Descriptive characteristics of Singapore population by sex and ethnic group
| . | Chinese . | Malay . | Indian . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||
| n | 1,263 | 360 | 286 |
| Age (years) | 38.2 ± 12.3 | 39.6 ± 12.7 | 41.3 ± 12.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 24.6 ± 4.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.52 ± 1.04 | 5.88 ± 1.13 | 5.72 ± 1.17 |
| Triglycerides (mmol//l) | 1.69 ± 1.55 | 2.00 ± 1.59 | 2.08 ± 1.78 |
| Current smoker (%) | 298 (23.4) | 162 (45.0) | 87 (30.4) |
| Alcohol user (%) | 749 (59.3) | 44 (12.2) | 149 (52.1) |
| Diabetes (%)* | |||
| Previously diagnosed subjects | 38 (3.0) | 15 (4.2) | 24 (8.4) |
| Total (newly diagnosed and known) | 91 (7.2) | 39 (10.9) | 52 (18.2) |
| PLIN polymorphisms | |||
| 11482G→A (A allele frequency) | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.31† |
| 14995A→T (T allele frequency) | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.34† |
| Dietary intake‡ | |||
| Total fat (% energy) | 26.6 ± 5.3 | 28.1 ± 6.8 | 27.5 ± 5.5 |
| SFAs (% energy) | 10.5 ± 2.5 | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 11.4 ± 3.0 |
| PUFAs (% energy) | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 2.2 |
| MUFAs (% energy) | 9.3 ± 2.3 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 8.3 ± 2.3 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 60.0 ± 6.3 | 59.9 ± 7.5 | 60.6 ± 6.2 |
| Women | |||
| n | 1,500 | 386 | 312 |
| Age (years) | 37.8 ± 12.2 | 38.4 ± 12.7 | 40.0 ± 12.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 3.6 | 26.3 ± 5.6 | 25.6 ± 5.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.33 ± 1.05 | 5.73 ± 1.17 | 5.33 ± 1.03 |
| Triglycerides (mmol//l) | 1.16 ± 0.75 | 1.39 ± 0.88 | 1.33 ± 0.68 |
| Current smoker (%) | 45 (3.0) | 15 (3.8) | 1 (0.3) |
| Alcohol user (%) | 494 (32.9) | 12 (3.1) | 55 (17.6) |
| Diabetes (%)* | |||
| Previously diagnosed subjects | 26 (1.7) | 22 (5.7) | 22 (7.1) |
| Total (newly diagnosed and known) | 99 (6.6) | 57 (14.8) | 54 (17.4) |
| PLIN polymorphisms | |||
| 11482G→A (A allele frequency) | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.34† |
| 14995A→T (T allele frequency) | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.38† |
| Dietary intake‡ | |||
| Total fat (% energy) | 26.9 ± 5.4 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 28.5 ± 5.8 |
| SFAs (% energy) | 10.1 ± 2.5 | 11.5 ± 2.8 | 11.7 ± 3.0 |
| PUFAs (% energy) | 5.6 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | 6.3 ± 3.0 |
| MUFAs (% energy) | 9.3 ± 2.4 | 9.1 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.3 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 59.1 ± 6.4 | 59.2 ± 5.8 | 59.4 ± 6.2 |
| . | Chinese . | Malay . | Indian . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||
| n | 1,263 | 360 | 286 |
| Age (years) | 38.2 ± 12.3 | 39.6 ± 12.7 | 41.3 ± 12.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 24.6 ± 4.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.52 ± 1.04 | 5.88 ± 1.13 | 5.72 ± 1.17 |
| Triglycerides (mmol//l) | 1.69 ± 1.55 | 2.00 ± 1.59 | 2.08 ± 1.78 |
| Current smoker (%) | 298 (23.4) | 162 (45.0) | 87 (30.4) |
| Alcohol user (%) | 749 (59.3) | 44 (12.2) | 149 (52.1) |
| Diabetes (%)* | |||
| Previously diagnosed subjects | 38 (3.0) | 15 (4.2) | 24 (8.4) |
| Total (newly diagnosed and known) | 91 (7.2) | 39 (10.9) | 52 (18.2) |
| PLIN polymorphisms | |||
| 11482G→A (A allele frequency) | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.31† |
| 14995A→T (T allele frequency) | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.34† |
| Dietary intake‡ | |||
| Total fat (% energy) | 26.6 ± 5.3 | 28.1 ± 6.8 | 27.5 ± 5.5 |
| SFAs (% energy) | 10.5 ± 2.5 | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 11.4 ± 3.0 |
| PUFAs (% energy) | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 2.2 |
| MUFAs (% energy) | 9.3 ± 2.3 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 8.3 ± 2.3 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 60.0 ± 6.3 | 59.9 ± 7.5 | 60.6 ± 6.2 |
| Women | |||
| n | 1,500 | 386 | 312 |
| Age (years) | 37.8 ± 12.2 | 38.4 ± 12.7 | 40.0 ± 12.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 3.6 | 26.3 ± 5.6 | 25.6 ± 5.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.33 ± 1.05 | 5.73 ± 1.17 | 5.33 ± 1.03 |
| Triglycerides (mmol//l) | 1.16 ± 0.75 | 1.39 ± 0.88 | 1.33 ± 0.68 |
| Current smoker (%) | 45 (3.0) | 15 (3.8) | 1 (0.3) |
| Alcohol user (%) | 494 (32.9) | 12 (3.1) | 55 (17.6) |
| Diabetes (%)* | |||
| Previously diagnosed subjects | 26 (1.7) | 22 (5.7) | 22 (7.1) |
| Total (newly diagnosed and known) | 99 (6.6) | 57 (14.8) | 54 (17.4) |
| PLIN polymorphisms | |||
| 11482G→A (A allele frequency) | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.34† |
| 14995A→T (T allele frequency) | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.38† |
| Dietary intake‡ | |||
| Total fat (% energy) | 26.9 ± 5.4 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 28.5 ± 5.8 |
| SFAs (% energy) | 10.1 ± 2.5 | 11.5 ± 2.8 | 11.7 ± 3.0 |
| PUFAs (% energy) | 5.6 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | 6.3 ± 3.0 |
| MUFAs (% energy) | 9.3 ± 2.4 | 9.1 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.3 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 59.1 ± 6.4 | 59.2 ± 5.8 | 59.4 ± 6.2 |
Data are means ± SD for continuous variables or n cases (% prevalence) for categorical variables.
Prevalence of diabetes was estimated considering both known diabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes according to the biochemical analysis.
Frequencies for the minor alleles were statistically lower (P < 0.01) in Indians than in Chinese or Malays. No statistically significant differences were found between Chinese and Malays. Haplotype frequencies for the whole population were 0.53 GA, 0.35 AT, 0.07 GT, and 0.04 AA.
Diet was determined in a systematically selected (one in every two) random sample of the initial participants. After additional exclusion of 73 previously diagnosed diabetic subjects, the final number was 2,154 participants.