PIN questionnaire: factor structure, internal, and test-retest reliability of the scales
| PIN questionnaire (items) . | CC1 . | Em1 . | Cons . | CC2 . | C1 . | ID1 . | ID3 . | C2 . | Em2 . | TL . | ID2 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lost or reduced feeling means poor circulation in my feet. | 0.68 | ||||||||||
| Good circulation in the feet means that I will not get foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.73 | ||||||||||
| Good circulation in the feet means healthy feet. | 0.73 | ||||||||||
| If the feet feel warm to the touch, it means healthy feet. | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling means damage to the nerves in my feet. | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| It is possible to have lost or reduced feeling and at the same time have pain in the feet. | 0.74 | ||||||||||
| It is possible to have reduced feeling in the feet in spite of having sensitivity to touch. | 0.80 | ||||||||||
| If I had a foot ulcer (an open sore) I would get pain in my feet. | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| When a foot ulcer (an open sore) gets worse it would be painful. | 0.84 | ||||||||||
| I could develop a foot ulcer (an open sore) without feeling any pain. | −0.54 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet was caused by poor medical care in the past. | 0.76 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet was caused by not taking good care of my diabetes. | 0.71 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) are caused by poor medical care. | 0.59 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) are caused by not taking care of oneself. | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| Changes in foot shape can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.57 | ||||||||||
| Ill-fitting shoes can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.65 | ||||||||||
| Excessive hard skin formation (callus) can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| Dry skin on the feet can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.79 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) take a long time to develop. | −0.63 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) can develop very fast. | 0.79 | ||||||||||
| I can develop a foot ulcer (an open sore) at any time. | 0.63 | ||||||||||
| Diabetes doctors can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.83 | ||||||||||
| My family doctor can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.84 | ||||||||||
| Foot care specialists can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.78 | ||||||||||
| Checking my feet every day can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.75 | ||||||||||
| Seeing my foot care specialist regularly can prevent foot ulcers from occurring. | 0.67 | ||||||||||
| Wearing shoes that fit properly can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.83 | ||||||||||
| Moisturizing feet can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.72 | ||||||||||
| Removing hard skin (callus) can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.72 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to injuries to my feet. | 0.75 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to foot gangrene. | 0.89 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to amputation. | 0.86 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about what is going to happen next. | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about a foot injury. | 0.90 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about a foot ulcer (an open sore). | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about losing a leg. | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling makes me angry about docs who don’t seem to care about me. | 0.91 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling makes me angry about docs not telling me what is really going on with my feet. | 0.91 | ||||||||||
| Eigenvalue | 3.31 | 3.20 | 3.19 | 2.74 | 2.68 | 2.38 | 2.10 | 1.91 | 1.89 | 1.85 | 1.71 |
| % variance explained | 7.89 | 7.62 | 7.60 | 6.53 | 6.38 | 5.66 | 5.00 | 4.54 | 4.50 | 4.40 | 4.07 |
| Internal reliability | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.56 |
| 4-week test-retest reliability | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.51 |
| PIN questionnaire (items) . | CC1 . | Em1 . | Cons . | CC2 . | C1 . | ID1 . | ID3 . | C2 . | Em2 . | TL . | ID2 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lost or reduced feeling means poor circulation in my feet. | 0.68 | ||||||||||
| Good circulation in the feet means that I will not get foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.73 | ||||||||||
| Good circulation in the feet means healthy feet. | 0.73 | ||||||||||
| If the feet feel warm to the touch, it means healthy feet. | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling means damage to the nerves in my feet. | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| It is possible to have lost or reduced feeling and at the same time have pain in the feet. | 0.74 | ||||||||||
| It is possible to have reduced feeling in the feet in spite of having sensitivity to touch. | 0.80 | ||||||||||
| If I had a foot ulcer (an open sore) I would get pain in my feet. | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| When a foot ulcer (an open sore) gets worse it would be painful. | 0.84 | ||||||||||
| I could develop a foot ulcer (an open sore) without feeling any pain. | −0.54 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet was caused by poor medical care in the past. | 0.76 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet was caused by not taking good care of my diabetes. | 0.71 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) are caused by poor medical care. | 0.59 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) are caused by not taking care of oneself. | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| Changes in foot shape can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.57 | ||||||||||
| Ill-fitting shoes can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.65 | ||||||||||
| Excessive hard skin formation (callus) can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| Dry skin on the feet can cause foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.79 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) take a long time to develop. | −0.63 | ||||||||||
| Foot ulcers (open sores) can develop very fast. | 0.79 | ||||||||||
| I can develop a foot ulcer (an open sore) at any time. | 0.63 | ||||||||||
| Diabetes doctors can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.83 | ||||||||||
| My family doctor can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.84 | ||||||||||
| Foot care specialists can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.78 | ||||||||||
| Checking my feet every day can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.75 | ||||||||||
| Seeing my foot care specialist regularly can prevent foot ulcers from occurring. | 0.67 | ||||||||||
| Wearing shoes that fit properly can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.83 | ||||||||||
| Moisturizing feet can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.72 | ||||||||||
| Removing hard skin (callus) can prevent foot ulcers (open sores) from occurring. | 0.72 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to injuries to my feet. | 0.75 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to foot gangrene. | 0.89 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to foot ulcers (open sores). | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet could lead to amputation. | 0.86 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about what is going to happen next. | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about a foot injury. | 0.90 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about a foot ulcer (an open sore). | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling in my feet makes me worry about losing a leg. | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling makes me angry about docs who don’t seem to care about me. | 0.91 | ||||||||||
| Lost or reduced feeling makes me angry about docs not telling me what is really going on with my feet. | 0.91 | ||||||||||
| Eigenvalue | 3.31 | 3.20 | 3.19 | 2.74 | 2.68 | 2.38 | 2.10 | 1.91 | 1.89 | 1.85 | 1.71 |
| % variance explained | 7.89 | 7.62 | 7.60 | 6.53 | 6.38 | 5.66 | 5.00 | 4.54 | 4.50 | 4.40 | 4.07 |
| Internal reliability | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.56 |
| 4-week test-retest reliability | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.51 |
Data are results of principal component analysis with varimax rotation performed on a total scale of 39 items. Item loadings of <0.40 are not shown. Illness identity: ID1, good circulation = healthy feet); ID2, accurate interpretation of neuropathy; ID3, ulcers accompanied by pain; causes: C1, physical causes for ulcers; C2, self/practitioner blame; timeline: TL, acute ulcer onset; cure/controlability: CC1, efficacy of foot self-care; CC2, practitioner–foot ulcer control; consequences: Cons, anticipated consequences; emotions: Em1, worry about consequences; Em2, anger at practitioners.