| . | Group A . | . | Group B . | . | Group C . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N . | Mean (SE) . | N . | Mean (SE) . | N . | Mean (SE) . | |||
| Calories from saturated fat (%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 51 | 11.3 (0.5) | 51 | 10.7 (0.4) | 54 | 10.6 (0.3) | |||
| 6 months | 51 | 10.6 (0.4) | 51 | 10.2 (0.4) | 54 | 10.1 (0.4) | |||
| Dietary cholesterol (mg/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 51 | 285 (19.4) | 51 | 313 (21.7) | 54 | 259 (17.5) | |||
| 6 months | 51 | 275 (19.9) | 51 | 223 (16.7) | 54 | 242 (19.3) | |||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 51 | 1342 (48.0) | 51 | 1302 (47.0) | 54 | 1313 (56.4) | |||
| 6 months | 51 | 1189 (49.1) | 51 | 1214 (43.5) | 54 | 1216 (47.6) | |||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (normal range 5.5–7.8%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 10.7 (0.3) | 62 | 11.0 (0.4) | 61 | 11.3 (0.3) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 10.7 (0.4) | 60 | 11.1 (0.4) | 58 | 11.5 (0.5) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 10.8 (0.4) | 59 | 10.9 (0.5) | 57 | 10.7 (0.4) | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 199 (4.5) | 62 | 207 (5.5) | 61 | 208 (5.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 202 (5.1) | 60 | 210 (5.8) | 57 | 210 (7.2) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 193 (4.5) | 59 | 206 (6.0) | 57 | 204 (6.2) | |||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 54 (2.0) | 62 | 50 (1.6) | 61 | 49 (1.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 53 (2.1) | 60 | 51 (1.8) | 56 | 49 (2.0) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 51 (1.9) | 59 | 52 (1.8) | 57 | 50 (2.2) | |||
| Weight (lb) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 207 (5.5) | 62 | 204 (6.2) | 62 | 210 (5.7) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 207 (5.7) | 60 | 202 (6.3) | 59 | 210 (5.8) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 212 (5.8) | 58 | 208 (6.7) | 58 | 212 (6.2) | |||
| Diabetes knowledge scale‡ | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 9.1 (0.3) | 60 | 8.6 (0.4) | 62 | 9.4 (0.4) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 10.5 (0.4) | 59 | 9.9 (0.3) | 58 | 9.6 (0.4) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 10.7 (0.3) | 56 | 9.8 (0.3) | 57 | 10.1 (0.4) | |||
| Diabetes health status: Mental Well-Being scale§ | |||||||||
| Baseline | 61 | 21.1 (0.8) | 62 | 23.5 (0.9) | 63 | 24.0 (0.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 26.2 (0.8) | 61 | 25.9 (0.9) | 60 | 25.7 (1.0) | |||
| 12 months | 60 | 25.6 (0.9) | 59 | 25.3 (1.0) | 54 | 26.8 (1.0) | |||
| Diabetes health status: Social Well-Being scale§ | |||||||||
| Baseline | 61 | 27.5 (1.0) | 62 | 27.5 (1.0) | 63 | 29.3 (0.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 29.0 (1.0) | 61 | 28.8 (0.9) | 60 | 30.0 (1.0) | |||
| 12 months | 60 | 28.5 (1.0) | 59 | 28.3 (1.0) | 54 | 29.5 (1.0) | |||
| . | Group A . | . | Group B . | . | Group C . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N . | Mean (SE) . | N . | Mean (SE) . | N . | Mean (SE) . | |||
| Calories from saturated fat (%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 51 | 11.3 (0.5) | 51 | 10.7 (0.4) | 54 | 10.6 (0.3) | |||
| 6 months | 51 | 10.6 (0.4) | 51 | 10.2 (0.4) | 54 | 10.1 (0.4) | |||
| Dietary cholesterol (mg/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 51 | 285 (19.4) | 51 | 313 (21.7) | 54 | 259 (17.5) | |||
| 6 months | 51 | 275 (19.9) | 51 | 223 (16.7) | 54 | 242 (19.3) | |||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 51 | 1342 (48.0) | 51 | 1302 (47.0) | 54 | 1313 (56.4) | |||
| 6 months | 51 | 1189 (49.1) | 51 | 1214 (43.5) | 54 | 1216 (47.6) | |||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (normal range 5.5–7.8%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 10.7 (0.3) | 62 | 11.0 (0.4) | 61 | 11.3 (0.3) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 10.7 (0.4) | 60 | 11.1 (0.4) | 58 | 11.5 (0.5) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 10.8 (0.4) | 59 | 10.9 (0.5) | 57 | 10.7 (0.4) | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 199 (4.5) | 62 | 207 (5.5) | 61 | 208 (5.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 202 (5.1) | 60 | 210 (5.8) | 57 | 210 (7.2) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 193 (4.5) | 59 | 206 (6.0) | 57 | 204 (6.2) | |||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 54 (2.0) | 62 | 50 (1.6) | 61 | 49 (1.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 53 (2.1) | 60 | 51 (1.8) | 56 | 49 (2.0) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 51 (1.9) | 59 | 52 (1.8) | 57 | 50 (2.2) | |||
| Weight (lb) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 207 (5.5) | 62 | 204 (6.2) | 62 | 210 (5.7) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 207 (5.7) | 60 | 202 (6.3) | 59 | 210 (5.8) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 212 (5.8) | 58 | 208 (6.7) | 58 | 212 (6.2) | |||
| Diabetes knowledge scale‡ | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60 | 9.1 (0.3) | 60 | 8.6 (0.4) | 62 | 9.4 (0.4) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 10.5 (0.4) | 59 | 9.9 (0.3) | 58 | 9.6 (0.4) | |||
| 12 months | 54 | 10.7 (0.3) | 56 | 9.8 (0.3) | 57 | 10.1 (0.4) | |||
| Diabetes health status: Mental Well-Being scale§ | |||||||||
| Baseline | 61 | 21.1 (0.8) | 62 | 23.5 (0.9) | 63 | 24.0 (0.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 26.2 (0.8) | 61 | 25.9 (0.9) | 60 | 25.7 (1.0) | |||
| 12 months | 60 | 25.6 (0.9) | 59 | 25.3 (1.0) | 54 | 26.8 (1.0) | |||
| Diabetes health status: Social Well-Being scale§ | |||||||||
| Baseline | 61 | 27.5 (1.0) | 62 | 27.5 (1.0) | 63 | 29.3 (0.9) | |||
| 6 months | 60 | 29.0 (1.0) | 61 | 28.8 (0.9) | 60 | 30.0 (1.0) | |||
| 12 months | 60 | 28.5 (1.0) | 59 | 28.3 (1.0) | 54 | 29.5 (1.0) | |||
Means are for participants with baseline and at least one follow-up measure.
Group A received the clinic- and community-based intervention, group B received the clinic-based intervention, and group C received the minimal intervention. Comparison of means are adjusted for the following variables: baseline value of variable, age, educational achievement, number of years with diabetes, BMI, living with a spouse or someone like a spouse, using oral medication for diabetes, use of insulin, and an interaction term for living with spouse or someone like a spouse and use of oral medication (when interaction significant).
Fifteen-item scale; each correct answer contributes 1 point.
Nine-item scale; a higher score represents improved well-being.