	2.6%
Insulin use (0 or 1)	0.56	0.0003	1.6%	0.38	0.007	0.7%
No. HbA_1c levels	−0.004	0.93	NA	0.03	0.55	NA
No. encounters	−0.008	0.45	NA	0.006	0.50	NA
Continuity index	−0.09	0.78	NA	0.55	0.13	NA

Independent variable	Dependent variable: most recent HbA_1c level					Dependent variable: change in HbA_1c level^*
Independent variable		Parameter estimate	P value	R²	Parameter estimate	P value	R²
Race (white = 0)	0.29	0.04	0.5%	0.25	0.05	0.3%
Sex (male = 0)	−0.17	0.24	NA	−0.04	0.74	NA
Age	−0.026	<0.0001	2.3%	−0.01	0.04	0.4%
Income/copay	0.06	0.11	NA	−0.008	0.83	NA
Adherence (0–100%)	−0.019	<0.0001	4.0%	−0.013	<0.0001	1.7%
No. oral agents	0.79	<0.0001	6.1%	0.55	<0.0001	2.6%
Insulin use (0 or 1)	0.56	0.0003	1.6%	0.38	0.007	0.7%
No. HbA_1c levels	−0.004	0.93	NA	0.03	0.55	NA
No. encounters	−0.008	0.45	NA	0.006	0.50	NA
Continuity index	−0.09	0.78	NA	0.55	0.13	NA

*

The initial HbA_1c level was controlled for in this model. A negative parameter estimate indicates HbA_1c improved with increment in independent variable.