Characteristics of the study population
| . | U.K. . | U.S. . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 325 | 170 | 495 |
| Male sex (%) | 72.2 | 66.7 | 70.2 |
| Age (years) | 61.50 ± 11.54 | 62.56 ± 9.82 | 61.86 ± 10.98 |
| Education (%)* | |||
| Primary | 4.1 | 1.8 | 3.4 |
| Secondary | 58.5 | 41.7 | 54.0 |
| Some college | 23.1 | 11.9 | 19.7 |
| College graduate | 7.3 | 25.6 | 14.0 |
| Postgraduate | 4.4 | 19.5 | 8.9 |
| Marital status (has partner) (%) | 64.9 | 73.2 | 67.8 |
| Diabetes type (type 1) (%)* | 34.5 | 16.7 | 28.3 |
| Number of diabetes complications | 1.57 ± 1.06 | 1.54 ± 1.18 | 1.56 ± 1.10 |
| Number of concomitant disorders* | 0.74 ± 0.89 | 1.43 ± 1.24 | 0.98 ± 1.07 |
| Neuropathy disability score | 7.33 ± 2.17 | 7.63 ± 2.12 | 7.43 ± 2.17 |
| Vibration perception threshold* | 39.30 ± 9.33 | 44.39 ± 9.33 | 41.06 ± 9.63 |
| Past foot ulceration (%)* | 29.1 | 48.8 | 36.0 |
| PIN_ID1: good circulation = healthy feet* | 3.58 ± 0.67 | 2.93 ± 0.69 | 3.52 ± 0.62 |
| PIN_ID2: accurate interpretation of DPN | 3.84 ± 0.60 | 4.01 ± 0.48 | 3.90 ± 0.56 |
| PIN_ID3: foot ulcers would be painful† | 3.14 ± 0.83 | 2.61 ± 0.92 | 3.26 ± 0.63 |
| PIN_C1: physical causes of ulcers† | 3.48 ± 0.57 | 3.61 ± 0.61 | 3.52 ± 0.58 |
| PIN_C2: self/practitioner blame | 2.74 ± 0.67 | 2.68 ± 0.70 | 2.71 ± 0.68 |
| PIN_TL: acute foot ulcer onset* | 3.49 ± 0.60 | 3.81 ± 0.60 | 3.60 ± 0.62 |
| PIN_CC1: efficacy of foot self-care† | 3.59 ± 0.64 | 3.41 ± 0.67 | 3.52 ± 0.62 |
| PIN_CC2: practitioner–foot ulcer control* | 3.04 ± 0.79 | 2.70 ± 0.81 | 2.92 ± 0.82 |
| PIN_Cons: anticipated consequences† | 3.84 ± 0.69 | 4.05 ± 0.53 | 3.91 ± 0.64 |
| PIN_Em1: worry about consequences‡ | 3.59 ± 0.87 | 3.76 ± 0.82 | 3.65 ± 0.86 |
| PIN_Em2: anger at practitioners | 2.37 ± 1.00 | 2.46 ± 1.05 | 2.40 ± 1.02 |
| IPQ-R chronicity | 3.59 ± 0.62 | 3.67 ± 0.53 | 3.60 ± 0.60 |
| IPQ-R experienced consequences† | 3.11 ± 0.84 | 3.38 ± 0.77 | 3.20 ± 0.83 |
| IPQ-R personal control | 3.27 ± 0.67 | 3.29 ± 0.76 | 3.27 ± 0.70 |
| IPQ-R treatment control | 3.12 ± 0.71 | 2.99 ± 0.73 | 3.07 ± 0.72 |
| IPQ-R emotions | 2.89 ± 0.88 | 2.96 ± 0.83 | 2.91 ± 0.87 |
| IPQ-R coherence† | 2.62 ± 0.84 | 2.86 ± 0.88 | 2.87 ± 0.87 |
| IPQ-R cyclical | 2.92 ± 0.91 | 2.80 ± 0.89 | 2.88 ± 0.90 |
| Preventive foot self-care* | 0.54 ± 0.14 | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.58 ± 0.15 |
| Potentially foot-damaging behaviors† | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.10 |
| . | U.K. . | U.S. . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 325 | 170 | 495 |
| Male sex (%) | 72.2 | 66.7 | 70.2 |
| Age (years) | 61.50 ± 11.54 | 62.56 ± 9.82 | 61.86 ± 10.98 |
| Education (%)* | |||
| Primary | 4.1 | 1.8 | 3.4 |
| Secondary | 58.5 | 41.7 | 54.0 |
| Some college | 23.1 | 11.9 | 19.7 |
| College graduate | 7.3 | 25.6 | 14.0 |
| Postgraduate | 4.4 | 19.5 | 8.9 |
