Prevalence and prevalence odds ratios with 95% CIs for adverse and early adverse outcome in quintiles of first-trimester A1C exposure level for all pregnancies and separately for first pregnancies
| . | Good outcomes (n) . | Adverse outcomes (n) . | Entire cohort (n = 573) . | . | . | Subcohort (n = 301) . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Prevalence of adverse outcome . | Crude . | Adjusted . | Crude . | Adjusted . | |||
| Dependent variables for adverse pregnancy outcome | ||||||||||
| 1st quintile A1C: ≤7.0% (ref.)* | 153 | 20 | 12 (7.6–17) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | |||
| 2nd quintile A1C: 7.1–7.8% | 93 | 19 | 17 (11–25) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 1.4 (0.6–3.4) | 1.2 (0.4–3.5) | |||
| 3rd quintile A1C: 7.9–8.9% | 87 | 20 | 19 (12–27) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 2.1 (1.0–4.5) | 2.3 (0.9–5.9) | 2.3 (0.8–7.1) | |||
| 4th quintile A1C: 9.0–10.2% | 38 | 20 | 35 (24–47) | 4.0 (2.0–8.2) | 4.2 (1.8–9.7) | 2.6 (1.0–6.4) | 2.0 (0.6–6.3) | |||
| 5th quintile A1C: ≥10.3% | 5 | 19 | 79 (60–91) | 29.1 (9.8–86.4) | 30.3 (8.6–106) | 19.3 (5.2–71.4) | 16.0 (3.2–78.9) | |||
| White class B-C (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| White class D-F | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | ||||||||
| Nonsmoking (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| Smoking | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | ||||||||
| Dependent variables for early adverse pregnancy outcome | ||||||||||
| 1st quintile A1C: ≤7.2% (ref.)† | 178 | 18 | 9 (5.6–14) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | |||
| 2nd quintile A1C: 7.3–7.9% | 77 | 17 | 18 (12–27) | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | 2.7 (1.2–6.1) | 1.6 (0.6–4.3) | 1.4 (0.4–5.1) | |||
| 3rd quintile A1C: 8.0–9.0% | 87 | 16 | 16 (10–24) | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) | 2.2 (0.9–5.1) | 2.7 (1.0–7.6) | 3.5 (1.0–12.1) | |||
| 4th quintile A1C: 9.1–10.2% | 29 | 17 | 37 (25–51) | 5.8 (2.7–12.5) | 6.7 (2.8–16.5) | 2.3 (0.8–6.5) | 1.9 (0.5–7.9) | |||
| 5th quintile A1C: ≥10.3% | 5 | 17 | 77 (57–90) | 33.6 (11.1–101) | 35.0 (9.5–129) | 48.1 (8.9–259) | 70 (6.6–742) | |||
| White class B-C (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| White class D-F | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 1.2 (0.4–3.1) | ||||||||
| Nonsmoking (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| Smoking | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) | ||||||||
| . | Good outcomes (n) . | Adverse outcomes (n) . | Entire cohort (n = 573) . | . | . | Subcohort (n = 301) . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Prevalence of adverse outcome . | Crude . | Adjusted . | Crude . | Adjusted . | |||
| Dependent variables for adverse pregnancy outcome | ||||||||||
| 1st quintile A1C: ≤7.0% (ref.)* | 153 | 20 | 12 (7.6–17) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | |||
| 2nd quintile A1C: 7.1–7.8% | 93 | 19 | 17 (11–25) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 1.4 (0.6–3.4) | 1.2 (0.4–3.5) | |||
| 3rd quintile A1C: 7.9–8.9% | 87 | 20 | 19 (12–27) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 2.1 (1.0–4.5) | 2.3 (0.9–5.9) | 2.3 (0.8–7.1) | |||
| 4th quintile A1C: 9.0–10.2% | 38 | 20 | 35 (24–47) | 4.0 (2.0–8.2) | 4.2 (1.8–9.7) | 2.6 (1.0–6.4) | 2.0 (0.6–6.3) | |||
| 5th quintile A1C: ≥10.3% | 5 | 19 | 79 (60–91) | 29.1 (9.8–86.4) | 30.3 (8.6–106) | 19.3 (5.2–71.4) | 16.0 (3.2–78.9) | |||
| White class B-C (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| White class D-F | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | ||||||||
| Nonsmoking (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| Smoking | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | ||||||||
| Dependent variables for early adverse pregnancy outcome | ||||||||||
| 1st quintile A1C: ≤7.2% (ref.)† | 178 | 18 | 9 (5.6–14) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | |||
| 2nd quintile A1C: 7.3–7.9% | 77 | 17 | 18 (12–27) | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | 2.7 (1.2–6.1) | 1.6 (0.6–4.3) | 1.4 (0.4–5.1) | |||
| 3rd quintile A1C: 8.0–9.0% | 87 | 16 | 16 (10–24) | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) | 2.2 (0.9–5.1) | 2.7 (1.0–7.6) | 3.5 (1.0–12.1) | |||
| 4th quintile A1C: 9.1–10.2% | 29 | 17 | 37 (25–51) | 5.8 (2.7–12.5) | 6.7 (2.8–16.5) | 2.3 (0.8–6.5) | 1.9 (0.5–7.9) | |||
| 5th quintile A1C: ≥10.3% | 5 | 17 | 77 (57–90) | 33.6 (11.1–101) | 35.0 (9.5–129) | 48.1 (8.9–259) | 70 (6.6–742) | |||
| White class B-C (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| White class D-F | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 1.2 (0.4–3.1) | ||||||||
| Nonsmoking (ref.) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | ||||||||
| Smoking | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) | ||||||||
Data are OR (95% CI) except for prevalence of adverse outcome, which are % (95 % CI). Maternal White class and smoking are included in the adjusted analyses. The quintile values refer to cutoff values defined among adverse
and early adverse
outcomes in the entire cohort.