Characteristics of participants
| n | 8,733* |
| Female (%) | 54 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | |
| Hispanic | 16 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 17 |
| White non-Hispanic | 42 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 16 |
| Other | 9 |
| Education (%) | |
| Less than a high school level | 24 |
| High school graduate | 29 |
| Greater than a high school level | 47 |
| Annual income (%) | |
| <$15,000 | 32 |
| $15,000 to $39,999 | 31 |
| $40,000 to $74,999 | 23 |
| >$75,000 | 15 |
| Age (years) | 60.8 ± 12.9 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.4 ± 11.0 |
| Charlson index† | 2.3 ± 1.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 7.3 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | |
| Insulin only | 19 |
| Insulin and oral medications | 12 |
| Oral medications only | 61 |
| No medications | 8 |
| n | 8,733* |
| Female (%) | 54 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | |
| Hispanic | 16 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 17 |
| White non-Hispanic | 42 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 16 |
| Other | 9 |
| Education (%) | |
| Less than a high school level | 24 |
| High school graduate | 29 |
| Greater than a high school level | 47 |
| Annual income (%) | |
| <$15,000 | 32 |
| $15,000 to $39,999 | 31 |
| $40,000 to $74,999 | 23 |
| >$75,000 | 15 |
| Age (years) | 60.8 ± 12.9 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.4 ± 11.0 |
| Charlson index† | 2.3 ± 1.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 7.3 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | |
| Insulin only | 19 |
| Insulin and oral medications | 12 |
| Oral medications only | 61 |
| No medications | 8 |
Data are percent or means ± SD.
Excludes participants without baseline chart data (3,107) or missing exposures (3,107 missing all exposures, plus 87 additional participants missing only influenza vaccination).
Higher score indicates a greater level of comorbidity.