Demographic and pregnancy characteristics and risk of IA in offspring
| Characteristic . | Affected . | Unaffected . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) . | Wald χ2 P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 16 | 206 | ||
| Age at last follow-up (years)* | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | NA† | NA† |
| Child’s sex (% male) | 7 (43.7) | 101 (49.0) | 0.87 (0.32–2.33) | 0.779 |
| Child’s ethnicity (% non-Hispanic Caucasian) | 15 (93.7) | 152 (73.8) | 5.29 (0.7–40.06) | 0.133 |
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 31.3 ± 6.0 | 29.7 ± 5.8 | 1.26 (0.8–1.96)‡ | 0.331 |
| Maternal education at delivery (% ≤12 years) | 4 (25.0) | 48 (23.3) | 1.09 (0.35–3.39) | 0.878 |
| Income at delivery (% <$30,000/year)§ | 4 (26.7) | 48 (23.8) | 1.04 (0.33–3.28) | 0.942 |
| Birth weight (g)§ | 3,122.9 ± 564.9 | 3,286.4 ± 527.7 | 0.74 (0.47–1.18)‡ | 0.238 |
| Pre- or post-term delivery§ | 2 (13.3) | 69 (33.7) | 0.31 (0.07–1.37) | 0.148 |
| Cesarean delivery | 1 (6.2) | 43 (20.9) | 0.27 (0.04–2.04) | 0.226 |
| Breast-fed <3 months§ | 6 (37.5) | 66 (32.3) | 1.3 (0.47–3.56) | 0.619 |
| GDM | 3 (18.8) | 3 (1.5) | 9.64 (2.74–33.97) | 0.006 |
| First-degree type 1 diabetic relative | 6 (37.5) | 62 (30.1) | 1.71 (0.62–4.75) | 0.302 |
| HLA-DR3/4, DQ8 genotype | 14 (87.5) | 129 (62.6) | 3.17 (0.72–14.01) | 0.166 |
| Characteristic . | Affected . | Unaffected . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) . | Wald χ2 P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 16 | 206 | ||
| Age at last follow-up (years)* | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | NA† | NA† |
| Child’s sex (% male) | 7 (43.7) | 101 (49.0) | 0.87 (0.32–2.33) | 0.779 |
| Child’s ethnicity (% non-Hispanic Caucasian) | 15 (93.7) | 152 (73.8) | 5.29 (0.7–40.06) | 0.133 |
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 31.3 ± 6.0 | 29.7 ± 5.8 | 1.26 (0.8–1.96)‡ | 0.331 |
| Maternal education at delivery (% ≤12 years) | 4 (25.0) | 48 (23.3) | 1.09 (0.35–3.39) | 0.878 |
| Income at delivery (% <$30,000/year)§ | 4 (26.7) | 48 (23.8) | 1.04 (0.33–3.28) | 0.942 |
| Birth weight (g)§ | 3,122.9 ± 564.9 | 3,286.4 ± 527.7 | 0.74 (0.47–1.18)‡ | 0.238 |
| Pre- or post-term delivery§ | 2 (13.3) | 69 (33.7) | 0.31 (0.07–1.37) | 0.148 |
| Cesarean delivery | 1 (6.2) | 43 (20.9) | 0.27 (0.04–2.04) | 0.226 |
| Breast-fed <3 months§ | 6 (37.5) | 66 (32.3) | 1.3 (0.47–3.56) | 0.619 |
| GDM | 3 (18.8) | 3 (1.5) | 9.64 (2.74–33.97) | 0.006 |
| First-degree type 1 diabetic relative | 6 (37.5) | 62 (30.1) | 1.71 (0.62–4.75) | 0.302 |
| HLA-DR3/4, DQ8 genotype | 14 (87.5) | 129 (62.6) | 3.17 (0.72–14.01) | 0.166 |
Data are means ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
For affected, average age at first positive test for IA is 2.5 ± 1.7 years;
outcome determined by difference in age of affected subject at first positive visit and age at last negative visit;
HR associated with incremental values: maternal age = 5 years, birth weight = 500 g;
missing observations include income: one in the affected group (6.2%) and four (1.9%) in the unaffected group, birth weight: one from the unaffected group (0.5%), pre- or post-term delivery: one in each affected (6.2%) and unaffected group (0.5%), and breast-feeding duration: two missing observations from unaffected group (1.0%).