| Marital status (has partner) (%) | 64.9 | 73.2 | 67.8 |
| Diabetes type (type 1) (%)* | 34.5 | 16.7 | 28.3 |
| Number of diabetes complications | 1.57 ± 1.06 | 1.54 ± 1.18 | 1.56 ± 1.10 |
| Number of concomitant disorders* | 0.74 ± 0.89 | 1.43 ± 1.24 | 0.98 ± 1.07 |
| Neuropathy disability score | 7.33 ± 2.17 | 7.63 ± 2.12 | 7.43 ± 2.17 |
| Vibration perception threshold* | 39.30 ± 9.33 | 44.39 ± 9.33 | 41.06 ± 9.63 |
| Past foot ulceration (%)* | 29.1 | 48.8 | 36.0 |
| PIN_ID1: good circulation = healthy feet* | 3.58 ± 0.67 | 2.93 ± 0.69 | 3.52 ± 0.62 |
| PIN_ID2: accurate interpretation of DPN | 3.84 ± 0.60 | 4.01 ± 0.48 | 3.90 ± 0.56 |
| PIN_ID3: foot ulcers would be painful† | 3.14 ± 0.83 | 2.61 ± 0.92 | 3.26 ± 0.63 |
| PIN_C1: physical causes of ulcers† | 3.48 ± 0.57 | 3.61 ± 0.61 | 3.52 ± 0.58 |
| PIN_C2: self/practitioner blame | 2.74 ± 0.67 | 2.68 ± 0.70 | 2.71 ± 0.68 |
| PIN_TL: acute foot ulcer onset* | 3.49 ± 0.60 | 3.81 ± 0.60 | 3.60 ± 0.62 |
| PIN_CC1: efficacy of foot self-care† | 3.59 ± 0.64 | 3.41 ± 0.67 | 3.52 ± 0.62 |
| PIN_CC2: practitioner–foot ulcer control* | 3.04 ± 0.79 | 2.70 ± 0.81 | 2.92 ± 0.82 |
| PIN_Cons: anticipated consequences† | 3.84 ± 0.69 | 4.05 ± 0.53 | 3.91 ± 0.64 |
| PIN_Em1: worry about consequences‡ | 3.59 ± 0.87 | 3.76 ± 0.82 | 3.65 ± 0.86 |
| PIN_Em2: anger at practitioners | 2.37 ± 1.00 | 2.46 ± 1.05 | 2.40 ± 1.02 |
| IPQ-R chronicity | 3.59 ± 0.62 | 3.67 ± 0.53 | 3.60 ± 0.60 |
| IPQ-R experienced consequences† | 3.11 ± 0.84 | 3.38 ± 0.77 | 3.20 ± 0.83 |
| IPQ-R personal control | 3.27 ± 0.67 | 3.29 ± 0.76 | 3.27 ± 0.70 |
| IPQ-R treatment control | 3.12 ± 0.71 | 2.99 ± 0.73 | 3.07 ± 0.72 |
| IPQ-R emotions | 2.89 ± 0.88 | 2.96 ± 0.83 | 2.91 ± 0.87 |
| IPQ-R coherence† | 2.62 ± 0.84 | 2.86 ± 0.88 | 2.87 ± 0.87 |
| IPQ-R cyclical | 2.92 ± 0.91 | 2.80 ± 0.89 | 2.88 ± 0.90 |
| Preventive foot self-care* | 0.54 ± 0.14 | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.58 ± 0.15 |
| Potentially foot-damaging behaviors† | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.10 |
Data are percentages or means ± SD. PIN and IPQ-R scales were computed by calculating the mean value of the items in the subscale. Thus, means and SDs are based on the original Likert scale scoring of the items. For foot self-care behaviors, responses were rated on a 6-point scale for “during the past week” questions (twice a day, daily, every other day, twice a week, once a week, or never) and on a 4-point scale for “in general” questions (always, most of the time, occasionally, or never). Because of this difference in scaling, items were converted to a 0 to 1 scale before scoring. Mean scores were computed for each subscale. Significant differences between study sites are denoted by footnote symbols in the first column. χ2 tests were used to evaluate categorical variables and independent samples t test were used to evaluate continuous variables.
P < 0.001;
P < 0.01;
P < 0.05.