Characteristics of influenza effectiveness studies in individuals with diabetes
| Authors . | Study type . | Influenza season . | End points . | Conclusion . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serological studies | ||||
| Pozilli et al. | Case-control | 1984–1985 | Postvaccination antibody titer and cell-mediated immune response in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | No significant difference |
| Diepersloot et al. | Case-control | 1987–1988 | Postvaccination antibody titer in adults with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | No significant difference |
| McElhaney et al. | Case-control | 1993–1994 | Pre- and postvaccination in vitro challenge of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with live influenza virus, measuring interleukin-2 activity in elderly (aged ≥60 years) with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | Increased postvaccination interleukin-2 production in diabetic patients due to vaccination history; no difference due to diabetes |
| Feery et al. | Case-control | 1980–1981 | Postvaccination antibody titer in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | No significant difference and influenza vaccination is safe |
| Clinical studies | ||||
| Colquhoun et al. | Case-control | 1989–1990 and 1993 | Hospitalization for influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis, diabetic ketoacidosis, coma, or diabetes in people of all age-groups with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with control subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes | 79% reduction in hospitalization |
| Heymann et al. | Case-control | 2000–2001 | Hospitalization in internal medicine and geriatric wards for any reason or death in elderly (aged ≥65 years) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | 23% reduction in hospitalization and death among elderly patients; no additional benefit for diabetic patients |
| Hak et al. | Case-control | 1996–1997 and 1997–1998 | Hospitalization for pneumonia/influenza or death in people aged ≥65 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | 31–48% reduction in hospitalization and death in high-risk elderly and 21%–50% reduction in people with diabetes |
| Authors . | Study type . | Influenza season . | End points . | Conclusion . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serological studies | ||||
| Pozilli et al. | Case-control | 1984–1985 | Postvaccination antibody titer and cell-mediated immune response in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | No significant difference |
| Diepersloot et al. | Case-control | 1987–1988 | Postvaccination antibody titer in adults with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | No significant difference |
| McElhaney et al. | Case-control | 1993–1994 | Pre- and postvaccination in vitro challenge of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with live influenza virus, measuring interleukin-2 activity in elderly (aged ≥60 years) with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | Increased postvaccination interleukin-2 production in diabetic patients due to vaccination history; no difference due to diabetes |
| Feery et al. | Case-control | 1980–1981 | Postvaccination antibody titer in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | No significant difference and influenza vaccination is safe |
| Clinical studies | ||||
| Colquhoun et al. | Case-control | 1989–1990 and 1993 | Hospitalization for influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis, diabetic ketoacidosis, coma, or diabetes in people of all age-groups with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with control subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes | 79% reduction in hospitalization |
| Heymann et al. | Case-control | 2000–2001 | Hospitalization in internal medicine and geriatric wards for any reason or death in elderly (aged ≥65 years) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | 23% reduction in hospitalization and death among elderly patients; no additional benefit for diabetic patients |
| Hak et al. | Case-control | 1996–1997 and 1997–1998 | Hospitalization for pneumonia/influenza or death in people aged ≥65 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects | 31–48% reduction in hospitalization and death in high-risk elderly and 21%–50% reduction in people with diabetes |